Lecture Notes in Energy 32 Masakazu Sugiyama Katsushi Fujii Shinichiro Nakamura Editors Solar to Chemical Energy Conversion Theory and Application Lecture Notes in Energy Volume 32 LectureNotesinEnergy(LNE)isaseriesthatreportsonnewdevelopmentsinthe studyofenergy:fromscienceandengineeringtotheanalysisofenergypolicy.The series’ scope includes but is not limited to, renewable and green energy, nuclear, fossil fuels and carbon capture, energy systems, energy storage and harvesting, batteries and fuel cells, power systems, energy efficiency, energy in buildings, energy policy, as well as energy-related topics in economics, management and transportation.BookspublishedinLNEareoriginalandtimelyandbridgebetween advanced textbooks and the forefront of research. 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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8874 Masakazu Sugiyama Katsushi Fujii (cid:129) Shinichiro Nakamura Editors Solar to Chemical Energy Conversion Theory and Application 123 Editors Masakazu Sugiyama Shinichiro Nakamura Department ofElectrical Engineering Nakamura Laboratory andInformationSystems, RIKEN Research Cluster for Innovation, Schoolof Engineering RIKEN TheUniversity of Tokyo Wako Tokyo Japan Japan Katsushi Fujii GlobalSolarPlus Initiative TheUniversity of Tokyo Tokyo Japan ISSN 2195-1284 ISSN 2195-1292 (electronic) Lecture Notesin Energy ISBN978-3-319-25398-5 ISBN978-3-319-25400-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-25400-5 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015954610 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerlandispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia (www.springer.com) Preface This book provides both the theoretical background and state-of-the-art review of solar-to-chemical energy conversion: the most important technology for energy storage, which is vital for sustainable human life in the future. The theoretical background starts with the concept of chemical potential and equilibrium in a molecular system and solid-state system, especially semiconductor. All chemical reactions, including the reactions at the interface between an electrolyte and a semiconductor(and/ormetal)surface,aredrivenbytheextentofnonequilibrium,or the difference in chemical potential, as described in the text. On such theoretical basis, a variety of technologies for solar-to-chemical energy conversion are dis- cussed. Chemical, electrochemical and photoelectrochemical approaches are describedforconvertingsolarenergyintohydrogenorotherhydrocarbonspeciesas energy storage media. Photosynthesis is the most sophisticated system of solar-to-chemical energy conversion developed by nature. Its up-to-date under- standingandthewaytoimplementitsmechanisminanenergy-efficientmannerare discussed, including the use of algae for engineered photosynthesis. The broad-spectrum description in this book will provide a basis for the research and development of chemical energy storage in the coming decades. v Contents Introduction—Solar to Chemical Energy Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Masamichi Fujihira Part I Fundamental Background Thermodynamics for Electrochemistry and Photoelectrochemistry. . . . . 7 Katsushi Fujii Fundamentals of Semiconductors for Energy Harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Masakazu Sugiyama Part II Modeling Interface for Energy Storage: Modeling of Chemical and Electrochemical Reactions Fundamentals of Chemical Reaction Kinetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Shinichiro Nakamura Physical Model for Interfacial Carrier Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Mikiya Fujii, Ryota Jono and Koichi Yamashita Physical Model at the Electrode-Electrolyte Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Osamu Sugino Part III Chemical, Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Approach for Energy Conversion: Necessity of Energy Storage Using Chemical Bonds Energy Storage in Batteries and Fuel Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Tetsuya Kajita and Takashi Itoh Energy Storage in C–C, H–H and C–H Bond. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Masayuki Otake vii viii Contents Part IV Chemical, Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Approach for Energy Conversion: Approach Using Chemical Reactions Thermochemical Water Splitting by Concentrated Solar Power. . . . . . . 137 Hiroki Miyaoka Photocatalytic Approach for CO Fixation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 2 Kazuhiko Maeda Part V Chemical, Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Approach for Energy Conversion: Approach Using Electrochemical Reactions Water Splitting Using Electrochemical Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Akira Yamaguchi, Toshihiro Takashima, Kazuhito Hashimoto and Ryuhei Nakamura CO Reduction Using Electrochemical Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 2 Yoshio Hori CO Reduction Using an Electrochemical Approach 2 from Chemical, Biological, and Geological Aspects in the Ancient and Modern Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Akira Yamaguchi, Yamei Li, Toshihiro Takashima, Kazuhito Hashimoto and Ryuhei Nakamura Electrochemical Water Splitting Coupled with Solar Cells. . . . . . . . . . . 229 Katsushi Fujii Part VI Chemical, Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Approach for Energy Conversion: Approach Using Photoelectrochemical Reactions Photoelectrochemical Approach for Water Splitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Joel W. Ager Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Using Photovoltaic Materials. . . . 261 Nicolas Gaillard and Alexander Deangelis CO Reduction by Photoelectrochemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 2 Takeshi Morikawa Part VII Chemical, Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Approach for Energy Conversion: Approach Using Photocatalysts Semiconductor-Based Photocatalytic Water Splitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Fuxiang Zhang and Can Li Contents ix Photoelectrochemical Approach Using Photocatalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Jingying Shi and Can Li Solar Hydrogen Production on Photocatalysis-Electrolysis Hybrid System Using Redox Mediator and Porous Oxide Photoelectrodes. . . . . 345 Kazuhiro Sayama Part VIII Energy Conversion Using Photosynthesis Mechanism: Learning from Nature Fundamentals of Photosynthesis for Energy Storage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Z.-Y. Wang-Otomo Recent Understanding on the Photosystem of Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Z.-Y. Wang-Otomo Mn Ca Cluster in Photosynthetic Water Oxidation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 4 Junko Yano Recent Understanding on Photosystem I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Yuichiro Takahashi Part IX Energy Conversion Using Photosynthesis Mechanism: Implementing Photosynthesis in Energy Storage Systems PS-I and PS-II on Electrodes for Energy Generation and Photo-Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Nao Terasaki Electronic Device Approach Using Photosynthesis Assembly of Photosynthetic Protein Complexes for the Development of Nanobiodevices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Masaharu Kondo, Takehisa Dewa and Mamoru Nango Solar Energy Storage Using Algae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 Midori Kurahashi Future Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 — Introduction Solar to Chemical Energy Conversion Masamichi Fujihira First,letmestartthisintroductionbybrieflydescribingthehistoryoftheinvention of the piston steam engine during the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain. The Industrial Revolution [1] was a transition to new manufacturing processes from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included goingfromhandproductionmethodstomachinesandnewchemicalmanufacturing and iron production processes. It improved the efficiency of water power, and promotedtheincreasinguseofsteampowerandthedevelopmentofmachinetools. For the readers of this book—Solar to Chemical Energy Conversion, the most important aspect of the Industrial Revolution is without doubt the transition from “wood and other bio-fuels” to “coal”. ThefirstsuccessfulpistonsteamenginewasintroducedbyThomasNewcomen before1712.Hissteamengineswereextremelyinefficientbymodernstandards,but helped expand coal mining by allowing mines to go deeper. Despite their disad- vantages,Newcomen engineswerereliable and easyto maintain,and continuedto be used in coalfields until the early decades of the 19th century. A fundamental change in working principles was brought about by Scotsman James Watt. Inclosecollaboration with Englishman Matthew Boulton,by1778, he had succeeded in perfecting his steam engine, which incorporated a series of radical improvements (for further details, please refer to Refs. [1, 2]). In relation to thelong-term and difficult themes which this book deals with,i.e. SolartoChemicalEnergyConversion,Iwouldliketoemphasizethatalthoughthe firstinventionbyNewcomentriggeredthestartofthetransition,itwastheWattand Boulton engines that truly contributed to the Industrial Revolution. Through this example, I would like to stress that younger generations have a better chance than theirpredecessorstomakebreakthroughstoreachsuchalong-termachievementas solar-to-chemicalenergyconversion.ThefactthatweuseWattasthephysicalunit of power today surely supports this view. M.Fujihira(&) DepartmentofBiomolecularEngineering, TokyoInstituteofTechnology,Tokyo,Japan e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016 1 M.Sugiyamaetal.(eds.),SolartoChemicalEnergyConversion, LectureNotesinEnergy32,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-25400-5_1