Solar Chimney Power Plant Generating Technology Solar Chimney Power Plant Generating Technology Edited by Tingzhen Ming School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China and School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON NEWYORK(cid:129)OXFORD(cid:129)PARIS(cid:129)SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO(cid:129)SINGAPORE(cid:129)SYDNEY(cid:129)TOKYO AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UK 525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,USA 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,USA TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK Copyright©2016ZhejiangUniversityPressCo.,Ltd.PublishedbyElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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ForInformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttp://elsevier.com/ Publisher:JonathanSimpson AcquisitionEditor:SimonTian EditorialProjectManager:NaomiRobertson ProductionProjectManager:NickyCarter Designer:MatthewLimbert TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India This book is dedicated to the memory of my beloved mother who died on March30, 2012 before her 70th birthday. Contributors Dong Chen School ofEnergy and PowerEngineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology,Wuhan,P.R. China Renaud Kiesgen deRichter Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier (cid:1)UMR5253 CNRS-UM2 (cid:1)ENSCM- UM1(cid:1)Ecole Nationale Supe´rieurede Chimiede Montpellier, Montpellier, France Tingrui Gong School ofEnergy and PowerEngineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology,Wuhan,P.R. China Xuhu Guan School ofEnergy and PowerEngineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology,Wuhan,P.R. China Jinle Gui School ofEnergy and PowerEngineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology,Wuhan,P.R. China Zhengtong Li School ofEnergy and PowerEngineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology,Wuhan,P.R. China Chao Liu School ofEnergy and PowerEngineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology,Wuhan,P.R. China Wei Liu School ofEnergy and PowerEngineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology,Wuhan,P.R. China FanlongMeng School ofEnergy and PowerEngineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology,Wuhan,P.R. China TingzhenMing School ofCivil Engineering and Architecture, WuhanUniversity ofTechnology, Wuhan,P.R. China; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology, Wuhan,P.R. China Tao Pan School ofEnergy and PowerEngineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology,Wuhan,P.R. China xiii xiv Contributors YuanPan School ofElectrical andElectric Engineering, HuazhongUniversity ofScience and Technology,Wuhan,P.R. China KeyuanPeng School ofEnergy and PowerEngineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology,Wuhan,P.R. China Xinjiang Wang School ofEnergy and PowerEngineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology,Wuhan,P.R. China Tianhua Wu School ofEnergy and PowerEngineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology,Wuhan,P.R. China Yongjia Wu School ofEnergy and PowerEngineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology,Wuhan,P.R. China Yanbin Xiong School ofEnergy and PowerEngineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology,Wuhan,P.R. China Guoliang Xu School ofEnergy and PowerEngineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology,Wuhan,P.R. China Wei Yang School ofEnergy and PowerEngineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology,Wuhan,P.R. China XiangfeiYu School ofEnergy and PowerEngineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology,Wuhan,P.R. China YongZheng School ofEnergy and PowerEngineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology,Wuhan,P.R. China ChengZhou School ofEnergy and PowerEngineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology,Wuhan,P.R. China ZhouZhou School ofEnergy and PowerEngineering, Huazhong University ofScience and Technology,Wuhan,P.R. China Preface The field of renewable and sustainable energy is changing rapidly worldwide, and various technologies concerning energy saving and renewable energy utilization are constantly being reported. Further, the widespread use of solar energy, as an alternate and nondepletable resource for agriculture and industry as well as other applications, is dependent on the development of solar systems which possess the reliability, performance, and economic characteristics that compare favorably with the conventional systems. The solar chimney power plant system (SCPPS) or solar updraft power plant system (SUPPS), which is composed of the solar collector, the chimney, and the turbine, has been investigated all over the world since the German researcher Professor Jo¨rg Schlaich made the brainchild in the 1970s. The SCPPS, due to its attractive advantages of being easier to design, more convenient to draw materials, higher operational reliability, fewer running components, more convenient maintenance and overhaul, lower maintenance expense, no environmental contamination, continuous stable running, and longer operational life span, has excited many researchers all over the world, especially in countries with plenty of deserts and arid and “useless” areas. However, the book on SCPPS written by Professor Jo¨rg Schlaich was published 20 years ago, and now it is necessary to update the progress made in the state-of-the-art technologies of SCPPS over recent years worldwide. In this book we are going to reveal the basic mechanisms of fluid flow, heat transfer, power output, energy storage, and operation procedure of the turbine of SCPPS. We hope this book can provide good guidance for developers who are interested inSCPPS. The remaining chapters are arranged in the following way. In chapter “Introduction,” we will present a brief introduction of the background of various solar energy power plant systems and SCPPS, and we will also introduce the recent research developments of SCPPS during the past 20 years. In chapter “Thermodynamic Fundamentals,” basic theory related to thermodynamics and the efficiency of the SCPPS will be introduced. This covers the basic thermodynamic process, Brayton cycle, and exergy analysis of various SCPPSs. Chapter “Helio-Aero-Gravity (HAG) Effect of SC” unveils the Helio-Aero-Gravity (HAG) effect of the SCPPS. In this chapter, how the SCPPS operates will be analyzed in detail dealing with the various parameters including the dimensions and ambient. In chapter “Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer of Solar Chimney Power Plant,” a mathematical model describing the fluid flow, heat transfer, and power output of the SCPPS will be presented, validation of the model by comparing the experimental results of the Spanish prototype will also be presented. Later, optimization of the dimensions of SCPPS based upon the results of power output will be performed. xv xvi Preface Inchapter“Design andSimulation MethodforSCTurbines,”adetaileddesign of the turbine used for SCPPS will be presented, accompanied by a mathematical model and simulation method of the SCPPS coupling the moving part pressure-based wind turbine. In chapter “Energy Storage of Solar Chimney,” a detailed discussion on the energy storage characteristic of SCPPS will be presented. In this chapter, analysis of different materials and layout of energy storage will be shown. In chapter “The Influence of Ambient Crosswind on the Performance of Solar Updraft Power Plant System,” we will introduce the effect of ambient crosswind on the performance of SCPPS. In chapter “Experimental investigation of a solar chimney prototype,” an experimental investigation of an SCPPS setup will be briefly introduced. In chapter “Research Prospects,” the future researchdevelopment willbe discussed. This book is supported by the Key Research Program of the Chinese Ministry of Education (Grant No. 104127), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51106060), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Fourth Special Funded Project (Grant No. 201104460), the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province, China (Grant No. 2012FFB02214), Scientific Research Foundation of WUT (Grant No. 40120237), and the fundamental research funds for the Central Universities (WUT Grant No. 2016IVA029). Additionally, several contributors have helped the authors to create this book. A large part of the work of this book was performed when I worked in Huazhong University of Science and Technology and the rest was accomplished in Wuhan University of Technology. The contributors of this book include my two supervisors, Professor Wei Liu from School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) and Professor Yuan Pan from School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, HUST. In addition, the contributors also include Professors Shuhong Huang, Suyi Huang, Guoliang Xu, and Tianhua Wu, Drs Renaud K. de Richter, Xuemin Li, Xiaoming Huang, Aiwu Fan, and Kun Yang, my students Dr Jun Liu, Mr Xiaoyang Shi, Yong Zheng, Xinjiang Wang, Fanlong Meng, YongjiaWu, WenqingShen,Lixian Wang, Tao Fang, Zhou Zhou, Jinle Gui, Chao Liu, Tao Pan, and Keyuan Peng, Ms Xiangfei Yu, Cheng Zhou, Yue Qiu, and so on. Drs Xiaohu Liu, Hui Liu, Dongyuan Shi, Xinchun Lin, and Xinping Zhou are greatly appreciated for their kind suggestionson the work of thisbook. January20, 2016 CHAPTER 1 Introduction Tingzhen Ming1,2,Wei Liu2,YongjiaWu2,Jinle Gui2, Keyuan Peng2 and Tao Pan2 1SchoolofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture,WuhanUniversityofTechnology, Wuhan,P.R.China2SchoolofEnergyandPowerEngineering,Huazhong UniversityofScienceandTechnology,Wuhan,P.R.China CHAPTER OUTLINE 1.1 EnergyBackground..............................................................................................1 1.1.1 TheEnergyIssueandtheStatusQuo...................................................1 1.1.2 China’sEnergyPolicyandProspect......................................................4 1.1.3 SolarPowerGeneratingTechnologiesandtheStatusQuo.......................5 1.2 SolarChimneyPowerPlantSystem.....................................................................11 1.2.1 TheAppearanceofaSolarChimneyPowerPlantSystem.....................11 1.2.2 AdvantagesofSCPPS.......................................................................13 1.2.3 WeaknessesofSCPPS......................................................................15 1.3 ResearchProgress.............................................................................................15 1.3.1 ExperimentsandPrototypes..............................................................15 1.3.2 TheoryResearch...............................................................................25 1.3.3 EconomicandEcologicalTheoryandFeasibilityStudies......................30 1.3.4 PotentialApplicationofSCPPS.........................................................31 1.4 ResearchContentsofThisBook..........................................................................33 References...............................................................................................................35 1.1 ENERGY BACKGROUND 1.1.1 THE ENERGY ISSUE AND THE STATUS QUO Energy is the lifeblood of the national economy and closely related to the living environments of human beings. Since the global energy crisis occurred in the 1970s, the depletion of fossil energy resources has caused economic recession in many developed countries, which affects the sustainable development of the national economy and social stability directly. The main cause of the wars and SolarChimneyPowerPlantGeneratingTechnology.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805370-6.00001-6 1 ©2016ZhejiangUniversityPressCo.,Ltd.PublishedbyElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 2 CHAPTER 1 Introduction Table1.1 OilProductionandConsumptionin2013(MillionsofBarrelsPer Day)[1] Rankings Countries Production Countries Consumption 1 UnitedStates 12.343 UnitedStates 18.961 2 SaudiArabia 11.702 China 10.303 3 Russia 10.764 Japan 4.531 4 China 4.501 Russia 3.515 5 Canada 4.073 India 3.509 6 UnitedArabEmirates 3.441 Brazil 2.998 7 Iran 3.192 SaudiArabia 2.968 8 Iraq 3.058 Canada 2.431 9 Kuwait 2.812 Germany 2.403 10 Brazil 2.694 SouthKorea 2.324 terrorist threats all around the world in recent decades should be attributed to the exploitative ways the developed countries adopted in controlling fossil energy resources. There is no doubt that, the overexploitation of fossil fuels has caused worldwide environmental pollution, global warming, melting glaciers in the Arctic region, human diseases increasing, and deterioration in the ecological environment. While developed countries sustain a high standard of living quality and economic development rate by relying on an excessive use of fossil fuels, the developing countries with the vast majority of the population of the world still cannot afford the necessary cost of traditional energy resources. In addition, they are not able to compete with the developed countries in the fight for fossil energy resources. The peopleinthesecountriesarestilllivinginpoverty,backwardness,andlackingelec- tricity and clean water, which in turn leads to the population surge and aggravates poverty.TheprotectionoftheEarth’secologicalenvironment,thesustainableprog- ress of civilization, and the stability of the international community mainly depend ongovernmentregulation and controlaroundthe world,the environment protection senseofthepublic,thesavingandcleanuseoffossilenergyresources,thegeneral- ization and application ofrenewable energy, the well-organizedcontrol onthe pop- ulationgrowthindevelopingcountries,andsoon. Consumption and production for all fuels except nuclear power have increased remarkablyduringtherecentdecades.Foreachofthefossilfuels,globalconsump- tionrosemorerapidlythanproduction.Table1.1showstheoilproductionandcon- sumptions of the top 10 world countries in 2013 [1]. It indicates that the United StatesandChinautilizeaverylargepercentageoftheworld’soilconsumption. Due to the increased consumption of fossil energy, the global CO emissions 2 have grown significantly, with China and the United States ranking No. 1 and 2 since 2009 [2]. According to the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) forecasts for emissions from energy use until 2030(Fig.1.1),this trendwilllastif we do notintervene.