THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS This PDF is available at http://nap.edu/13060 SHARE û ù Ą  Solar and Space Physics: A Science for a Technological Society DETAILS 466 pages | 8 1/2 x 11 | HARDBACK ISBN 978-0-309-38739-2 | DOI 10.17226/13060 AUTHORS BUY THIS BOOK Committee on a Decadal Strategy for Solar and Space Physics (Heliophysics); Space Studies Board; Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board; Division of Earth and Physical Sciences; National Research Council FIND RELATED TITLES Visit the National Academies Press at NAP.edu and login or register to get: – Access to free PDF downloads of thousands of scientific reports  – 10% off the price of print titles  – Email or social media notifications of new titles related to your interests  – Special offers and discounts Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. (Request Permission) Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Solar and Space Physics: A Science for a Technological Society Committee on a Decadal Strategy for Solar and Space Physics (Heliophysics) Space Studies Board Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Solar and Space Physics: A Science for a Technological Society THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study is based on work supported by Contract NNH06CE15B between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and Grant AGS-1050550 between the National Academy of Sci- ences and the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, fndings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily refect the views of the agencies that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number-3: 978-0-309-16428-3 International Standard Book Number-0: 0-309-16428-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2013940083 Cover: Insets, from the top: Solar Dynamics Observatory, full-disk multiwavelength extreme ultraviolet image of the Sun (NASA/GSFC/AIA); depiction of a coronal mass ejection and Earth’s magnetosphere (Steele Hill/NASA); Advanced Modular Incoherent Scatter Radars at Resolute Bay (Craig Heinselman, EISCAT); ultraviolet image of the southern polar region of Saturn with its aurora (here shown inverted) from the Hubble Space Telescope (NASA/ESA/J. Clarke, Boston University/Z. Levay, STScI); depiction of the regions of the heliosphere (NASA); and bow shock around the star LL Orionis (NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA). Background images: View from the International Space Station of the Midwestern United States and the aurora borealis (NASA). Copies of this report are available free of charge from: Space Studies Board National Research Council 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-242 or (202) 334-3133; http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2013 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Solar and Space Physics: A Science for a Technological Society The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonproft, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientifc and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientifc and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientifc and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.nationalacademies.org Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Solar and Space Physics: A Science for a Technological Society OTHER RECENT REPORTS OF THE SPACE STUDIES BOARD AND THE AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ENGINEERING BOARD Assessment of a Plan for U.S. Participation in Euclid (Board on Physics and Astronomy [BPA] with Space Studies Board [SSB], 2012) Assessment of Planetary Protection Requirements for Spacecraft Missions to Icy Solar System Bodies (SSB, 2012) Continuing Kepler’s Quest: Assessing Air Force Space Command’s Astrodynamics Standards (Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board [ASEB], 2012) Earth Science and Applications from Space: A Midterm Assessment of NASA’s Implementation of the Decadal Survey (SSB, 2012) The Effects of Solar Variability on Earth’s Climate: A Workshop Report (SSB, 2012) NASA Space Technology Roadmaps and Priorities: Restoring NASA’s Technological Edge and Paving the Way for a New Era in Space (ASEB, 2012) NASA’s Strategic Direction and the Need for a National Consensus (Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, 2012) Recapturing NASA’s Aeronautics Flight Research Capabilities (ASEB, 2012) Report of the Panel on Implementing Recommendations from the New Worlds, New Horizons Decadal Survey (BPA and SSB, 2012) Reusable Booster System: Review and Assessment (ASEB, 2012) Technical Evaluation of the NASA Model for Cancer Risk to Astronauts Due to Space Radiation (SSB, 2012) Assessment of Impediments to Interagency Collaboration on Space and Earth Science Missions (SSB, 2011) An Interim Report on NASA’s Draft Space Technology Roadmaps (ASEB, 2011) Limiting Future Collision Risk to Spacecraft: An Assessment of NASA’s Meteoroid and Orbital Debris Programs (ASEB, 2011) Panel Reports—New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics (BPA and SSB, 2011) Preparing for the High Frontier—the Role and Training of NASA Astronauts in the Post-Space Shuttle Era (ASEB, 2011) Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration: Life and Physical Sciences Research for a New Era (SSB with ASEB, 2011) Sharing the Adventure with the Public—The Value and Excitement of “Grand Questions” of Space Science and Exploration: Summary of a Workshop (SSB, 2011) Summary of the Workshop to Identify Gaps and Possible Directions for NASA’s Meteoroid and Orbital Debris Programs (ASEB, 2011) Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013-2022 (SSB, 2011) Advancing Aeronautical Safety: A Review of NASA’s Aviation Safety-Related Research Programs (ASEB, 2010) Capabilities for the Future: An Assessment of NASA Laboratories for Basic Research (Laboratory Assessments Board with SSB and ASEB, 2010) Controlling Cost Growth of NASA Earth and Space Science Missions (SSB, 2010) Defending Planet Earth: Near-Earth-Object Surveys and Hazard Mitigation Strategies (SSB with ASEB, 2010) An Enabling Foundation for NASA’s Space and Earth Science Missions (SSB, 2010) Life and Physical Sciences Research for a New Era of Space Exploration: An Interim Report (SSB with ASEB, 2010) New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics (BPA and SSB, 2010) Revitalizing NASA’s Suborbital Program: Advancing Science, Driving Innovation, and Developing a Workforce (SSB, 2010) Limited copies of SSB reports are available free of charge from Space Studies Board National Research Council The Keck Center of the National Academies 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001 (202) 334-4777/ Solar and Space Physics: A Science for a Technological Society COMMITTEE ON A DECADAL STRATEGY FOR SOLAR AND SPACE PHYSICS (HELIOPHYSICS) DANIEL N. BAKER, University of Colorado, Boulder, Chair THOMAS H. ZURBUCHEN, University of Michigan, Vice Chair BRIAN J. ANDERSON, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory STEVEN J. BATTEL, Battel Engineering JAMES F. DRAKE, JR., University of Maryland, College Park LENNARD A. FISK, University of Michigan MARVIN A. GELLER, Stony Brook University SARAH GIBSON, National Center for Atmospheric Research MICHAEL HESSE, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center J. TODD HOEKSEMA,* Stanford University MARY K. HUDSON,* Dartmouth College DAVID L. HYSELL, Cornell University THOMAS J. IMMEL, University of California, Berkeley JUSTIN KASPER, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics JUDITH L. LEAN, Naval Research Laboratory RAMON E. LOPEZ, University of Texas, Arlington HOWARD J. SINGER, NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center HARLAN E. SPENCE, University of New Hampshire EDWARD C. STONE, California Institute of Technology *An asterisk indicates additional service on the survey’s Solar Probe Plus Study Group, which was chaired by Louis J. Lanzerotti, New Jersey Institute of Technology. v Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Solar and Space Physics: A Science for a Technological Society PANEL ON ATMOSPHERE-IONOSPHERE-MAGNETOSPHERE INTERACTIONS JEFFREY M. FORBES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Chair JAMES H. CLEMMONS, Aerospace Corporation, Vice Chair ODILE de la BEAUJARDIERE, Air Force Research Laboratory JOHN V. EVANS, COMSAT Corporation (retired) RODERICK A. HEELIS,* University of Texas, Dallas THOMAS J. IMMEL, University of California, Berkeley JANET U. KOZYRA, University of Michigan WILLIAM LOTKO, Dartmouth College GANG LU, High Altitude Observatory KRISTINA A. LYNCH, Dartmouth College JENS OBERHEIDE, Clemson University LARRY J. PAXTON, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory ROBERT F. PFAFF, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center JOSHUA SEMETER, Boston University JEFFREY P. THAYER, University of Colorado, Boulder PANEL ON SOLAR WIND–MAGNETOSPHERE INTERACTIONS MICHELLE F. THOMSEN, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Chair MICHAEL WILTBERGER, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Vice Chair JOSEPH BOROVSKY, Los Alamos National Laboratory JOSEPH F. FENNELL, Aerospace Corporation JERRY GOLDSTEIN, Southwest Research Institute JANET C. GREEN, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration DONALD A. GURNETT, University of Iowa LYNN M. KISTLER, University of New Hampshire MICHAEL W. LIEMOHN, University of Michigan ROBYN MILLAN, Dartmouth College DONALD G. MITCHELL, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory TAI D. PHAN, University of California, Berkeley MICHAEL SHAY, University of Delaware HARLAN E. SPENCE, University of New Hampshire RICHARD M. THORNE, University of California, Los Angeles *An asterisk indicates additional service on the survey’s Solar Probe Plus Study Group, which was chaired by Louis J. Lanzerotti, New Jersey Institute of Technology. vi Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Solar and Space Physics: A Science for a Technological Society PANEL ON SOLAR AND HELIOSPHERIC PHYSICS RICHARD A. MEWALDT, California Institute of Technology, Chair SPIRO K. ANTIOCHOS,* NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Vice Chair TIMOTHY S. BASTIAN, National Radio Astronomy Observatory JOE GIACALONE, University of Arizona GEORGE M. GLOECKLER,* University of Michigan and University of Maryland (emeritus professor) JOHN W. HARVEY,* National Solar Observatory RUSSELL A. HOWARD, Naval Research Laboratory JUSTIN KASPER, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics ROBERT P. LIN,† University of California, Berkeley GLENN M. MASON, Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory EBERHARD MOEBIUS, University of New Hampshire MERAV OPHER, Boston University JESPER SCHOU, Stanford University NATHAN A. SCHWADRON, Boston University AMY R. WINEBARGER, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center DANIEL WINTERHALTER, Jet Propulsion Laboratory THOMAS N. WOODS, University of Colorado, Boulder STAFF ARTHUR A. CHARO, Senior Program Offcer, Space Studies Board, Study Director ABIGAIL A. SHEFFER, Associate Program Offcer, Space Studies Board MAUREEN MELLODY, Program Offcer, Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board LEWIS B. GROSWALD, Research Associate, Space Studies Board CATHERINE A. GRUBER, Editor, Space Studies Board DANIELLE PISKORZ, Lloyd V. Berkner Space Policy Intern LINDA M. WALKER, Senior Program Assistant, Space Studies Board TERRI BAKER, Senior Program Assistant, Space Studies Board (until April 2012) BRUNO SÁNCHEZ-ANDRADE NUÑO, National Academies Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Fellow HEATHER D. SMITH, National Academies Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Fellow MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Director, Space Studies Board, and Director, Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board *An asterisk indicates additional service on the survey’s Solar Probe Plus Study Group, which was chaired by Louis J. Lanzerotti, New Jersey Institute of Technology. †Dr. Lin died on November 17, 2012. vii Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Solar and Space Physics: A Science for a Technological Society SPACE STUDIES BOARD CHARLES F. KENNEL, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, Chair JOHN KLINEBERG, Space Systems/Loral (retired), Vice Chair MARK R. ABBOTT, Oregon State University JAMES ANDERSON, Harvard University JAMES BAGIAN, University of Michigan YVONNE C. BRILL,† Aerospace Consultant ELIZABETH R. CANTWELL, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ANDREW B. CHRISTENSEN, Dixie State College of Utah ALAN DRESSLER, The Observatories of the Carnegie Institution THOMAS R. GAVIN, California Institute of Technology HEIDI B. HAMMEL, AURA FIONA A. HARRISON, California Institute of Technology JOSEPH S. HEZIR, EOP Group, Inc. ANTHONY C. JANETOS, University of Maryland JOAN JOHNSON-FREESE, U.S. Naval War College ROBERT P. LIN,‡ University of California, Berkeley MOLLY K. MACAULEY, Resources for the Future, Inc. JOHN F. MUSTARD, Brown University ROBERT T. PAPPALARDO, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology MARCIA J. RIEKE, University of Arizona DAVID N. SPERGEL, Princeton University MEENAKSHI WADHWA, Arizona State University CLIFFORD M. WILL, Washington University THOMAS H. ZURBUCHEN, University of Michigan MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Director CARMELA J. CHAMBERLAIN, Administrative Coordinator TANJA PILZAK, Manager, Program Operations CELESTE A. NAYLOR, Information Management Associate CHRISTINA O. SHIPMAN, Financial Offcer SANDRA WILSON, Financial Assistant †Dr. Brill died on March 27, 2013. ‡Dr. Lin died on November 17, 2012. viii Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Solar and Space Physics: A Science for a Technological Society AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ENGINEERING BOARD LESTER LYLES, The Lyles Group, Chair AMY L. BUHRIG, Enterprise Technology Strategy, Boeing, Vice Chair ELLA M. ATKINS, University of Michigan INDERJIT CHOPRA, University of Maryland, College Park JOHN-PAUL B. CLARKE, Georgia Institute of Technology RAVI B. DEO, EMBR VIJAY DHIR, University of California, Los Angeles EARL H. DOWELL, Duke University MICA R. ENDSLEY, SA Technologies DAVID GOLDSTON, Harvard University R. JOHN HANSMAN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology JOHN B. HAYHURST, Boeing Company (retired) WILLIAM L. JOHNSON, California Institute of Technology RICHARD KOHRS, Independent Consultant IVETT LEYVA, Air Force Research Laboratory ELAINE S. ORAN, Naval Research Laboratory HELEN R. REED, Texas A&M University ELI RESHOTKO, Case Western Reserve University EDMOND SOLIDAY, United Airlines (retired) MICHAEL H. MOLONEY, Director CARMELA J. CHAMBERLAIN, Administrative Coordinator TANJA PILZAK, Manager, Program Operations CELESTE A. NAYLOR, Information Management Associate CHRISTINA O. SHIPMAN, Financial Offcer SANDRA WILSON, Financial Assistant ix Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.