AGRICULTURE ISSUES AND POLICIES SERIES S W C : OYBEAN AND HEAT ROPS GROWTH, FERTILIZATION, AND YIELD No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. A I P S GRICULTURE SSUES AND OLICIES ERIES Agriculture Issues & Policies, Volume I Alexander Berk (Editor) 2001. ISBN 1-56072-947-3 Agricultural Conservation Anthony G. Hargis (Editor) 2009. ISBN 978-1-60692-273-6 Hired Farmworkers: Profile and Labor Issues Rea S. Berube (Editor) 2009. ISBN 978-1-60741-232-8 Environmental Services and Agriculture Karl T. Poston (Editor) 2009 ISBN: 978-1-60741-053-9 Weeds: Management, Economic Impacts and Biology Rudolph V. Kingely (Editor) 2009 ISBN 978-1-60741-010-2 Effects of Liberalizing World Agricultural Trade Henrik J. Ehrstrom (Editor) 2009 ISBN: 978-1-60741-198-7 Economic Impacts of Foreign-Source Animal Disease Jace R. Corder (Editor) 2009 ISBN: 978-1-60741-601-2 Agricultural Wastes Geoffrey S. Ashworth and Pablo Azevedo (Editors) 2009 ISBN: 978-1-60741-305-9 Soybean and Wheat Crops: Growth, Fertilization, and Yield Samuel Davies and George Evans 2009 ISBN: 978-1-60741-173-4 AGRICULTURE ISSUES AND POLICIES SERIES S W C : OYBEAN AND HEAT ROPS GROWTH, FERTILIZATION, AND YIELD SAMUEL DAVIES AND GEORGE EVANS EDITORS Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York Copyright © 2009 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher. For permission to use material from this book please contact us: Telephone 631-231-7269; Fax 631-231-8175 Web Site: http://www.novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book. The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material. Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book. In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein. It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services. If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought. FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Davies, Samuel, 1962- Soybean and wheat crops : growth, fertilization, and yield / Samuel Davies and George Evans. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61668-983-4 (E-Book) 1. Soybean. 2. Wheat. I. Evans, George, 1961- II. Title. SB205.S7D38 2009 633.3'4--dc22 2009010243 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (cid:30)  New York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter 1 Influence of the Soybean Seed Coat upon Seed Infestation and Development of the Insect Callosobruchus Maculatus 1 Antonia Elenir A. Oliveira, Kátia V. S. Fernandes, Amanda J. Souza and Patrícia O. Santos Chapter 2 Effects of Soil Texture and Soil Salinity on the Plant Water Relationship, Growth, Yield and Water Use Efficiency of the Soybean Crop 23 N. Katerji, M. Mastrorilli, F. Lahmer and A. Hamdy Chapter 3 Modeling the Water Balance Components of the Soybean Canopy by Soil-Vegetation-atmosphere transfer model 39 D. T. Mihailović and B. Lalić Chapter 4 Characterization of Soybean Cultivars: Rapid HPLC Profiling Based on Protein Markers 65 Maria Luisa Marina and Maria Concepción García Chapter 5 Effect of Liming, N and P Fertilisation of a Lixisol on the Growth of Selected Soybean Cultivars under Sub-humid Tropical Conditions in Zimbabwe 85 J. Nyamangara, C. Musharo, M. Matokwe Chapter 6 Natural Occurrence of Deoxynivalenol in Soybean Grown in Serbia 103 Biljana Abramović and Igor Jajić Chapter 7 Stem Boring of Soybean by Dectes texanus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and the Nature of its Impact on Yield 115 J. P. Michaud, J. A. Qureshi, A. K. Grant and J. L. Jyoti Chapter 8 Fusarium Head Blight and DON Contamination Management in Soft and Durum Wheat Cultivation 123 Andrea Maiorano, Massimo Blandino and Amedeo Reyneri vi Contents Chapter 9 Growing Wheat for High Alcohol Yield – Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Approaches 165 J. S. Swanston and A. C. Newton Chapter 10 Genetic Improvement of Wheat Yield Potential and Adaptation in China 185 Zhonghu He and Xiaoke Zhang Chapter 11 Wheat in Bangladesh: Yield Growth, Production Performance and Determinants 203 Sanzidur Rahman and M. Kamrul Hasan Chapter 12 Stabilizing Productivity of Drought-stressed Crops by Foliar Application of Alkanolamines 225 Hans Bergmann and Gerhard Gramss Chapter 13 Wheat: Composition and Feeding Value for Poultry 245 Velmurugu Ravindran and Ahmed M. Amerah Index 261 PREFACE The soybean is a species of legume native to East Asia. It is an annual plant that has been used in China for 5,000 years as a food and a component of drugs. Soy contains significant amounts of all the essential amino acids for humans, and so is a good source of protein. Soybeans are the primary ingredient in many processed foods, including dairy product substitutes and are an important global crop, providing oil and protein. On the other hand, wheat is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Middle East. Globally, after maize, wheat is the second most-produced food among the cereal crops. It is used to make flour, and for fermentation to make beer, alcohol or biofuel. This book addresses a wide variety of issues in the production and use of these two important crops. Among those included are pest infestation, quality of food produced for human as well as animal consumption, genetically modified plants and ways to increase productivity. Chapter 1 - Seed coats represent the first tissue contacted by bruchids on host or non-host species suggesting its participation in the evolutionary adaptation of bruchids to legume seeds. On the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) host seeds the oviposition and egg hatching phases of Callosobruchus maculatus are completed in about 6 days, eclosion occurs within the seed, and adult beetles emerge some 25-30 days after oviposition. Before the larva reaches the cotyledons, where it completes its life cycle, it is necessary to cross the seed coat, what may represent a critical event when infesting non-host seeds, because of physical and toxicity characteristics of this tissue. In the present chapter the authors present data on the influence of seed coat from several soybean (Glycine max) cultivars over the C. maculatus larvae capacity to penetrate, develop and survive on these seeds. Seed coat effects were evaluated by exposing the insects to different systems: natural soybeans; cowpea-based artificial seeds supplemented by soybean seed coat flour; or artificial cowpea seeds covered with natural soybean seed coats. Natural soybeans reduced both female oviposition, ranging from 100% (Tucunaré cultivar) to 35% (UFUS 2005) and larval eclosion (82.5% - Conquista cultivar - to 25% - commercial line). Major effects of natural soybeans were observed in respect to adult emergency, since no adult has emerged from any cultivar up to 40 days after oviposition. There were no positive correlations between thickness, pigmentation or surface texture of cultivars’ seed coats and the larval ability of crossing this tissue. A delay of up to 116 % in the time for the larvae to cross the seed coats was observed. Some laid eggs showed abnormalities and others were completely withered. The surviving larvae that crossed the tissue, in the artificial soybean seed coat-cowpea covered system, reached 34 % of the mass of a normal larva. The incorporation of seed coat flour into artificial seeds revealed that the viii Samuel Davies and George Evans UFV 20 Florestal was the most toxic cultivar (WD [dose that reduced larval weight to 50%] 50 = 1.5%). Lowest levels of toxicity were observed for the UFUS 2005, Conquista, UFUS 2003 and Elite cultivars (WD varying from 10.5 to 12%). LD (doses that reduced the surviving 50 50 larvae number to 50%) were also variable, ranging from 1% to 14% among the cultivars. Despite all variations, soybean seed coats were highly restrictive to the bruchid suggesting that the tissue plays an important role for evolutionary discrimination of legumes by this bruchid. Chapter 2 - Soybean was grown in a lysimeters filled with loam and clay soils and was irrigated with water having three different levels of salinity (fresh water, and saline waters with 15 and 30 meq Cl/l). During the soybean crop cycle, soil salinity was determined from the salt balance. Leaf- water potential, stomatal conductance and actual evapotranspiration were used as the water- stress indicators. Growth was measured through leaf area and dry matter and, finally, the yield and its components were determined. The water use efficiency was also calculated. Without salt stress (treatments irrigated with fresh water), the effect of soil texture on the water relationship, productivity and water use efficiency of the soybean was not demonstrated. With salt stress, all the parameters, in both types of soil, were coherent, indicating systematic differences between the saline treatments and the control treatments (treatments irrigated with fresh water). Soil texture affects the soybean response to soil salinity. The saline treatments in the loam soil caused the values of the water stress indicators, of growth, of yield and of water use efficiency to be higher than the highest values observed for the same treatments on the clay soil. The analysis of the relationship between relative yield and soil salinity indicates clearly that soybean shows a higher salt tolerance if it is cultivated in loam soil. Chapter 3 - In recent years, though, expansion of soybean croplands has been increasingly important in the agricultural or production in many parts of the world. There are a lot attempts to set this cultivar in the modeling focus, from different points of view (microclimate, irrigation, crop, land surface, climate cahnge, etc.). However, regardless the model is used, the interaction of surface and subsurface runoff and soil moisture, the simulation of total evaporation (or latent heat) are always highly ranked in the modeling hierarchy. This chapter deals with the simulation of the water balance components of the soybean canopy using a surface scheme. In that sense the authors used the hydrological module in the Land-Air Parameterization Scheme (LAPS) developed at Faculty of Agriculture, Department for Field and Vegetable Crops, University of Novi Sad (Serbia). It is designed as a software package that can be run as part of an environmental model or as a stand-alone one. The LAPS includes modeling the interaction of the land surface and the atmosphere, under processes divided into three sections: subsurface thermal and hydraulic processes, bare soil transfer processes and canopy transfer processes. They are: interaction of radiation with vegetation, evaporation from bare soil, evapotranspiration including transpiration and evaporation of intercepted water and dew, conduction of soil water through the vegetation layer, vertical water movement in the soil, surface and subsurface runoff, heat conduction in the soil and momentum transport within and above the vegetation. The scheme has seven prognostic variables: three temperature variables (foliage, soil surface and deep soil), one interception