ii Contents The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) was established as an autonomous organization in 1968. It is a regional centre dedicated to the study of socio-political, security and economic trends and developments in Southeast Asia and its wider geostrategic and economic environment. The Institute’s research programmes are the Regional Economic Studies (RES, including ASEAN and APEC), Regional Strategic and Political Studies (RSPS), and Regional Social and Cultural Studies (RSCS). ISEAS Publications, an established academic press, has issued more than 1,000 books and journals. It is the largest scholarly publisher of research about Southeast Asia from within the region. ISEAS Publications works with many other academic and trade publishers and distributors to disseminate important research and analyses from and about Southeast Asia to the rest of the world. iv Contents First published in Singapore in 2005 by Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Pasir Panjang Singapore 119614 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg First published in New Zealand in 2005 by New Zealand Institute of International Affairs in association with Victoria University Press Victoria University of Wellington PO Box 600 Wellington, New Zealand Website: http://www.vuw.ac.nz/vup All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,without the prior permission of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. © 2005 Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore The responsibility for facts and opinions in this publication rests exclusively with the editor and contributors and their interpretations do not necessarily reflect the views or the policy of the Insititute or its supporters. ISEAS Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Southeast Asia and New Zealand : a history of regional and bilateral relations / edited by Anthony Smith. 1. Asia, Southeastern—Foreign relations—New Zealand. 2. New Zealand—Foreign relations—Asia, Southeastern. 3. Asia, Southeastern—Foreign economic relations—New Zealand. 4. New Zealand—Foreign economic relations—Asia, Southeastern. I. Smith, Anthony L. DS525.9 N45S72 2005 ISBN 981-230-305-7 (ISEAS, Singapore) ISBN 0-86473-519-7 (Victoria University Press, New Zealand) Typeset by International Typesetters Pte. Ltd. Printed in Singapore by Seng Lee Press Pte. Ltd. Contents v C O N T E N T S Contributors vii Glossary ix Preface xiii Introduction: The Emergence of New Zealand’s Relationship 1 with Southeast Asia Anthony L. Smith 1. The Defence Dimension 7 Ian McGibbon 2. Coming to Terms with the Regional Identity 32 Jim Rolfe 3. The Economic Relationship 57 Gary R. Hawke 4. The “Dilemma” of Recognition: New Zealand and Cambodia 93 Anthony L. Smith 5. Diplomacy, Peacekeeping, and Nation-Building: 124 New Zealand and East Timor Stephen Hoadley vi Contents 6. Uneasy Partners: New Zealand and Indonesia 145 Michael Green 7. Growing Apart: New Zealand and Malaysia 209 Mark G. Rolls 8. Beyond the Rhetoric: New Zealand and Myanmar 263 Guy Wilson-Roberts 9. Warmth Without Depth: New Zealand and the 286 Philippines Rhys Richards 10. Palm and Pine: New Zealand and Singapore 297 Gerald Hensley 11. From an Alliance to a Broad Relationship: 331 New Zealand and Thailand Anthony L. Smith 12. In the Shadow of War: New Zealand and Vietnam 369 Roberto Rabel Contents vii C O N T R I B U T O R S Michael Green was New Zealand’s Ambassador to Indonesia from 1997 to 2001, after which he was a Deputy Secretary in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade in Wellington for three years. He began a posting as High Commissioner in Fiji at the end of 2004. Gary Hawke is Professor of Economic History and Head of the School of Government, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. He is also Chair of the Board of the New Zealand Committee of the Pacific Economic Co-operation Council (NZPECC). Gerald Hensley was a former New Zealand High Commissioner to Singapore. He also served as Permanent Head of the Prime Minister’s Department (1980 to 1987) and as Secretary of Defence (1991 to 1999). Stephen Hoadley is an Associate Professor in the Department of Political Studies, University of Auckland. Ian McGibbon, general editor (war history) in the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage’s History Group and managing editor of New Zealand International Review, has written extensively on New Zealand’s defence and foreign policies. vviiiiii ConCtroibnutetonrtss Roberto Rabel is Director of the International Office, University of Otago and author of the forthcoming volume New Zealand and the Vietnam War: Politics and Diplomacy (Auckland: Auckland University Press, 2005). Rhys Richards is a Pacific maritime historian, writing on Pacific arts and artifacts. Until he retired in 1999 he served with the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, including as High Commissioner to the Solomon Islands (1996–99) and as a diplomat in the first New Zealand Embassy in the Philippines (1972–75). Jim Rolfe is an Associate Professor at the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, Hawai’i. Mark G. Rolls is a Senior Lecturer in Asian politics in the Department of Political Science and Public Policy, University of Waikato. Anthony L. Smith is an Associate Research Professor at the Asia Pacific Center for Security Studies, Hawai’i and an Associate Fellow at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. Guy Wilson-Roberts is a member of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific (CSCAP) New Zealand national committee and a former public servant. Contents ix G L O S S A R Y 1RNZIR 1st Battalion, Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment ADB Asian Development Bank ADAF Asia Development Assistance Facility AFP Armed Forces of the Philippines AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area AMDA Anglo-Malayan Defence Arrangements ANZAM Australia, New Zealand, Malaya ANZUK Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom ANZUS Australia, New Zealand, United States APEC Asia Pacific Economic Co-operation ARF ASEAN Regional Forum ASA Association of Southeast Asia ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEM Asia-Europe Meeting ASPAC Asian and Pacific Council BFI Bukidnon forest project BSPP Burma Socialist Programme Party CEP Closer Economic Partnership CER Closer Economic Relations (between Australia and New Zealand) xx CGolonstesnatrsy CHOGM Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting CIET Committee for an Independent East Timor CPM Communist Party of Malaya CSR Commonwealth Strategic Reserve DA Defence Attaché DK Democratic Kampuchea ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East ECOSOC Economic and Social Council EEC European Economic Community EU European Union FALINTIL Forças Armadas de Libertação Nacional de Timor Leste (Armed Forces of National Liberation of East Timor) FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FEALAC Forum for East Asia and Latin America FRETILIN Frente Revolucionária do Timor Leste Independente (Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor). FPDA Five-Power Defence Arrangements GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GCKD Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea GRUNK Royal Government of National Union of Kampuchea GSP Generalized System of Preferences HOM Head of Mission IADS Integrated Air Defence System ILO International Labour Organization INTERFET International Force East Timor Malphindo Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia MAP Military Assistance Programme