South America and Peace Operations This volume is the first English- language work to focus specifically on South America in the context of peace operations. The region of South America has been undergoing significant changes recently with regard to its attitudes towards participation in peace opera- tions. Leaving behind a strong reluctance with regard to intervention, the states have recently taken on a much stronger presence among UN peace- keepers. The foremost showcase of this more robust and responsible stance has been MINUSTAH, the current UN mission in Haiti. South American contributors provide over half the operation’s troops, and the Force Commander has consistently been provided by Brazil. This book is intended as an introduction for researchers to the nexus of issues surrounding South America’s increasing influence as a contrib- utor to peace operations. The authors provide the reader with a histori- cally and theoretically grounded understanding of what motivates defense policy and decisions on intervention in the region. Featuring contribu- tions from prominent thinkers in the field and a broad range of case studies, this volume successfully combines practical applicability with diver- sity of analysis. This book will be of much interest to students of peacekeeping, South American politics, peace and conflict studies, security studies and inter- national relations in general. Kai Michael Kenkel is a tenured Assistant Professor at the Institute of International Relations (IRI) of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC- Rio), Brazil. Cass Series on Peacekeeping General Editor: Michael Pugh This series examines all aspects of peacekeeping, from the political, opera- tional and legal dimensions to the developmental and humanitarian issues that must be dealt with by all those involved with peacekeeping in the world today. Beyond the Emergency Development within UN peace missions Edited by Jeremy Ginifer The UN, Peace and Force Edited by Michael Pugh Mediating in Cyprus The Cypriot communities and the United Nations Oliver P. Richmond Peacekeeping and the UN Agencies Edited by Jim Whitman Peacekeeping and Public Information Caught in the crossfire Ingrid A. Lehmann The Evolution of US Peacekeeping Policy under Clinton A fairweather friend? Michael G. MacKinnon Peacebuilding and Police Reform Edited by Tor Tanke Holm and Espen Barth Eide Peacekeeping and Conflict Resolution Edited by Tom Woodhouse and Oliver Ramsbotham Managing Armed Conflicts in the 21st Century Edited by Adekeye Adebajo and Chandra Lekha Sriram Women and International Peacekeeping Edited by Louise Olsson and Torunn L. Tryggestad Recovering from Civil Conflict Reconciliation, peace and development Edited by Edward Newman and Albrecht Schnabel Mitigating Conflict The role of NGOs Edited by Henry F. Carey and Oliver P. Richmond Ireland and International Peacekeeping 1960–2000 A study of Irish motivation Katsumi Ishizuka Peace Operations after 11 September 2001 Edited by Thierry Tardy Confronting Past Human Rights Violations Justice vs peace in times of transition Chandra Lekha Sriram The National Politics of Peacekeeping in the Post-C old War Era Edited by David S. Sorensen and Pia Christina Wood A UN ‘Legion’ Between utopia and reality Stephen Kinloch-P ichat United Nations Peacekeeping in the Post- Cold War Era John Terence O’Neill and Nicholas Rees The Military and Negotiation The role of the soldier–diplomat Deborah Goodwin NATO and Peace Support Operations 1991–1999 Policies and doctrines Henning-A . Frantzen International Sanctions Between words and wars in the global system Edited by Peter Wallensteen and Carina Staibano Nordic Approaches to Peace Operations A new model in the making? Peter Viggo Jakobsen Kosovo between War and Peace Nationalism, peacebuilding and international trusteeship Edited by Tonny Brems Knudsen and Carsten Bagge Laustsen Clinton, Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Interventionism Rise and fall of a policy Leonie G. Murray Political Ethics and the United Nations Dag Hammarskjöld as Secretary- General Manuel Fröhlich Statebuilding and Justice Reform Post- conflict reconstruction in Afghanistan Matteo Tondini Rethinking the Liberal Peace External models and local alternatives Edited by Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh Peace Operations and Organized Crime Enemies or allies? Edited by James Cockayne and Adam Lupel Corruption and Post-C onflict Peacebuilding Selling the peace? Edited by Christine Cheng and Dominik Zaum South America and Peace Operations Coming of age Edited by Kai Michael Kenkel South America and Peace Operations Coming of age Edited by Kai Michael Kenkel First published 2013 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2013 selection and editorial material, Kai Michael Kenkel; individual chapters, the contributors The right of the editor to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data South America and peace operations : coming of age/edited by Kai Michael Kenkel. pages cm. – (Cass series on peacekeeping) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Peacekeeping forces–South America. 2. South America–Armed Forces–Stability operations–History. 3. South America–Armed Forces–Foreign countries. I. Kenkel, Kai Michael. JZ6377.C6S68 2013 341.5′ 84–dc23 2012046787 ISBN: 978-0-415-66326-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-07150-2 (ebk) Typeset in Baskerville by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear To Silvia, For my students, And in memory of my mother. This page intentionally left blank Contents List of illustrations xi Notes on contributors xii Foreword by Edmond Mulet xv Acknowledgments xviii Introduction: diversity within a common culture – South America and peace operations 1 KAI MICHAEL KENKEL PART I Analytical and conceptual underpinnings 23 1 Assumptions on intervention and security in South America 25 MONICA HERZ 2 Democratization and commitment to peace: South America’s motivations to contribute to peace operations 45 ARTURO C. SOTOMAYOR VELÁZQUEZ 3 Regional defense integration and peacekeeping cooperation in the Southern Cone 64 DANILO MARCONDES DE SOUZA NETO PART II Country case studies 83 4 Out of South America to the globe: Brazil’s growing stake in peace operations 85 KAI MICHAEL KENKEL