Investigation of Hypoglycemic Effects of Moleta (Sonchus oleraceus L.) in Normal Albino Rats Ezdihar Elhadi Elamin Ahmed B.Sc. Science., Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, (2008) A dissertation Submitted to the University of Gezira in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of the Master Degree in Biotechnology Department of Biotechnology Center of Bioscience and Biotechnology Faculty of Engineering and Technology March / 2017 i Investigation of Hypoglycemic Effects of Moleta (Sonchus oleraceus L.) in Normal Albino Rats Ezdihar Elhadi Elamin Ahmed Supervision committee: Name position Signature Prof. Imad Eldin Mohamed Tag Eldin Main Supervisor ………………. Dr. Mai Abdalla Ali Co-Supervisor ……………...... Prof. Awad Mohamed Abdel Rahim Co-Supervisor ……………….. March, 2017 ii Investigation of Hypoglycemic Effects of Moleta (Sonchus oleraceus L.) in Normal Albino Rats Ezdihar Elhadi Elamin Ahmed Examination committee: Name position Signature Prof. Imad Eldin Mohamed Tag Eldin Main Supervisor ……………… Prof. Hassan Beshir Alamin External examiner ……………… Dr. Maha Mirghani Abdalla Internal examiner ……………….. Date of Examination: 2, March 2017 iii Declaration I would like to declare that the dissertation entitled Investigation of Hypoglycemic Effects of Moleta (Sonchus oleraceus L.) in Normal Albino Rats for Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the award of the Master Degree in Biotechnology, is my own work throughout five months of continuous working and it is not taken from any other previous studies. Ezdihar Elhadi Elamin Ahmed iv Dedication I dedicate this work To Everyone supported and encouraged me During my Educational life v Acknowledgment The completion of this work could not have been possible without assistance of so many people whose name not all be enumerated. However, I would like to express my deep appreciation and gratitude to my main supervisor Prof. Imad Eldin M. Tag Eldin, Dean Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Gezira for his endless support, continuous valuable assistance, guidance and experience. Great thankful to my co-supervisors Dr. Mai Abdalla Ali and Prof. Awad M. Abdelraheem for their encouragement and advice given to me. My really indebtedness and sincere gratitude to Dr. Abdelgadir Elamin rendering the laboratory for the plant extract process. I would like to thank the technicians of Pharmacology Laboratory for their patience and assistance to complete work. I do not forget to thank the group of pharmacy students for leading to the right direction and learning from their practical experience. Above all, thank to the great almighty, to Allah. vi Investigation of Hypoglycemic Effects of Moleta (Sonchus oleraceus L.) in Normal Albino Rats Ezdihar Elhadi Elamin Ahmed Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels. Sonchus oleraceus is a herbal medicine that has been traditionally used for the treatment of diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypoglycemic effects of ethanolic and hexane extracts of Sonchus oleraceus in normal albino rats using fasting blood glucose and glucose tolerance tests. During the period of October ,2015 – March ,2016 at the Faculty of Pharmacy- University of Gezira. 200 g of Sonchus oleraceus leaves powder were macerated in two Liters of hexane for two days with thorough homogenization twice per day. The macerate was filtered, evaporated and collected. Nine grams of the obtained residue were dissolved in 90 ml of corn oil, which was used for biological testing. The rest residue was furtherly subjected to extraction using two Liters of ethanol (80%) for two days. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness, then dissolved in distilled water and used for biological testing. Sixty albino rats, weighting (130 –190 g), were used. The rats were divided into six groups each of ten. Negative control group received water (5ml) and the positive control group administered by glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) which is known to increase insulin release from pancreatic β- cell. Four test groups received two doses (150 and 300mg/kg) of hexane extract and hydroethanlic extract of Sonchus oleraceus leaves. Hydroethanolic extract (150, 300 mg/kg) produced insignificant reduction in blood glucose level (P-value = 0.2492, 0.1345), while hexane extract showed significant reduction ( P- value = 0.001) in fasting blood glucose, moreover, hexane extract showed a significant reduction in blood glucose level when using the glucose tolerance test (P-value = 0.3173, 0.0305). It was evident that Sonchus oleraceus leaves revealed significant antihyperglycemic effects thus, it could be used as a dietary supplement for type two diabetic patients. Further studies are required to evaluate the hypoglycemic effects of Sonchus oleraceus using diabetic rats and clinical trials in human. vii مدلا ركس ىوتسم ضفخ ىف )Sonchus oleraceus L.) اتيلوملا تابن راثآ رابتخإ ةيداعلا براجتلا نارئفل دمحأ نيملأا يداهلا راهدزإ ةساردلا صخلم اهل يتلا ةيبشعلا ةيودلأا دحأ )اتيلوملا( ءابدنهلا تابن .مدلا ركس يف نمزم عافترإب زيمتي نمزم يضيأ للاتعإ وه يركسلا ءاد تابنل لوناثيلااو ناسكيهلا صلختسم تاريثأت نم ققحتلا وه ةساردلا هذه نم فدهلا .يركسلا ضرم جلاعل ةيديلقت تامادختسإ لمحت رابتخإو يمايصلا مدلا ركس ىوتسم رابتخإ مادختسإب براجتلا نارئفل مدلا ركس ىوتسم ضفخ يف )اتيلوملا( ءابدنهلا ءابدنهلا قوحسم نم مارج 200 .ةريزجلا ةعماج– ةلديصلا ةيلكب 2016 سرام – 2015 ربوتكأ نم ةرتفلا يف كلذو .زوكولجلا مث رخبتيل كرتو طيلخلا حشر .نيموي ةدمل مويلا يف نيترم طيلخلا كيرحت عم ناسكيهلا بيذم نم رتل 2 يف هعقن مت )اتيلوملا ( يقبتملا ءزجلا عضخ .ةيويحلا تارابتخلاا يف مدختسيل ةرذلا تيز نم لم 90 يف تبيذأ يقبتملا نم تامارج ةعست .عمج متيل رطقم ءام يف بيذأ مث ، فجيل حشارلا كرتو ،نيموي ةدمل %80 هزيكرت لوناثيلإا بيذم نمرتل2 مادختسإب رخآ صلاختسلإ نارئفلا تمسق .مارج 190 -130 نم مهنازوأ حوارتت براجتلا نارئف نم ارأف 60مدختسإ .ةيويحلا تارابتخلإا يف همادختسإ ، )لم 5( طقف ءام تيطعأ ةبلاسلا يسايقلا دهاشلا ةعومجم ةلاح يف .ارأف 10 ىلع يوتحت ةعومجم لك تاعومجم تس ىلإ اتيب ايلاخ نم نيلوسنلاا زارفلإ هتدايزب فورعملا ، )مجك/مجلم5) glibenclamide تيطعأ ةبجوملا سايقلا دهاشلا ةعومجم صلختسم و لوناثيلإا صلختسم نم )مجك/مجلم 150 و 130( نيتعرج تيطعأ رابتخإ تاعومجم ةعبرأو .سايركنبلا يف يف يونعم رثا تاذ جئاتن لجسي مل )مجك/مجلم 150 و 130( هيزيكرتب لوناثيلإا صلختسم .اتيلوملا تابن قارولأ ناسكيهلا يونعم رثا تاذ جئاتن ىطعأ ناسكيهلا صلختسم نأ نيح يف ، )0.1345 ،0.2492 = p value) مدلا ركس ىوتسم ضفخ صلختسم ،كلذ ىلع ةولاع ، )0.001 = p value) يمايصلا ركسلا رابتخلإ مدلا يف ركسلا ىوتسم ضفخ يف ةيلاعف رثكأ = p value) زوكولجلا لمحت رابتخلإ مدلا يف ركسلا ىوتسم ضفخ يف ىونعم رثا تاذ جئاتن ىطعأ اضيا ناسكيهلا نكمي كلذلو مدلا ركسل اضفاخ ةيلاع ةيونعم ةيلاعف وذ ارثأ ترهظأ ءابدنهلا تابن قاروأ نأ نم دكأتلا مت .)0.0305و 0.3173 ءابدنهلا تابن راثآ مييقتل ثاحبلأا نم ديزم ءارجإب ةساردلا ىصوت،يناثلا عونلا نم يركسلا ىضرمل يئاذغ لمكمك اهمادختسإ .ناسنلإا يلعةيريرس براجتو يركسلا ءادب ةباصم نارئف مادختسإب مدلا ركس ضفخل ) اتيلوملا( viii Table of Contents Supervision committee ii Examination committee iii Declaration iv Dedication v Acknowledgment vi English Abstract vii Arabic Abstract viii Table of Contents ix List of Table xii List of Figures xiii List of abbreviations xiv Chapter one: Introduction 1. Introduction 2 1.1General Introduction 2 1.2 Justification 3 1.3 General Objective 3 1.4 Specific objectives 3 Chapter two: Literature review 2. Literature review 5 2.1 Diabetes 5 2.1.1 Types of diabetes mellitus 5 ix 2.1.1.1 Type-1diabetes (T1D) 5 2.1.1.2 Type-2diabetes (T2D) 5 2.1.2 Consequences of diabetes mellitus 6 2.1.3 Treatment of diabetes 6 2.2 Sonchus oleraceus L. 7 2.2.1 Classification 7 2.2.2 Species Description 7 2.2.3 Native and current distribution 9 2.2.4 Habitat 9 2.2.5 General using 9 2.3 Some reported properties and Pharmacological activities of Sonchus oleraceus 9 2.3.1 Antidepressant properties 9 2.3.2 Anxiolytic properties 10 2.3.3 antinociceptive properties 10 2.3.4 Antioxidant properties 10 2.3.5 Anti-inflammatory properties 12 2.3.6 Antibacterial properties 12 2.3.7 Anti HIV properties 12 2.4 Hypoglacmic effect of Sonchus oleraceus 13 2.5 Other medicinal plants possess hypoglycemic effect 14 Chapter Three: Materials and Method 3. Materials and Method 18 3.1 Materials 18 x