SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND TEMPORAL ABUNDANCE VARIATIONS OF THREE IMPORTANT INSECT PESTS OF COFFEE IN KILIMANJARO REGION, TANZANIA BY FREDRICK LUGOYE KUNGU MAGINA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF CROP SCIENCE OF SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE. MOROGORO, TANZANIA. 2009 ii ABSTRACT Studies on spatial and temporal distribution of white coffee stem borer (WCSB), antestia bug and coffee berry borer (CBB) were carried out between September 2007 and August 2008 in medium altitude (Lyamungo) and high altitude (Kilema) areas in Kilimanjaro region. Specifically, the study aimed at establishing the species composition and spatial distribution, the temporal variation in abundance, and the relative importance of three pests in coffee ecosystems. A multistage random sampling method was used to select farms in two locations where in each location, one ward was selected and within each ward three villages were chosen, and in each village fifteen farms were randomly selected for the study. In each farm, nine trees were selected to make a total sample size of 810 trees. Insects’ were counted every month to establish their population dynamics. WCSB was dominant in both high and medium altitudes while antestia bugs were dominant at medium altitude and less dominant in high altitude. CBB was dominant at medium altitude and no records were noted in the high altitude. High population of antestia bug and CBB were recorded during the short and long rains when flowers and fruit developments were set. WCSB were also observed to increase gradually during short and long rains, which was established as their reproduction period. WCSB was found to be more damaging (44.8 to 67.7 %) than CBB (0 to 12.5%). The study shows that WCSB was more prevalent in the sparse shade while antestia bug and CBB were more prevalent in dense shade. Since WCSB is abundant in all locations and was the most damaging insect pest in the study area, it is recommended that more attention should be focused on management of this pest. iii DECLARATION I, Fredrick Lugoye Kungu Magina, do hereby declare to the senate of Sokoine University of Agriculture that this dissertation is my own original work and that has never been not concurrently being submitted for a higher degree award in any other University. ----------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- Fredrick Lugoye Kungu Magina Date (MSc. candidate) The above declaration is confirmed. ----------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- Prof. R.H. Makundi Date (Supervisor) iv COPYRIGHT No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means; electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the author or Sokoine University of Agriculture in that behalf. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost I would like to thank Almighty God for his love and blessings that enabled me to undertake my studies in good physical and mental health from the beginning to the end. This study would not have been accomplished without the help and encouragements of many persons and organizations. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor Prof. R. H. Makundi for his invaluable comments and guidance throughout the preparation and the final editing of the manuscript. I wish also like to extend my gratitude to my employer Tanzania Coffee Research Institute (TaCRI) for granting me study leave and financial assistance and also for IPM-CRSP in East Africa for their financial assistance, all of which enabled me to undertake my studies at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA). Special thanks are extended to Mrs A. Swai, Mr, M. Munishi, Mr E. Lyamuya, Mr. B. Masawa and Mr. T. Mabula for their assistance in data collection in the field and Mr. Kiimbila and Reverent Fr. Pisa for providing weather data in the study areas. I am grateful to Dr. M. Mwatawala, Dr. Mark Erbaugh, Mr. G. Rwegasira, Mr. E. Kimbi and S, Mourice for their valuable comments that assisted me in preparing this manuscript. I am also indebted to Dr. vander Vossen and Dr. Muniappan for access to some research materials and literature. I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. Loth Mulungu and Mr E. Kimbi for their assistance on data analysis. I wish to thank Prof. S. Nchimbi-Msola coordinator of postgraduate studies in the Department of Crop Science and Production and Prof. A. P. Maerere Head of the Department of Crop Science and Production and all lecturers who facilitated my studies. I am also indebted to my family and my colleagues at TaCRI, for the encouragement they have given me during the work of this dissertation. vi Lastly but not least I would like to express my deep thanks to all the people who contributed positively in one way or another towards the success of this work but because of space and time limitation I would not mention each of them individually. I thank you all and may Almighty God shower you with his blessings. vii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my mother Labi Jilala and late father Kungu Magina who took me to school and my wife Gaudensia, my children Sailine, Rozalia and Florida. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................ii Studies on spatial and temporal distribution of white coffee stem borer (WCSB), antestia bug and coffee berry borer (CBB) were carried out between September 2007 and August 2008 in medium altitude (Lyamungo) and high altitude (Kilema) areas in Kilimanjaro region. Specifically, the study aimed at establishing the species composition and spatial distribution, the temporal variation in abundance, and the relative importance of three pests in coffee ecosystems. A multistage random sampling method was used to select farms in two locations where in each location, one ward was selected and within each ward three villages were chosen, and in each village fifteen farms were randomly selected for the study. In each farm, nine trees were selected to make a total sample size of 810 trees. Insects’ were counted every month to establish their population dynamics. WCSB was dominant in both high and medium altitudes while antestia bugs were dominant at medium altitude and less dominant in high altitude. CBB was dominant at medium altitude and no records were noted in the high altitude. High population of antestia bug and CBB were recorded during the short and long rains when flowers and fruit developments were set. WCSB were also observed to increase gradually during short and long rains, which was established as their reproduction period. WCSB was found to be more damaging (44.8 to 67.7 %) than CBB (0 to 12.5%). The study shows that WCSB was more prevalent in the sparse shade while antestia bug and CBB were more prevalent in dense shade. Since WCSB is abundant in all locations and was the most damaging insect pest in the study area, it is recommended that more attention should be focused on management of this pest..................................................................................ii DECLARATION................................................................................................................iii ix COPYRIGHT.....................................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................................v DEDICATION...................................................................................................................vii TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................viii LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................xii LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................................xiii LIST OF PLATES............................................................................................................xiv LIST OF APPENDICES...................................................................................................xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND ACRONYMS..................................xvi CHAPTER ONE..................................................................................................................1 1.0 BACKGROUND............................................................................................................1 1.1 INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND JUSTIFICATION..............................................................................................2 1.3 OBJECTIVES...............................................................................................................................................4 1.3.1 Overall objective....................................................................................................4 1.3.2 Specific objectives..................................................................................................4 CHAPTER TWO.................................................................................................................5 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................5 2.1 INSECT PESTS OF COFFEE...........................................................................................................................5 2.2 WHITE COFFEE STEM BORER (MONOCHUMUS LEUCONATUS PASCOE) (COLEOPTERA, CERAMBYCIDAE)6 2.2.1 Description, life history and type of damage.........................................................6 2.3 ANTESTIA BUGS, ANTESTIOPSIS SPP (HETEROPTERA, PENTATOMIDAE)...................................................8 2.3.1 Description, life history and damage caused..........................................................8 2.4 COFFEE BERRY BORER (HYPOTHENEMUS HAMPEI FERRARI) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)..................11 2.4.1 Description, life history and type of damage caused............................................11 CHAPTER THREE..........................................................................................................14 3.0 MATERIAL AND METHODS..................................................................................14 x 3.1 DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA................................................................................14 3.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN...........................................................................................................................16 3.3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE AND SAMPLE SIZE...............................................................................................16 3.4 DATA COLLECTION..................................................................................................................................17 3.5 INSECT PEST COUNTS AND DAMAGE ASSESSMENT..................................................................................18 3.5.1 Antestia bug (Antestiopsis spp)............................................................................19 3.5.2 Coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari)............................................20 3.5.3 White coffee stem borer (Monochumus leuconatus Pascoe)...............................20 3.7 DATA ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................................................21 CHAPTER FOUR.............................................................................................................23 4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION..................................................................................23 4.1 SPECIES COMPOSITION, SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF WCSB, ANTESTIA BUG AND CBB 23 4.1.1 Identification of farms under dense and sparse shades........................................25 4.1.2 Population abundance of insect pests between locations.....................................25 4.1.2.1 Population abundance of WCSB between high and medium altitudes....25 4.1.3 Population abundance of WCSB, antestia bug and CBB in relation to microclimate......................................................................................................27 4.1.3.1 Population abundance of WCSB under shade conditions in high and medium altitudes.........................................................................................27 4.1.3.2 Population abundance of antestia bug under shade conditions in high and medium altitudes.........................................................................................28 4.1.3.3 Population abundance of CBB under shade conditions in high and medium altitudes.........................................................................................29 4.1.4 Population abundance of WCSB, antestia bug and CBB within locations in two ecological zones................................................................................................30 4.1.5 Species diversity and similality ...........................................................................33