SPACE ENGINEERING ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY A SERIES OF BOOKS ON THE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS OF SPACE SCIENCE AND OF GENERAL GEOPHYSICS AND ASTROPHYSICS PUBLISHED IN CONNECTION WITH THE JOURNAL SPACE SCIENCE REVIEWS Editorial Board J. E. BLAMONT, Laboratoire d'Aeronomie, Verrieres, France R. L. F. BOYD, University College, London, England L. GOLDBERG, Harvard College Observatory, Cambridge, Mass., USA C. DE JAGER, University of Utrecht, Holland z. KOPAL, University of Manchester, Manchester, England G. H. LUDWIG, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., USA R. LUST, Institut fiir Extraterrestrische Physik, Garsching-Miinchen, Germany B. M. MCCORMAC, Geophysics Division, IIT Research Institute, Chicago, Ill., USA H. E. NEWELL, NASA, Washington, D.C., USA L. I. SEDOV, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, USSR Z. SVESTKA, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Ondi'ejov, Czechoslovakia Secretary of the Editorial Board w. DE GRAAFF, Sterrewacht 'Sonnenborgh', University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Holland VOLUME 15 SPACE ENGINEERING Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Space Engineering HELD AT THE FONDAZIONE GIORGIO CINI, ISOLA DI SAN GIORGIO, VENICE, ITALY, MAY 7-10, 1969 ORGANIZED BY THE CENTRO STUDI TRASPOR TI MISSILISTICI, STM, ROMA, ITALY AND THE ASSOCIATION POUR L'ETUDE ET LA RECHERCHE ASTRONAUTIQUE ET COSMIQUE, AERA, PARIS, FRANCE Edited by G.A.PARTEL Centro Studi Trasporti Missilistici, Rome, Italy SPRINGER-VERLAG NEW YORK INC. / NEW YORK D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY / DORDRECHT-HOLLAND SOLE-DISTRIBUTOR FOR NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA SPRINGER-VERLAG NEW YORK INC. / NEW YORK Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 79-105673 Title No.: 882005 ISBN-13: 978-94-011-7553-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-011-7551-7 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-011-7551-7 © 1970. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1970 PREFACE The 2nd International Conference on Space Engineering took place May 7-10, 1969, at Venice, Italy, under the organization of the Centro Studi Trasporti Missilistici and the Association pour l'Etude et la Recherche Astronautique et Cosmique. Its purpose was to bring together those interested in the technological development of space components, to exchange information by the presentation of papers and to discuss present problems and future trends, and to this end forty-eight papers were presented by distinguished experts from all over the world. The papers were selected from as wide a background as possible, approximately an equal number coming from the academic and research establishments as from industry. The principal criterion for their selection was that they should contribute to the knowledge of Space Engineering, and have application either to the improve- ment of current technologies or to the design of more advanced systems for the future. Six pertinent sessions were planned which covered the major areas of interest: (1) Structures and Materials, where three important papers were presented; (2) Guidance and Control Systems, in which six valuable papers were presented, in- cluding problems of controlling space ships, details of the inertial guidance system of the ELDO launch vehicle, the attitude control system of the "Europa 2"; (3) Propellants and Combustion, where eleven papers described recent work on solid and liquid rocket engines, advanced fuels and oxidizers, effects of additives, propellant injection, propellant expulsion techniques; (4) Propulsion, in which session ten papers analyzed low-cost launch- and re-entry vehicles, reduction in cost of the first stage, a booster-ramrocket combination, hybrid motors in sounding rockets, reaction control engines, solid propellant grain design, small bipropellant rocket engines for communication satellites, the "Apollo" service module rocket engine, problems as- sociated with tanks partially filled with liquids; (5) Auxiliary Power Systems, where four papers were presented, describing ZrH reactor development status, batteries for satellities and balloons, low power nuclear-energy conversion; (6) Testing, Support and Accessories, where fourteen papers were presented on selected aspects of ground testing apparatus, simulation of Mars landing, the deep space network for the "Ma- riner" vehicles, antenna spacing, space programs in India and Canada, and also papers on satellite drag measurements, gravitational stabilization systems for satel- lites, and a new transducer. These papers represent a most important contribution to the literature in this field. G. A. PARTEL TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface VI OPENING CEREMONY Address by A. G. Cardinal Cicognani 3 PART IjSTRUCTURES AND MATERIALS Vibrations of Thin Elastic Plates Subject to Random Driving Forces by W. A. Nash and F. Chou 7 Designing Cost-Effective Pressure Vessels Based on Fracture Mechanics by L. Raymond 15 Investigation of Low Il(sle-Coatings in a Simulated Space Environment by L. Preuss, W. Schafer, H. HorsIer, and H. Kostlin 29 PAR T II j GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEMS Controle automatique des chaines de telemesures by P. Gilles 39 Some Problems of Controlling Spaceships by B. N. Petro v, I. S. Ukolov, and E. I. Mitroshin 52 Numerical Procedures for the Attitude and Orbital Maneuvers Computation of a Spin-Stabilised Satellite by R. C. Michelini, G. A caccia, E. Gimelli, and D. Dini 62 A Roll and Pitch Attitude Control Scheme for a Synchronous, Flywheel Stabilized, Communication Satellite by F. Leorat, M. Gauvrit, M. Brosson, and R. Capraro 75 Autopilot Compatibility of the Digital Inertial Guidance System Used in the Eldo 'Europa' Launch Vehicle by A. H. Cairns 112 Development of the 'Europa I' First Stage attitude Control System to the 'Europa II' Requirements 125 by D. G. Ewart VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS PART III/PROPELLANTS AND COMBUSTION, I Decomposition and Ignition of Ammonium Perchlorate in the Presence of Sn02-Cr2 03 Catalysts by F. Solymosi and T. Bansagi 145 Advanced Chemical Rocket Propellants: On the Way from Theory to Hardware by R. Lo 155 Advanced Fuels and Oxidizers by Clair M. Beighley, William R. Fish, and Roger E. Anderson 163 Effect of Additives on the Combustion of Hydrazine/Nitrogen Tetroxide by Forrest S. Forbes and Robert A. Biggers 190 Effects of Propellant Injection on Resonant Combustion by W. Hartung 206 Analytical and Experimental Investigations of Aerothermochemical Processes in Liquid Propellant Rocket Motors by T. Paul Torda 219 PART IV / PROPELLANTS AND COMBUSTION, II Investigations on Propellant Vaporization and Gas Mixture Formation in a Liquid Rocket Motor Using Nonhypergolic Propellants by H. Twardy 241 Physical and Chemical Kinetics of Al and B Flames (An Extended Abstract) by S. N. B. Murthy 256 Investigation of Boron Combustion for Its Application in Air Augmented Rockets ~K&~~w ~ Propellant Expulsion Techniques by E. E. Stein and P. A. van Splinter 280 Investigation of an Injector Concept for Throttleable High-Energy Rocket Engines by W. Buschulte 286 PART V / PROPULSION, I Determination of the Position of the Supersonic Flow Closing Shock Wave in the Channels of an Air-Breathing Jet Engine by G. l. Petrov 301 TABLE OF CONTENTS IX Reduction in Cost of the First Stage, 'Recoverable' First Stages, and First Stages 'to Be Thrown Away' by A. Angeloni 307 Low Cost Launch- and Re-Entry Vehicles - a Requirement for Future Space Flight by B. H. Goethert 314 Comparison of a Booster-Ram Rocket Combination with a Two-Stage Rocket for An Acceleration Mission by H. Gawlik and E. Riester 323 Hybrid Motors in Sounding Rockets - Technical and Economical Advantages by L. Persson 338 Evolution of Reaction Control Engines for U.S. Manned Spacecraft by Dwight A. Moberg 347 PART VI/PROPULSION, II The Morphological Continuum in Solid Propellant Grain Design by John S. Billheimer and F. R. Wagner 365 Une famille de propulseurs Bi-ergols a poussees comprises entre 40 et 1 kp. Technologie et possibilites d'application pour Ie Satellite 'Symphonie' by H. Strobl et G. Munding 398 Design of the Apollo Service Module Rocket Engine for Manned Operation by A. L. Feldman and D. David 411 Some Problems of the Dynamics of a Space Vehicle with Tanks Partially Filled with Liquid ~VM~~~ ~ PART VII/ AUXILIARY POWER SYSTEMS Compact ZrH Reactor Development Status and Reactor Thermoelectric Space Power Systems by R. F. Wilson and W. L. Kitterman 435 Batteries d'accumulateurs pour alimentation en energie de satellites by J. P. Gomis 452 Batteries d'accumulateurs souples nickel-cadmium pour alimentation de ballons meteorologiques by B. M onneret 462 Low-Power Nuclear Energy Conversion for Long-Duration Space Missions. Comparison between Rankine and Brayton Cycles: Dynamic and MHD Power Conversion by John W. Bjerklie 469 x TABLE OF CONTENTS PART VIII/TESTING, SUPPORT AND ACCESSORIES, I Investigation of the Vibration Modes of a Three Degrees of Freedom Ground Testing Apparatus for the Attitude-Control System of Satellites by D. Dini, E. Gimel/i, R. C. Michelini, and R. Ghigliazza 507 Satellites and Heat-Shields Test Facilities at FIAT Aerospace Laboratory by l. Capriolo 535 Jettisoning Test Equipment at FIAT Aerospace Laboratory ~~&~~ 5~ A Comparison of Satellite Drag Measurement Techniques by Daniel B. DeBra 563 Satellite Gravitational Stabilization Systems with Maximum Damping Rate by V. A. Sarychev 574 An Analysis and Simulation of Mars Landing by E. Kane Casani 584 The Deep Space Network. An Instrument for Radio Navigation for the Mariner Mission to Mars, 1969 by J. P. Fearey and N. A. Renzetti 599 Optimal Value for the Antenna Spacing of a Three Antenna Interferometer by V. V. Lebedev 640 PART IX/TESTING, SUPPORT AND ACCESSORIES, II Space Programme in India by H. G. S. Murthy 645 The Churchill Research Range and Canada's Space Research Program by R. S. Rettie 650 Design and Dynamic Characteristics Investigation of a High Performance Spherical Bearing by E. Gimelli, D. Dini, R. C. Michelini, and R. Ghigliazza 672 A Polyvalent Data Acquisition System for Ground Space Tests at FIAT Aerospace Laboratory by E. Padovano 693 Methodes et moyens d'essais relatifs au developpement des propulseurs by M. Douat 703 New Capacitive Pressure Transducer for Aerospatial Use by E. Turd 712 TABLE OF CONTENTS XI PART X/SPEECHES DELIVERED AT THE BANQUET Speech by General B. A. Schriever: Manned Space Stations (Gateway to Our Future in Space) 721 Speech by Academician B. N. Petrov 727