...... ----_ ACCELERAnON . . . ACE ES ····· DRIVING ROSS BENTLEY Contents First published in 1998 by MBI Publishing Company, 729 Prospect Avenue, PO Box 1, Osceola, WI 54020-0001 USA Acknowledgments 4 © Ross Bentley, 1998 Foreword by Craig T. Nelson 5 All rights reserved. With the exception of quoting brief passages for the purposes Introduction 7 of review, no part of this publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from the Publisher. Part 1 The Car 10 Chapter 1 Behind the Wheel 11 The information in Ihis book is Irue and complete to the besl of our knowledge. Chapter 2 The Controls IS All recommendations are made wilhout any guarantee on Ihe part of the author or Publisher, who also disclaim any liability incurred in connection with the use of Chapter 3 Shifting 20 this data or specific details. Chapter 4 Chassis and Suspension Basics 25 Chapter 5 Race Car Dynamics 35 We recognize that some words, model names, and designations, for example, Chapter 6 Driving the Limit 59 mentioned herein are the property of the trademark holder. We use them for identification purposes only. This is not an official publication. Part 2 The Trach 61 Chapter 7 Cornering Technique 62 MBI Publishing Company books are also available at discounts in bulk quantity Chapter 8 The Track 78 for industrial or sales-promotional use. For details write to Special Sales Manager Chapter 9 Making Errors 82 at Motorbooks International Wholesalers & Distributors, 729 Prospect Avenue, Chapter 10 Racing in the Rain 86 PO Box I, Osceola, WI 54020·0001 USA. Chapter 11 Racing, Passing, and Traffic 91 library of Congress Cataloging-in.Publication Data Chapler 12 Different Cars, Different Techniques? 96 Bentley, Ross. Chapter 13 Flags and Officials 97 Speed secrets: professional race driving lechniques/Ross Bentley. p. cm. Part 3 The Driver 98 Includes index. Chapter 14 A Racing Mind 99 ISBN 0·7603'{)518 (alk. paper) Chapter 15 Car Control 111 1. Automobile racing. I. Title. Chapter 16 The Limit 112 GV1029.B42 1998 Chapter 17 Going Faster 117 796.72-<:1c21 98-7282 Chapter 18 Driving Style 122 Chapter 19 Practice and Testing 124 Printed in the United Stales of America Chapter 20 Qualifying 127 Chapter 21 The Race 129 Chapter 22 Driver as Athlete 132 Chapter 23 Winning 136 Pan 4 The FinIsh Une 137 Chapter 24 The Business of Racing 138 Chapter 25 Communications, Dala, and Records 147 Chapter 26 Safety 151 Chapter 27 The Real Winner 157 Appendix A Speed Secrets 158 Appendix B Recommended Reading 159 Index 160 Acknowledgments Foreword The most difficult part of writing this book was deciding whom to acknowledge Sometime around the beginning of the 1995 IMSA World Sports Car season, and thank-I didn't want to leave anyone oul. In reality, almost everyone with Dan Clark, team manager and co-driver of the Screaming Eagles World Sports whom I've ever had contact in racing has had some influence on me, and there Car team, and J were looking for a driver to share time with us in the formidable fore, this book. However, it would only be fair to mention a few who have made Twenty-Four Hours of Daytona. Dan sent me a tape of four drivers for review. They a huge impact on my life. were drivers of varying experience, age, and monetary requirements, but they First, I want to thank my family for their support, encouragement, and help were all pros. Hot shoes. Shooters. jockeys. They were good. throughout my career. I've learned everything about commitment, fair play, and I had watched two tapes and about four minutes into the third tape I called hard work from my parents, which, by the way, goes a long way in this sport. They Dan. This guy is fantastic! look at his hands-they don't move! I thought the tape don't know how much I appreciate thaI. After reading this, I hope they do. was in slow motion. There was no effort. He was smooth. He had finesse. The car A lot of friends have hc11>ed me and taught me much over the years. Although he was driving was a Chevy-powered Spice, which was not a very forgiving car to it's not possible to name them all, I hope they know who they arc and how much say the least, and on a difficult circuit like Daytona where you must be precise, I appreciate all their support Friendships will always be the most important thing one could expect to see a driver quite active and at times anxious as he fights to I've gained from radng. control a car that is nol behaving. There was no evidence of that with this driver. J've learned a lot from teaching others. Thanks to all the instructors I've If anything, it was calm in that cockpit. The shifts were precise, without haste. It worked with fOf' sharing their knowledge with me. The same goes for all the me was tidy. He was getting the most out of a car that most drivers would find diffi chanics, engineers, and teams I've worked with. There is a little of each of them in cult at besltO drive at speed. Yet he was not only smooth, he was quick. this book. That driver was Ross Bentley and he became my teammate, instrudOf, and A big part of this book is a result of what I've learned from Ronn langford, my mentor (and, on a lighter side, the "pun meister"). As a teammate, Ross shared his ~mental coach.H Through Ronn, I've learned how to maximize my own perfor racing experience in so many areas. His knowledge of the nuances of the track mance on a consistent basis. lie is also a great friend. was invaluable; he knew precisely where, if you were paying attention, you could I would like to single out a few people in racing who have given me a lot, in save a tenth or even half a second. cluding opportunities and knOWledge. Tom Johnston, Dale Coyne, Craig T. Nelson, Ross helped with it all: braking-not only how and when to apply the brakes, and lee Payne-thank you all. but rTlOfe importantly as I have learned, how to come off the pedal; padng-when I've had the opportunity to work with three people in racing who are the ab to push it and when to relax and wait; car setup--a difficult subject because so solute best at what they do. No one knows more about driver safety equipment much of it is related to the driver's feel (and when ii's springs and shocks, you be than Kendall Merrill and Bell Auto Racing.. and I have learned more about shock gin to think, especially if you are a rookie or novice driver, Ihat setup is closely re absorbers in 2 minutes from Jeff Braun than I have in the rest of my career put to lated to alchemy) but Ross was able to explain il all in the simplest terms; then gether. I thank both of them for their input to this book. there were tires, tires, and more tires, pressures, temperatures, wear rates, and so The third person is Michael Cue, whom I believe is the best race team ma~­ on; and nutrition--eatlhis, don't eat that, workoot programs, fluid intake. ager in the business. I thank him for sharing with me just a smalll>ercentage of hiS II became clear to me that this sport of auto racing was just that, a sport. Ross knowledge. approached it that way and expected us 10 follow suit. We did and in the process Thanks to Craig T. Nelson, James Weaver, Dr. Brock Walker, Bruce McCaW, I became a fan. He knows whal he is talking about. I have seen him apply and and Danny Sullivan for their comments and contributions throughout this book. It's share his experience with the same ease thai he exhibits in the race car, and as a an honor to have their input. teammate he gave us his best all the time. And finally, to my wife, Robin, who is my biggest supporter, fan, coach, con FOf' most of 1996 and all of 1997, I had the opportunity to race against fidante, cdilOf ... you name ii, she does it: Thanks! Without her, we wouldn't be "Roscoe." He became a competitor and an adversary. Ross was driving for }eff where we are tooay. Jones in the Make a Wish Riley & Scott World Sports Car with Chevy power, and 4 5 Introduction we had a Riley & Scott FOfd-powered World Sports Car. We had horsepower. They had Ross. I have never enjoyed racing more, trying to outdo, outmuscle, and out think Ross Bentley. I was outclassed. It took too much effort to beat a guy whose style was effortless. Many of the valuable elements of racing that he taught me and other drivers What does it really take to be a winner in auto racing? What separates the win are in this 000k, including 99 percent of what it takes to drive a car in competi ners from the also-rans? Why do some drivers win more often than others? tion, at speed, at the limit, driving to win, and much more. The 1 percent Ross left What can you do to become a consistent winner? out is up to you. Besides that, he is a race driver. He's not gonna tell you every These are difficult questions to answer. Anyone who came up with a defini thing. After all, he may have to race against you someday. tive solution that would work every time out would be rich! Well, I'm not rich, nor do I claim to have all the answers. I have, however, Craig T. Nelson studied the act of driving a race car for many years--as much as anyone, I think. Owner/Driver; Screaming Eagles Racing I've instructed and coached thousands of men and women in various driving tech Malibu, California niques. r've seen what works, and I've seen what doesn't-from the side of the track, on television, in the passenger seat, and behind the wheel. I've spent a lot of time analyzing the techniques, styles, and actions of some of the greatest race drivers both on and off the track. I've been fortunate enough to have raced against some of them and seen them firsthand--up dose and person al. I've raced wheel-to-wheel with drivers from every level of the sport. I've driven a lot of different types of race cars. That has taught me quite a bit. And, finally, I've won a few races myself. As I said, I've learned a lot from other drivers. I've also gained a lot of know 1- edge from team owners, engineers, mechanics, instructors, and other friends and relatives in the sport. In fact, I've taken most of what has worked for me from watching and listening to others. I want to pass on as much of this as I can. I've spent much of my career driving cars that were less than competitive. Not because the teams I've been with haven't been great, but because of the budget I've had to work with. Budget restrictions forced me to find my advan tage in my driving and prepared me well for the occasions when I've had a com petitive car. As a result of the less-than-competitive equipment I've often raced, my re sults have not been as good as I would have liked. This has led some people to doubt my abilities. Personally, I've never been bothered by that. I know my ca pabilities, as do many of my fellow drivers and leams. The people that have doubted my abilities-and may doubt yours someday-are usually the ones who claim they could do better if they had the opportunity. Well, I've always said, please do. It's not like someone came along and handed me an Indy car. Nor is anyone going to do that for you. I've worked hard to get where I wanted to be, and you will have to do the same. The lesson here is, judge your abilities yourself. Don't let other people tell you how much talent you have-either good or bad. In fact, listening and be lieving the hype about how great you are can be Just as detrimental as criticism. 6 7 You've got to be hungry every step of your career. If you start believing you're so and relate to. Then I asked a few friends and people I admire--1996 FIA GT World great, you may not work as hard. like many things, a balance is the key as is be Champion James Weaver, Dr. Brock Walker of TracTec (the most knowledgeable ing 100 percent honest with yourself. person in the world on race car cockpit safety and design), Bruce McCaw (owner Being a consistent race winner takes a lot more than just the skill to drive a race of the PacWestlndy car team), and Danny Sullivan, the 1985 Indy 500 winner and car quickly. A race driver needs an entire program to make him or her successful: the 1988 PPG Indy Car Champion-for some input. I really have to thank them; their best car and team, the funding. a proper testing plan, and so much more. personal comments and insights are invaluable. HOW'eVer, once you have that program in place, to win with any regularity you Driving a race car is not something you can do "by the book.· You have to must be able to drive the Cilr at its limit consistently. That is what this 0001< is all alx>ut. learn mostly through hands-on experience. But, you can learn many of the basics When you analyze ii, only three factors affect your ability to drive at the lim by reading and studying a book. In fact, a book may allow you to learn more it: the car, the track, and you, the driver. And typically, that's the order in which quickly once you're behind the wheel. If you understand the theory-if you can mosl race drivers work on being a winner. They'll spend thousands of dollars on picture it clearly in your head before you start to drive-you will be more sensitive making the car faster-trick engine parts, the latest shock absorbers, and more. to and able to relate to the experience. And that means you will learn to drive at They may spend hours and hours analyzing and reviewing the trick line through a the limit much sooner. You may save years of trial-and-error learning by simply corner, or where they begin braking at the end of the straight. Rarely, if ever, do reading and understanding this book. they think about that last factor-the driver. Racing is different from most other sports in one way: race drivers rarely Is that the right way to look at it? I don't think so. In most cases, there is more have coaches. I don't really understand why (although coaches are becoming to be gained by maximizing the performance of the driver than tricking out the car. a little more common in racing). Perhaps it is due to the high cost of racing. The most important factor is the driver, the ultimate control system of a race car. The extra cost of a coach is seen as a waste, and most drivers would rather This book may be organized in the typical fashion-<ar first, driver last-but (wrongly) spend that money on making the car faster. Over the past few years I am going to look at each of these areas strictly from the driver's point of view. For I've had the opportunity to work as a one-on-one coach with a number of dri example, in Part 1, The Car, I won't tell you how to adjust springs or wing angles vers. The results are always better than expected. I highly recommend using a to control an oversteering car. There are many excellent race car preparation books personal driving coach if you can. Until you do-and while you do--think of that tell you how to do that. This is a driver's book-I'm going to tell you what you this book as your coach. Use it. Don't Just read it and stick it on a shelf. Keep may be doing to cause that oversteer, how to identify it, and how to correct it to going back to it to refresh your memory or when you are moving up a notch make you go faster. on the racing ladder. Part 2, The Track, explains in detail how to maximize your performance by an For the beginner, I hope this book serves as reference material for a long time. alyzing and using the track to your advantage. It covers ideal cornering lines, track Some of the information may not make sense until you've gone past the basics and surfaces, and layout, and how to deal with other drivers. begun working on fine-tuning your techniques. But I hope it will help you start on In Part 3, The Driver, I'll discuss the mental and physicals skills required to the right foot, and you can refer to it again later. make you a winner. I believe this is the most important part of the book The experienced racer may already know a lot of the information here. You Finally, in Part 4, The Finish line, I'll cover all the other aspects of racing that may already be using many of the techniques, although you may not understand are necessary to win. Why you are using them. I suggest you read the book anyway and really think it Many drivers talk about their "secret" trick line through a corner, or the "secrct" through. It's surprising how a fresh approach can sometimes make it all click for demon tweak they've done to their car. I'm not so sure there are any secrets in you, resulting in a dramatic increase in speed. volved with winning races. Winning is usually a result of a lot of hard work, de . This book is written not only for the novice racer, but also for the experienced termination, motivation, skill, practice, preparation, and more. No secrets there. driver who has reached a plateau, or a point where he or she can't seem to go any I have, however, selected a few key points that some might Cilll secrets. If you re faster. My hope is this book will do more than just teach you the basics of how to member and use them, they will help you become a winning driver. I've highlighted dri~ a race car quickly. I want to give you the ammunition and background to them throughout the book as ''Speed SecretsM (and then listed them again at the end). Continue to analyze how to go faster at all times. After writing the first draft of this book I went back and tried to add some per Most importantly, I'd like this book to teach you not only how to drive fast, but sonal experiences that I thought might make the book a little easier to understand also how to be a winner in any class or levcl of racing. 8 9 PART 1 Chapter 1 The Car Behind the Wheel In this first part of the book, I will give you the basics of hO\-\I to use the race car's If you want to drive a race car well, whether to win an Indy car race or just have fun controls to enable you to drive at the limit. I will help you understand vehicle dy· competing in the middle of the pack in an amateur race, you must be seated prop namics-what the car is doing while you are driving it at its limit-and give you a erly in the car. First of all, you must be comfortable, otherwise it will be overly tiring fundamental knowledge of suspension and chassis functions. and very difficult to concentrate. Many races have been lost simply because a driver Remember that I'm looking at these topics strictly as a driver. An engineer may lost concentration due to discomfort from a Ix>orly fitted seat. nol explain it the way I do. He would want to make sure all the technical gob When I first started racing, I was told a seat that fits well could be worth half a sec bledygook was dead-on. I want to simplify it so that it makes sense to the person ond per lap. After many years of racing, I still believe this to be true. I recall two races behind the wheel. What I'm saying is not wrong. It's just that I won', concern my in my career where I lost positions simply due to a seat that caused me 50 much pain I self here with the exact science of it. What I care about is that you, the driver, un could not drive effectively. The first was a Trans-Am race in Portland, Oregon, where derstand it. And that you can explain it 10 an engineer. Most good engineers don't the seat bracket broke, allowing the seat to flex and move. I had to use 50 much effort want a technical explanation from the driver. They want a detailed explanation of and energy just trying to keep my body stable that I couldn't concentrate on what J was how the car feels. So, learn how to tell what the car is doing, not why. This will ooing. The second time was in an Indy car race at long Beach in 1993. We hadn't yet make you a better race driver. been able to build a seat thai gave my 10\-'Y'er back and hips enough support.; by 30 laps into the race J had pinched a nerve in my hip, causing my right leg to go entirely numb. The race car seat, and your jX)Sition in it, is more important than most racers ever think-especially when first starting their racing career. Many drivers are so wrapped up in getting prepared for their first few races and in making the car fast that they for get to pay attention to making the seat fit properly. Being comfortable in the car is critical. If you're not comfortable, il will nol only take more physical energy to drive, but it will also affect you mentally. A painful body will reduce your concentration level. Top drivers in Indy cars, Formula One, sports cars, and NASCAR will spend up wards of 10 hours working to make their seal fit just right, and then they fine-tune it all year long. Dr. Brock Walker says: "The driver's body has only three points of contad with the car: the seat, the steering wheel, and the pedals. The driver's optimum postural POSition, contained within a proper seating system, will eventually activate the amount of control, sensitivity, strength, and general influence that the driver will p0s sess over both the steering wheel and the pedals. Controlled smooth, efficient ma neuvering inside the cockpit relates directly to consistent results and faster lap times." You receive much of the feedback from the car through the seat. When you are siUing properly in a well-built seat you will be more sensitive to the various vibralions and g-forces you need in order to interpret what the car is doing. /0 11 You should use a seating position that puts as much of your body in contad with to take place in a few weeks. 'A special seat?' I thought, 'that would be the under the car as possible. You want to sit in the seat, not on it, with as much lateral supp::>rt statement of the year!' as pQSsible-the limiting factor being the ability to move your amlS freely. "A few weeks prior, Buddy had been invoJved in a serious accident at Phoenix. You should sit as upright as possible, with your shoulders back (not hunched for Multiple fractures in the lower spine left Buddy quite disabled. And when I say mul ward) and your chin up. Of course, the lower you sit in the car the better. This is the tiple-l mean multiple. most efficient way of driving a race car-it's where you are the strongest and most sen "So I went to Indianapolis to build him a seat. I decided that if I was going to par sitive to the car. It's also the safest. ticipate in this venture, I would reaJJy get creative because Buddy couldn't stand, or lay This seating p::>Sition should allow you to turn the steering wheel 180 degrees down for that matter. The whole team pitched in and aJJowed me access to the cock without any interference and without moving your hands on or from the wheel. To do pit. We kicked some butt over the course of the next few days. When we finished I was this, you should be able to place your hand at the top of the steering wheel (at the 12 a little unsure of the project. Alii knew for sure was that when I arrived Buddy could o'clock position) and still have a bend at the elbow without pulling your shoulder off n't rest standing. sitting. or lying; when I left the track a fe.\! days prior to the race, we the seatback. Check this with the seatbelWsafety harness done up tight. Many drivers would find him with his eyes dosed, resting in the seat. This was a goOO sign, but J sit too far away from the steering wheel with their arms almost straight. This doesn't knew the related medical problems would probably overrule everything else. In fact, allow you the leverage to turn the steering wheel properly. It's also very tiring to drive I thought that if all went 'Nell during the race, Buddy could do no more than 50 or 60 in this position. laps because he was experiencing intense, even disabling levels of pain. While seated, check to see if you can reach the shifter comfortably. You may have "As you know, Buddy went on to win the 1996 IndianajX>Jis 500. Data acquisi to mexlify or adjust the shifter to suit. tion allows us to analyze and compare 1996 car and driver performance to previous Dr. Brock Walker says: ''The driver's posture and placement inside the cockpit Indy 500 winners. The computer will verify that Buddy Lazierwould have been a hard dictate the seating design. All too often we see an attempt at the opposite. Driver p0- man to beat that day, no matter who was on the track. sitioning and/or seat placement should never be dictated by the steering wheel, gear "Since then, much has been rep::>rted about thiS special seat, and it is primarily shift, or pedalp::>Sitioning. Always concentrate on driver placement first-then move responsible for much of the attention given motorsp::>rt seating safety today. Prepara everything else to the driver." tion, skill, technology, and luck need to be present in order to win the 500. On this You should also be able to depress the pedals fully and still have a slight bend in day, a special seat fit into the winning equation. As Buddy said, 'For Brock and my the legs. This is not only the least tiring position but allows for ideal modulation of the self, it once again proved that the seat is the most underrated piece of equipment in pedals as you will be able to depress them by pivoting your foot at the ankle, not mov Indy car technology.' " ing your entire leg in mid-air. Any time you build, mexlify, or adjust your seat or seating position in the race Whenever possible, I highly recommend that you have a custom-fitted seat built shop, you have to realize it will be only on the track that you will know for sure how for you. The best way is to have Dr. Brock Walker of TracTec (or someone else who it feels. Every time I've had a perfect-fitting seat in the shop it has needed mexlifica specializes in custom seat building) make one for you. However, with a little thought tions after being used on the track. Consider this before spending a lot of time and and preparation you can mold a seat yourself using an expandable foam. This is a sim money on covering the seal. Wait until it's been track-proven. ple operation, which can greatly improve your driving perfonnance. Use a two-part Speaking of covering seats, don't bother with a lot of soft padding. It will only foam (available at fiberglass shops) that forms up like a solid Styrofoam-type material. crush and distort with the g-forces of your body against it and result in a loose-fitting It is poured into a plastic bag between your l::xxIy and the seat shell or monocoque tub. seal. Besides, you need 10 feel the vibrations and forces from the car. Thick padding Before pouring. be sure to cover everything-and I mean everything!-with plastic will reduce your sensitivity. If you do use padding. use only a thin layer of high-den garbage bags, as the foam is pradically impossible to remove after it's set on something. sity foam rubber. Up::>n removing the plastic bags, you can trim off the excess and cover it with tape or Dr. Brock Walker says: "The seat should employ varied characteristics that allow it material (preferably fire retardant), or you can then use it as a mold to make a carbon to fundion as a tool; it's not just a convenient device to hold the driver in the car. This fiber or fiberglass seal. tool needs to possess measured qualities including weight, material combinations, nex, Dr. Brock Walker recalled this story: "In the spring of 1996 I stopped at Long torque, and component deflection designs. In terms of direct driver benefits, we consider Beach on my way to Asia, and I ran into Buddy Lazier's falher, Bob. He lold me that anatomical g-Ioad distribution from spiked g's, sustained g's, and g's initiated by impact. Bu<kly could use some help in designing a special seat for the Indy 500, which was Additionally, driver containlTlCfll, protection, and comfort include such benefits as cus- 12 13 tom sculptured materials that support the driver under g-force conditions but simultane Chapter ____ ously promote the driver's circulation. (The selection of materials for this application are usually based on the driver's past medical history. An example would be a driver who may have sustained leg. feet, or back injuries and needs to incorporate special support, The Controls stabilization, and circulation.) AckIitional considerations affecting the design, construc tion, and manufacturing of the seat are the driver's physical measurements, JX)SIUral placement, and driving habits. lastly, the sort of events, length of the races, and the track types greatly influence the project When the tool is created properly, there will be dra matic im~t in driver control. The end result-faster lap times." Ar~ce driver ~a~ a number ~f controls to help achieve the desired goal of dri Use the balls of your feet on the pedals. They are the strongest part of the fOOl, as ving at the limit-the steering wheel, shifter, gauges, clutch pedal, brake ped_ well as the most sensitive. When you are not using the clutch, the left fOOl should be al, throttle, and even the mirrors. Everything you do with these controls should be on the dead pedal (the rest pad area to the left of the clutch pedal), not hovering above done smoothly, gently, and with finesse. the clutch pedal. This will help support your body under the heavy braking and cor I often see racers, particularly al the back of the pack in amateur races, trying nering forces you wil! experience. However, some single-seater race cars are so nar to go fast, with their arms nailing around, banging off shifts, jerking the steering into row in the pedal area that it is almost impossible to have a dead pedal. Do everything a turn with feet stabbing at the pedals-the car usually in massive slides through you can to make even a very small one. But if you can't, it's even more important to the turns. It may feel fast and even look fast, but I'll guarantee it's not. In reality, the have a well-built seat. Ensure there is goOO support in front of your buttocks to stop car will be unbalanced and, therefore, losing traction and actually going slower. If your body from sliding forward under heavy braking. the driver would only slow down, the car would actually go faster. It reminds me Before getting into your car and heading out onto the track, make sure that both of the saying, "never confuse movement for action." the pedals and the bottom of your shoes are dry and clean. Many drivers have crashed because their feet sliPl>ed off the brake pedal approaching a comer. Have a crew mem SPEED SECRET #, : ber wipe your shoes with a clean rag before getting into the car. I remember going 10 The less you do wIth the controls, the less chance of error. my first Formula One Grand Prix race in Montreal. It rained really hard that year. And one of the things I remember most is watching the drivers being taken to their cars on Steer, shift, and use the pedals smoothly, and with finesse-not with blinding a cart, and then lifted straight from the cart into the car so Ihattheir feet wouldn't get speed and brute force. wet. I also saw other drivers wearing plastic bags over their shoes. The safety harnesses in a race car are not only there in case of a crash, but also to SPEED SECRET #2: help support your body. Use only the very best seatbelts in your car, and then take gocxI The slower you move, the faster the car moves. care of them. Keep them clean and inspect them often for wear and damage. Adjust them so they hold your body flmlly and comfortably. And remember, they will stretch Gauges and loosen throughout the course of a race---particularly the shoulder hamesses---so en A typical race car has four main gauges to which you need to pay attention if sure you can reach cJoo,.;n and tighten them while driving (more about belts in chapter you want to drive reliably al the limit. They are: tachometer, oil pressure, oil tem 26). Also be sure you have some form of head restraint behind your helmet. perature, and water temperature. Use the tach to help you go fast, and the others Make sure any part of the roU cage or cockpit with which you could come in con to help ensure the car keeps running. tad during a crash is covered with a high density foam rubber. Many drivers have been You may also have to deal with other gauges such as fuel pressure, ammeter, seriously injured Just by impading the roll cage. You might be amazed at how much turbo boost pressure, exhaust temperature, and so on. a driver moves in the cockpit during a crash, even when tightly belted in. Some dri It's important that the gauges are mounted so that you can see them easily vers' heads have actually made impact with the steering wheel. and read them at a glance. Often, it is best to mount the tachometer and other And finally, do everything possible to help keep the cockpil cool. Have air ducts gauges rotated so the range Ihal you must see is in good view; the redline or ide installed to direct air at you. The cockpit of a race car can get extremely hot, which al needle position should be at the 12 o'clock position. This way, with a quick will negatively affect your stamina and. therefore. your performance. glance, you know when 10 shift or whether the temperatures or pressures are OK. 15 Also, make sure the gauges don't reflect the sunlight into your eyes or have so think of the word "ease" when releasing the brakes. Practice it so that quickly much glare that you can't read them. squeezing and easing becomes second nature or habit. Normally, you should only have to take a quick glance at the gauges, check ing more for a change of position of a needle rather than the absolute number it is left Foot Braking pointing at. Left foot braking is a technique required when racing on oval tracks. Its use on A simple dashboard layout is best, with as few gauges as possible. More and roodracing tracks is much less frequent. In fact, most drivers never use it in road more race cars are now using computerized dashes that are linked to data acqui racing, although it may have some benefits in fast turns where you're not required sition systems. These are very useful as they can tell you your lap time, your min to downshift prior to the corner. It's also useful when driving turbocharged cars, as imum or maximum sped€ at various l)(lints on the track, and other information that it allows you to stay on the throttle with the right foot, keeping the turbo spinning, you can use to help determine where you may be able to improve. However, don't and reducing the throttle lag. As you can imagine though, this is very hard on the let yourself get so caught up in reading all the information that it takes away from brakes, so be careful not to overwork them. your driving. left foot braking saves time--time spent moving the right foot from the throt I like to use the tach at the exit of most corners to judge how well I did in that tle to the brake. It also allows a smoother transition (rom throttle to brakes and back particular corner. It's my report card. I pick a spot on the track and check how to throttle. But braking with the left foot takes a lot of practice to acquire the nec many revs the engine is at. If I'm pulling 50 more revs than the previous lap I know essary sensitivity-a sensitivity you have acquired with your right foot from years what I did differently worked on that lap. Also, I try to glance at my gauges at least of working the throttle. once a lap on the straightaway. Olherwise, I depend on the warning lights to ad By smoothly squeezing the brakes with the left foot while easing the right foot vise me of any problems. off the throttle, you can reduce the amount the car "nose-dives." This reduces the Warning or "idiot" lights can prove very valuable. These are usually set to amount of weight being transferred forward, keeping the car better balanced, and come on only if one of the critical engine functions reaches an unacceptable lev resulting in more traction (more about this in chapter 5). el, such as if the oil pressure drops below 40 pounds per square inch {psiJ, or the With left fool braking, particularly on oval tracks, some drivers make the error water temperature reaches 240 degrees. Because these lights warn you if there is of having the brakes on slightly while accelerating out of a corner. This dragging of a major problem, you can check the gauges only when it's convenient, like on the brakes wastes time, can overheat the brakes, and is definitely unwanted. Pay the straightaway. attention to-and avoid-this. Brake Pedal Throttle When braking, think of "squeezing" the brake pedal down-and easing off it. Always use the throttle (gas pedal) gentfy. As with the brakes, progressively The smoother you are with the brakes, the better balanced the car will be, enabling squeeze on more throttle as you accelerate and quickly ease off as you slow down. you to drive at the limit. Three.time World Driving Champion Jackie Stewart Anytime you pounce on the gas pedal or abruptly lift off it unsettles the car, which claimed one of the reasons he won so many Grand Prix was because he eased off reduces tradion. The smoother you are with the throttle, the better balanced the the brakes more smoothly than any of his competitors. Hard to imagine how that car will be, and ultimately the more traction and speed you will have. could affect the outcome of a race so mud~, isn't it? But it allowed him to enter cor ners a fraction of a mile per hour faster because the car was better balanced. Obvi SPEED SECRET #4: ously, this squeezing on and easing off the brake pedal must be done quickly-and The throttle 15 not an oo-off switch. it can be done very quickly with practice-but always emphasizing smoothness. If you find yourself having to back off the throttle after you begin accelerating SPEED SECRET #3: in a corner, you must have applied the gas too soon or too hard in the beginning. Squeeze the bralle pedal 00, and ease off. Ease on the throttle. It takes time and practice to develop a feel for how quickly and how much throttle you can squeeze on. This is one technique you can safely and easily practice every day on the When you are moving your foot from the throttle to the brake pedal, or vice street. Every time your foot goes onlo the brake pedal, think of the word "squeeze"; versa, it must be done as quickly as possible. Your right foot should always be 16