This page intentionally left blank SPACE-TIME CODING: THEORY AND PRACTICE This book covers the fundamental principles of space-time coding for wireless communications over multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels, and sets out practical coding methods for achieving the performance improvements pre- dictedbythetheory. Startingwithbackgroundmaterialonwirelesscommunicationsandthecapacity ofMIMOchannels,thebookthenreviewsdesigncriteriaforspace-timecodes.A detailedtreatmentofthetheorybehindspace-timeblockcodesthenleadsontoanin- depthdiscussionofspace-timetrelliscodes.Thebookcontinueswithdiscussionof differentialspace-timemodulation,BLASTandsomeotherspace-timeprocessing methods.Thefinalchapteraddressesadditionaltopicsinspace-timecoding. Written by one of the inventors of space-time block coding, this book is ideal for a graduate student familiar with the basics of digital communications, and for engineersimplementingthetheoryinrealsystems. Thetheoryandpracticesectionscanbeusedindependentlyofeachother.Exer- cisescanbefoundattheendofthechapters. Hamid Jafarkhani is an associate professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of California, Irvine, where he is also the Deputy Director of the Center for Pervasive Communications and Computing.Beforethis,heworkedformanyyearsatAT&TLabs-Researchwhere hewasoneoftheco-inventorsofspace-timeblockcoding. SPACE-TIME CODING THEORY AND PRACTICE HAMID JAFARKHANI UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb22ru,UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521842914 © Cambridge University Press 2005 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisionof relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. Firstpublishedinprintformat 2005 isbn-13 978-0-511-11562-2 eBook (NetLibrary) isbn-10 0-511-11562-8 eBook (NetLibrary) isbn-13 978-0-521-84291-4 hardback isbn-10 0-521-84291-3 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls forexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication,anddoesnot guaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents Prefacepage ix Standardnotation xi Space-timecodingnotation xii Listofabbreviations xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introductiontothebook 1 1.2 Wirelessapplications 2 1.3 Wirelesschannels 5 1.4 Statisticalmodelsforfadingchannels 12 1.5 Diversity 15 1.6 Spatialmultiplexinggainanditstrade-offwithdiversity 23 1.7 Closed-loopversusopen-loopsystems 24 1.8 Historicalnotesontransmitdiversity 26 1.9 Summary 27 1.10 Problems 28 2 Capacityofmultiple-inputmultiple-outputchannels 30 2.1 Transmissionmodelformultiple-inputmultiple-output channels 30 2.2 CapacityofMIMOchannels 34 2.3 Outagecapacity 39 2.4 Summaryofimportantresults 43 2.5 Problems 44 3 Space-timecodedesigncriteria 45 3.1 Background 45 3.2 Rankanddeterminantcriteria 46 3.3 Tracecriterion 50 3.4 Maximummutualinformationcriterion 52 v vi Contents 3.5 Summaryofimportantresults 53 3.6 Problems 53 4 Orthogonalspace-timeblockcodes 55 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 Alamouticode 55 4.3 Maximum-likelihooddecodingandmaximumratio combining 59 4.4 Realorthogonaldesigns 60 4.5 Generalizedrealorthogonaldesigns 70 4.6 Complexorthogonaldesigns 76 4.7 Generalizedcomplexorthogonaldesigns 77 4.8 Pseudo-orthogonalspace-timeblockcodes 90 4.9 Performanceanalysis 93 4.10 Simulationresults 101 4.11 Summaryofimportantresults 107 4.12 Problems 108 5 Quasi-orthogonalspace-timeblockcodes 110 5.1 Pairwisedecoding 110 5.2 RotatedQOSTBCs 112 5.3 OptimalrotationandperformanceofQOSTBCs 115 5.4 OtherexamplesofQOSTBCs 120 5.5 QOSTBCsforotherthanfourtransmitantennas 122 5.6 Summaryofimportantresults 125 5.7 Problems 125 6 Space-timetrelliscodes 126 6.1 Introduction 126 6.2 Space-timetrelliscoding 130 6.3 ImprovedSTTCs 136 6.4 PerformanceofSTTCs 143 6.5 Simulationresults 145 6.6 Summaryofimportantresults 149 6.7 Problems 149 7 Super-orthogonalspace-timetrelliscodes 151 7.1 Motivation 151 7.2 Super-orthogonalcodes 153 7.3 CGDanalysis 167 7.4 Encodinganddecoding 173 7.5 Performanceanalysis 179 7.6 Extensiontomorethantwoantennas 181 7.7 Simulationresults 187 Contents vii 7.8 Summaryofimportantresults 192 7.9 Problems 193 8 Differentialspace-timemodulation 195 8.1 Introduction 195 8.2 Differentialencoding 198 8.3 Differentialdecoding 203 8.4 Extensiontomorethantwoantennas 207 8.5 Simulationresults 214 8.6 Summaryofimportantresults 218 8.7 Problems 218 9 Spatialmultiplexingandreceiverdesign 221 9.1 Introduction 221 9.2 Spatialmultiplexing 222 9.3 Spheredecoding 223 9.4 Usingequalizationtechniquesinreceiverdesign 227 9.5 V-BLAST 230 9.6 D-BLAST 235 9.7 Turbo-BLAST 238 9.8 Combinedspatialmultiplexingandspace-timecoding 241 9.9 Simulationresults 246 9.10 Summaryofimportantresults 249 9.11 Problems 249 10 Non-orthogonalspace-timeblockcodes 251 10.1 Introduction 251 10.2 Lineardispersionspace-timeblockcodes 252 10.3 Space-timeblockcodesusingnumbertheory 259 10.4 Threadedalgebraicspace-timecodes 260 10.5 Simulationresults 267 10.6 Summaryofimportantresults 270 10.7 Problems 270 11 Additionaltopicsinspace-timecoding 272 11.1 MIMO-OFDM 272 11.2 ImplementationissuesinMIMO-OFDM 278 11.3 Space-timeturbocodes 283 11.4 Beamformingandspace-timecoding 286 11.5 Problems 290 References 291 Index 300