SOYBEAN (cid:883) MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF BREEDING Edited by Aleksandra Sudarić Soybean - Molecular Aspects of Breeding Edited by Aleksandra Sudarić Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Katarina Lovrecic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright George Burba, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published March, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Soybean - Molecular Aspects of Breeding, Edited by Aleksandra Sudarić p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-240-1 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Molecular Biology and Biotechnology 1 Chapter 1 Protein Expression Systems: Why Soybean Seeds? 3 Kenneth Bost and Kenneth Piller Chapter 2 Optimizing Recombinant Protein Expression in Soybean 19 Laura C. Hudson, Kenneth L. Bost and Kenneth J. Piller Chapter 3 Virus-Induced Gene Silencing of Endogenous Genes and Promotion of Flowering in Soybean by Apple latent spherical virus-Based Vectors 43 Noriko Yamagishi and Nobuyuki Yoshikawa Chapter 4 Genetic Improvement: Molecular-Based Strategies 57 Aleksandra Sudarić, Marija Vratarić, Snežana Mladenović Drinić, and Zvonimir Zdunić Chapter 5 Integration of Major QTLs of Important Agronomic Traits in Soybean 81 Guohua Hu, Qingshan Chen, Chunyan Liu, Hongwei Jiang, Jialin Wang and Zhaoming Qi Chapter 6 A Versatile Soybean Recombinant Inbred Line Population Segregating for Low Linolenic Acid and Lipoxygenase Nulls - Molecular Characterization and Utility for Soymilk and Bioproduct Production 119 Yarmilla Reinprecht, Shun-Yan Luk-Labey and K. Peter Pauls Chapter 7 Breeding for Promiscuous Soybeans at IITA 147 Hailu Tefera Chapter 8 Characterization of Soybean-Nodulating Rhizobial Communities and Diversity 163 Yuichi Saeki VI Contents Part 2 Breeding for Abiotic Stress 185 Chapter 9 Proteomics Approach for Identifying Abiotic Stress Responsive Proteins in Soybean 187 Mohammad-Zaman Nouri, Mahmoud Toorchi and Setsuko Komatsu Chapter 10 Molecular Responses to Osmotic Stresses in Soybean 215 Tsui-Hung Phang, Man-Wah Li, Chun-Chiu Cheng, Fuk-Ling Wong, Ching Chan and Hon-Ming Lam Chapter 11 Genotypic Influence on the Absorption, Use and Toxicity of Manganese by Soybean 241 Andre Rodrigues dos Reis and Jose Lavres Junior Part 3 Breeding for Biotic Stress 259 Chapter 12 Resistance to Pythium Seedling Disease in Soybean 261 Rupe, J.C., Rothrock, C.S., Bates, G., Rosso, M. L., Avanzato, M. V. and Chen, P. Chapter 13 Phomopsis Seed Decay of Soybean 277 Shuxian Li Chapter 14 Soybean Rust: Five Years of Research 293 Arianne Tremblay Chapter 15 Detection, Understanding and Controlof Soybean Mosaic Virus 335 Xiaoyan Cui, Xin Chen and Aiming Wang Chapter 16 Evolution of Soybean Aphid Biotypes: Understanding and Managing Virulence to Host-Plant Resistance 355 Andrew P. Michel, Omprakash Mittapalli and M. A. Rouf Mian Chapter 17 Evaluation and Utilization of Soybean Germplasm for Resistance to Cyst Nematode in China 373 Ying-Hui Li, Xiao-Tian Qi, Ruzhen Chang and Li-Juan Qiu Chapter 18 Cell-Specific Studies of Soybean Resistance to Its Major Pathogen, the Soybean Cyst Nematode as Revealed by Laser Capture Microdissection, Gene Pathway Analyses and Functional Studies 397 Vincent P. Klink, Prachi D. Matsye and Gary W. Lawrence Chapter 19 Genetically Modified Soybean for Insect-Pests and Disease Control 429 Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa, Patrícia B. Pelegrini and Rodrigo R. Fragoso Contents VII Part 4 Recent Technology 453 Chapter 20 Spectral Characteristics of Soybean during the Vegetative Cycle Using Landsat 5/TM Images in The Western Paraná, Brazil 455 Erivelto Mercante, Rubens A. C. Lamparelli, Miguel A. Uribe-Opazo and Jansle Viera Rocha Chapter 21 Bio-Based Nanocomposites Composed of Photo-Cured Soybean-Based Resins and Supramolecular Hydroxystearic Acid Nanofibers 473 Mitsuhiro Shibata Chapter 22 Transgenic Residues in Soybean-based Foods 495 Mónica L. Chávez-González, Carolina Flores-Gallegos, Víctor M. García-Lazalde, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar and Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera Preface Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is the leading oil and protein crop of the world, which is used as a source of high quality edible oil, protein and livestock feed. Various functional components derived from secondary metabolite have also received signifi cant att ention in terms of human health. Over the past three decades, the scientifi c and technological developments in most regions have increased soybean production on the global level. Nevertheless, soybean breeding has undoubtedly played a key role in production in- creases. Conventional breeding strategies have been very successful in improving soy- bean productivity and quality. In practice today, the fi eld of soybean breeding is in tran- sition and changing rapidly. The incorporation of molecular aspects of genetic analysis and molecular marker-assisted selection is critical to understanding soybean breeding strategies and practices. Scientifi c discoveries in the area of structural and functional plant genomics lead to development of new soybean varieties with advanced nutritive properties and yield enhancement through greater resistance to various abiotic and bi- otic factors, bett er adapted to new market, production and environment demands. Based on the availability and combination of conventional and molecular technologies, a sub- stantial increase in the rate of genetic gain for economically important soybean traits can be predicted in the next decade. The book Soybean - Molecular Aspects of Breeding focuses on recent progress in our under- standing of the genetics and molecular biology of soybean and provides a broad review of the subject, from genome diversity to transformation and integration of desired genes using current technologies. This book is divided into four parts (Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Breeding for Abiotic Stress, Breeding for Biotic Stress, Recent Technol- ogy) and contains 22 chapters. Part I, “Molecular Biology and Biotechnology”, (Chapters 1 to 8) focuses on advances in molecular biology and laboratory procedures that have been developed recently to ma- nipulate DNA and provide new genes of interest to soybean breeder. Chapter 1 considers the transgenic soybean seed as a unique platform for the expression and accumulation of desired proteins. Chapter 2 focuses on incorporating current knowledge for optimizing recombinant protein expression in soybeans. In Chapter 3, the authors describe the use of Apple Latent Spherical Virus (ALSV) vector for Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) of endogenous genes at all growth stages of soybean plants and seeds. Chapter 4 reviews the technologies for molecular marker analysis and achievements in the area of genetic transformation (genetic modifi cation) in soybean. Chapter 5 points out on the QTL meta- analysis for major agronomic traits in soybean (oil content, protein content, fatt y acid, amino acid content, isofl avone content, fungal diseases resistance, insect resistance, cyst X Preface nematode resistance, 100-seed weight, lodging, plant height, growth stages). Chapter 6 describes development of a versatile soybean recombinant inbred line population segre- gating for low linolenic acid and lypoxygenase nulls, its molecular characterization and utility for soymilk and composite material production. Chapter 7 introduces the achieve- ments of soybean breeding work at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (Malawi) with emphasis on enhancement biological nitrogen fi xation capacity of new breeding lines through the promiscuity approach as well as matching genotypes with eff ective inoculants strains. Characterization of soybean-nodulating rhizobial commu- nities and its diversity is the subject of Chapter 8. Part II, “Breeding for abiotic stress” (Chapters 9 to 11) covers proteomics approaches form as a powerful tool for investigating the molecular mechanisms of the plant responses to various types of abiotic stresses. It provides a path toward increasing the effi ciency of indirect selection for inherited traits. Chapter 9 describes recent methodologies for the extraction of proteins from soybean and then protein identifi cation techniques related to the abiotic stresses. Chapter 10 is centered on the common and specifi c components of various types of osmotic stresses, tolerant germplasm-specifi c components, the current obstacles in this research area and the forward looking research strategies to tackle these problems. Studying anatomical and ultrastructural changes in response to manganese (Mn) nutritional disorders and deleterious eff ects of Mn stress on soybean is the subject of Chapter 11. Part III, “Breeding for biotic stress” (Chapters 12 to 19) addresses issues related to ap- plication of molecular based strategies in order to increase soybean resistance to various biotic factors (pathogens, insects, nematode). Chapter 12 reports the resistance to a num- ber of Pythium spp. that should be useful in reducing the risk of stand loss due to this group of pathogens. Chapter 13 introduces Phomopsis Seed Decay (PSD) with emphasis on application of SSR marker in identifi cation resistant germplasm and using of the re- sistant cultivars as the most eff ective method for controlling PSD. Chapter 14 focuses on identifi cation approaches to broaden the resistance to soybean rust caused by pathogen Phakospora pachyrhizi. In Chapter 15, authors describe Soybean Mosaic Virus (SMV), in- teraction between SMV and plant, as well as its current and future control strategies. Chapter 16 reviews the current status of soybean aphid biotypes and strategies for un- derstanding and managing virulence to host-plant resistance. Chapter 17 considers the advances of identifi cation for resistance to cyst nematode, discovery novel gene from the resistant accession and resistant cultivar development. Cell-specifi c studies of soybean resistance to the cyst nematode as revealed by laser capture microdissection, gene path- way analyses and functional studies are the subject of Chapter 18. In Chapter 19, authors describe biotechnological insights using diff erent molecules in order to decrease biotic stresses in soybean fi eld. Part IV, “Recent Technology” (Chapters 20 to 22) reviews newer technologies into the realm of soybean monitoring, processing and product use. Studying the changes in the spectral behavior of the soybean crop, during the vegetative cycle, by spectral-temporal profi les of the mapped crop areas, using two vegetation indexes (Normalized Diff er- ence Vegetation Index-NDVI; Greenness Vegetation Index-GVI) of multispectral images from the satellite Landsat 5/TM is the subject of Chapter 20. Chapter 21 describes the preparation and properties of the bio-nanocomposites composed of the ESO (epoxidized soybean oil) and AESO (acrylated epoxidized soybean oil) crosslinked by the photo-