PERGAMON INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies The 1000-volume original paperback library in aid of education, industrial training and the enjoyment of leisure Publisher: Robert Maxwell, M.C. Spatial Dimensions of Public Policy THE PERGAMON TEXTBOOK INSPECTION COPY SERVICE An inspection copy of any book published in the Pergamon International Library will gladly be sent to academic staff without obligation for their consideration for course adoption or recommendation. Copies may be retained for a period of 60 days from receipt and returned if not suitable. When a particular title is adopted or recommended for adoption for class use and the recommendation results in a sale of I 2 or more copies, the inspection copy may be retained with our compliments. If after examination the lecturer decides that the book is not suitable for adoption but would like to retain it for his personal library, then a discount of 10"„ is allowed on the invoiced price. The Publishers will be pleased to receive suggestions for revised editions and new titles to be published in this important International Library. PERGAMON OXFORD GEOGRAPHIES General Editor: W. B. Fisher Other Titles in the Series CLARKE,J. I. Population Geography, 2nd edition CLARKE, J. I. Population Geography and the Developing Countries CLOUT, H. D. The Geography of Post War France: A Social and Economic Approach CLOUT, H. D. Rural Geography COOKE, R. U. & JOHNSON, J. H. Trends in Geography—An Introductory Survey DEWDNEY,J.C.A.,4 Geography of the Soviet Union, 2nd edition GILCHRIST SHIRLAW, D. W. An Agricultural Geography of Great Britain, 2nd revised impression JOHNSON,J.H. Urban Geography, 2nd edition McINTOSH,I.G.&MARSHALL,C.B. The Face of Scotland, 2nd edition O'CONNOR,A.M. The Geography of Tropical African Development SUNDERLAND, E. Elements of Human and Social Anthropology— Some A n thropological Perspectives Other Titles of Interest BLUNDEN, W. R. The Land Use/Transport System—Analysis and Synthesis CHADWICK,G.AM Systems View of Planning COWLING, T. M. & STEELEY, G. C. Sub-Regional Planning Studies: An Evaluation FALUDI, A . A Reader in Planning Theory F A L U DI, A. Planning Theory GOODALL, B. The Economics of Urban A reas HART, D. A. Strategic Planning in London: The Rise and Fall of the Primary Road Network LEE, C . Models in Planning LICHFIELD,etal. Evaluation in the Planning Process MOSELEY,M.J. Growth Centres in Spatial Planning S A N T, M . E . C . Industrial Movement and Regional Development: The British Case SOLESBURY,W. Policy in Urban Planning The terms of our inspection copy service apply to all the above books. Full details of all books listed mil gladly be sent upon request. Spatial Dimensions of Public Policy Edited by J. T. COPPOCK University of Edinburgh and W. R. D. SEWELL University of Victoria, British Columbia PERGAMON PRESS Oxford • New York • Toronto - Sydney Paris • Frankfurt U.K. Pergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 OBW, England U.S.A. Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park, Elmsford, New York 10523, U.S.A. CANADA Pergamon of Canada, Ltd., P.O. Box 9600, Don Mills M3C 2T9 Ontario, Canada AUSTRALIA Pergamon Press (Aust.) Pty. Ltd., 19a Boundary Street, Rushcutters Bay, N.S.W. 2011, Australia FRANCE Pergamon Press SARL, 24 rue des Ecoles, 75240 Paris, Cedex 05, France WESTGERMANY Pergamon Press GMbH, 6242 Kronberg/Taunus Pferdstrasse 1, Frankfurt-am-Main Copyright © Pergamon Press 1976 J. T. Coppock and W. R. D. Sewell All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission in writingfrom the publishers First edition 1976 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Spatial dimensions of public policy. (Pergamon Oxford geographies) (Pergamon international library) Based on papers presented at the annual meeting of the Institute of British Geographers, held at the University of East Anglia, Jan. 1974. 1. Regional planning—Congresses. 2. Geography, Economic—Congresses. 3. Coppock, John Terence. II. Sewell, W. R. Derrick. III. Institute of British Geographers. HT391.S65 1976 309.2'5 76-10989 0-08 -020629-8 Printed in Great Britain by A. Wheaton & Co. Exeter ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The inspiration for this volume came from the annual meeting of the Institute of British Geographers, held at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, in January, 1974. Adopting as its theme "Geography and Public Policy", the Conference featured several special sessions designed to stimulate discussion of the past, present, and future role of geographers and geographical analysis in the field of public policy. These discussions covered the broad relationships of geographers to the policy area as well as inputs to specific topics, such as resource management, urban development, regional development and the alleviation of poverty. Some of the chapters in this volume are based upon papers presented at the I.B.G. meeting and a number of others were invited from geographers in the United Kingdom and elsewhere who have been involved in research, administration, or other activities relating to public policy. The main emphasis is upon policy-making in the United Kingdom, but papers by geographers from Canada, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, and the United States not only provide an assessment of the role of geographical research in policy formulation in those countries, but also a perspective on such research in the United Kingdom. Several people made very useful contributions to preparation of the volume for publication and the editors wish to acknowledge this assistance. In particular, they wish to thank Mrs. J. T. Coppock who prepared the Index; Mr. C. Clark, Mr. R. Harris and Mr. A. Bradley who drew the maps and diagrams, and Mrs. C. Cumming and Miss S. Smith who typed various drafts of the manuscript. J.T. COPPOCK, Department of Geography, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland. W. R. DERRICK SEWELL, Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C., Canada. vi GEOGRAPHY AND PUBLIC POLICY CONTRIBUTORS J. T. COPPOCK is Ogilvie Professor of Geography in the University of Edinburgh and Director of the Tourism and Recreation Research Unit. His main fields of interest are in rural land use and in geographical information systems, and his research has had an increasing public policy content over the past 15 years. He has been a member of numerous government committees in these fields, including the England Committee and Land Use Panel of the Nature Conservancy, the Land Use Research Grants Committee of the Natural Environment Research Council and the Departmental Committees on Tourism in Scotland and on Information Systems for Planning, and in 1971-2 he acted as Specialist Adviser to the Select Committee on Scottish Affairs in their investigations into Land Resource Use in Scotland. W. R. DERRICK SEWELL is Professor of Geography at the University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C., Canada. His main fields of interest are in decision- making in resources management, particularly with respect to the role of professionals and of the public, and the impact of natural hazards. Prior to his present appointment he was on the faculty of the University of Chicago, and previously was an economic advisor to the Canadian Government on the negotiation of the Columbia River Treaty. He has written widely on resources management issues, particularly on techniques of evaluation, the role of perceptions and attitudes, and the development of policies and institutions. He has been a consultant to various bodies, including the United Nations, the federal governments of Canada and the United States, and various provincial and State governments in those countries. Currently he is also a member of the International Council of the Man and the Biosphere Programme. C. I. JACKSON is Executive Director of the Canadian Participation Secretariat in the Ministry of State for Urban Affairs, Ottawa. This Secretariat is responsible for Canadian participation in Habitat: the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, Vancouver 1976. Prior to this he was Director of Priorities and Planning in the Ministry. After graduate studies in climatology at McGill University, Montreal, (which included 12 months as a member of the Canadian International Geophysical Year vii Contributors Vlll Expedition to northern Ellesmere Island), he was a Lecturer in Geography at the London School of Economics from 1959 to 1969. His research during that period included a critical assessment of British water supply policy and pricing. After joining the Canadian public service in 1969, Dr. Jackson worked on geographical and resource management problems in the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources and the Department of the Environment before moving to Urban Affairs in 1971. F.. KENNETH HARE is Professor of Geography and Physics at the University of Toronto, and is Director of the Institute for Environmental Studies there. He has been involved in public resource and environment policy issues in three countries. In Canada he was a member of the National Research Council, and later served as Science Advisor to the Federal Department of the Environment. He is a present member of the Canadian Environmental Advisory Council. In the United Kingdom (where he was formerly Master of Birbeck College) he served on Sir Dudley Stamp's Advisory Committee on Natural Resources, and was a founding member of the Natural Environmental Research Council. In the United States he is a Director of Resources for the Future. He is currently Chairman of the Ecosciences Panel of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. When asked how he does all these things he answers "the trick is superficiality; never do anything really well.'' EDWIN BROOKS is senior lecturer in Geography at Liverpool University and Dean of College Studies. His main fields of interest lie in social and political planning in Great Britain, East-Central Europe and Brazil. In 1972 he led an enquiry into the conditions of tribal Indians in the Amazon. From 1958 to 1967 he was a councillor in Birkenhead, chairing the Works and Building Committee and the Youth Employment Committee. From 1966 to 1970 he was a Labour Member of Parliament for Bebington and a member of the Committee of Public Accounts. As a private Member he promoted the National Health Service (Family Planning) Act of 1967. He was the first President of the Conservation Society from 1966 to 1967. MICHAEL CHISHOLM is Professor of Economic and Social Geography at the University of Bristol; in October 1976 he becomes Professor of Geography at the University of Cambridge. His main research work has been in the field of locational economics and regional development, with special reference to the United Kingdom. He was a member of the South West Advisory Committee to the Land Commission, and for 5 years served on the Social Science Research Council. He is currently a member of the Local Government Boundary Commission for England. In addition, he had acted as consultant, mainly with Economic Associates Ltd., on a number of Contributors ix problems concerned with development, both in the United Kingdom and abroad. J. W. HOUSE is Halford Mackinder Professor of Geography in the University of Oxford and a member of the Northern Economic Planning Council. His research in applied geography has had a particular emphasis on social and economic problems in both urban and rural North-East England. From 1969 to 1971 he was a member of the Northern Pennines Rural Development Board, and for some years served on the Northumberland Rural Community Council. Between 1964 and 1968 he was Director of the then Ministry of Labour sponsored research programme into "Migration and Mobility in Northern England". J. B. GODDARD is Henry Daysh Professor of Regional Development Studies in the Department of Geography of the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and was formerly a lecturer in Geography at the London School of Economics and Political Science. His main field of research is on office communications and office location. He has participated in research on this topic for the South-East Economic Planning Council, the Location of Offices Bureau, the Department of the Environment, the City of London Corporation and the Swedish Government. He has developed close links with Swedish researchers in this field, most recently as a Leverhulme Fellow at the University of Lund. His international work has also included a study for the Economic Development Committee of the European Free Trade Association on National Settlement Strategies. This work has been associated with a widening interest in the role of information flows in organisational and urban systems development. DAVID STARKIE is lecturer in the Department of Geography, University of Reading, and is currently on leave as Director of Transport Planning and Research and Acting Deputy Director General of Transport, Government of Western Australia. He served as the Specialist Adviser to the Environment Sub-Committee of the House of Commons Expenditure Committee for a number of investigations between 1971 and 1975, and has acted as Transport Adviser to the Government of Argentina. His main fields of interest are transport and environmental appraisal. He has published widely in both aspects and has conducted research for the Department of the Environment into the environmental effects of transport. PETER R. ODELL has been Professor of Economic Geography and Director of the Economic Geography Institute in the Netherlands School of Economics—now a part of the Erasmus University, Rotterdam—since 1968. Prior to that he was on the staff of the London School of Economics where X Contributors he commenced his research interests in the field of energy problems, on which he has published extensively. Most recently he has been much involved jn public policy debates—both at national and the European level—on the reshaping of energy policies following the post-1971 changes in the international oil industry and has been a firm proponent of the idea of European self-sufficiency in energy based essentially on the full and rapid exploitation of the off-shore oil and gas reserves of the continent. R: G. LISTER is Professor of Geography in the University of Otago, New Zealand. He has been closely concerned with regional planning and environmental policy during the past decade, serving on many regional and national bodies that have been developing public involvement in these fields in New Zealand. He has been a member of the New Zealand Environmental Council since its inception in 1970 and attended the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment as a government representative in 1972. He is a member of the Clutha Valley Development Commission, serves as chairman of the Technical Advisory Committee of the Dunedin Metropolitan Regional Planning Authority and is a frequent radio commentator on local and national affairs in New Zealand. AKIN L. MABOGUNJE is Professor of Geography at the University of Ibadan and Co-Director of the Planning Studies Programme of the Faculty of Social Sciences of that University. His main interest is in information systems and quantitative techniques as they relate to the field of urbanisation and regional planning. He was Census Adviser to the Western Nigerian government for the 1962 Census and to the Federal Government for the 1973 Census. He has served on a number of Government Commissions and Committees. He was a member of the Western Nigerian Land Utilisation Committee (1960-2), member of the Western State Economic Advisory Council (1968-72), Chairman of the Committee investigating into Forest Policy and Management in Western Nigeria (1966-8) and Chairman of the Western State Forestry Advisory Commission (1968-74). More recently, he has served as a member of the Public Service Review Commission (1972-4) that was set up by the Federal Nigerian Government to advise on the reform of its public services. RICHARD MORRILL is Professor and Chairman of Geography, and Associate Director of the Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Washington. His main fields of interest include regional planning and development, and theory and models of spatial organisation and interaction. In addition to involvement in political and school redistricting, he is enmeshed in local and regional issues of growth, Contributors XI metropolitan transportation and administrative organization. In 1970 he visited the University of Glasgow as a Sir John McTaggart Fellow. T. HAGERSTRAND holds a research chair in the University of Lund in Social and Economic Geography under the Swedish Council for Social Science Research. He has been working on population geography (migration in particular), spatial diffusion, geo-coding and space-time budgeting. The nature of his studies has brought him into close contact with the planning policy as well as with future-oriented research. He served on the Commission for Local Government Reform, the Commission for Regional Administration Reform and the Advisory Group for National Physical Planning, and is a member of the Expert Group for Regional Research. He has also contributed to regional policy studies in the European Free Trade Association. He took part in the formation of the Swedish Cabinet's Secretariat for Future Studies and holds the position as chairman of the Joint Committee for long-term interdisciplinary research of the nine major national research councils.