ACKNOWLEDGEMENT :Namo Buddhay: In everyone’s life, the day arises when one has to shape the feelings in words. Sometimes, the words become unable to express the feelings of mind; because the feelings of heart are beyond the reach of the words. When I came to complete this manuscript, so many memories have rushed through my mind, which are full of gratitude’s to those who encouraged and helped me at various stages of this research work and also throughout my life. It gives me an immense pleasure to record my feelings at this juncture. It is my proud privilege to express my deepest sense of gratitude to my Honorable Research Guide and Chairman of my Advisory CommitteeDr. N. B. Gokhale, In-charge, Plant Biotechnology Unit, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli,for his unquestioned mastery on thesis subject, and kind treatment throughout the course of my Ph.D. studies. He was a guide in the true sense of the word and for that, I am highly obliged. I express my gratefulness to the members of my advisory committee, Dr. M. R. Nagrale, ex- Professor, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Dr. A. L. Narangalkar Head of Department, Agricultural Entomology, Dr. B. S. K. K. V., Dapoli, Dr. L. S. ChavanAssociate Director of Research, Regional Agriculture Research Station, Karjat and Dr. J. S. Dhekale, Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli for their excellent guidance, consistent inspiration, keen interest and helpful discussion throughout the Ph.D. studies. I humbly acknowledge the constant support and help provided by, Dr. S.S. Prabhudesai, Head, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Dr. Sagar S. More, Dr. N.H.Khobragade, Dr. V.G.Salvi, Dr. M.C. Kasture, Dr. K.P. Vaidya, Prof. R.V. Dhopavkar and Dr.(Smt.) P.S. Sawant Assistant Professors, Dept. of Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry and Shri. D. J. Dabke, Soil Scientist. The support given by other members of department was alsovaluable Shri. Dosani, Shri. Sundar Chavan, Bhosale madam,Munna Bhau, Ramesh kakaand Amol. Parents teach us to dream, to try, with our feet on the ground and sights on the sky. My beloved father Late Mr. SureshT. Borkar and my uncle Mr. Shashikant T. Borkar had enlightened me to believe in the beauty of dreams. Mother, Smt.ShardaS. Borkarhas been an inexhaustible source of inspiration throughout my life. Their blessings, love and affection has brought the desired dream to reality. 86 I take this opportunity to express my affection and obligation to my loving sister Madhuri Rajhans Khobragade,Vina Raju Gajbhiye,Bhavna Suresh Borkar andmy brotherChetan Suresh Borkarfor their encouragement and assistance in building my educational career.I also express gratitude towards my GrandfatherDr.D. S. Ramteke, ex-Head of EIRA Division and scientist, NEERI, Nagpurfor his love, care, support and blessing. Friendship is feeling safe with a person, having neither to weigh thought nor to measure words. Words in my command are inadequate to express my heartfelt gratitude to my special friendsVijay, Nandini, Poonam Shinde, Kavita Khade, Ganesh, Rohit, and other remainingwho helped me a lot and to hold my spirits high with their excellent and joyful company and cheerful encouragement. I am indeed thankful to my classmate and friendMr. Vijay Palsande and my all friends for their cooperation, encouragement and excellent company, which helped me in carrying out my study with joy and happiness. I wish to express my thanks to my junior friendsPrajakta, Darshana, Harshala, Kapse, Ajinkya, Santosh, Rahul, Mohan, Unmesh and Swati Gaikwad all other for their timely and valuable cooperation. I wish my sincere thanks to Ph.D. scholars Mr. Rajkumar Bankar, Mr. Subodh Pawar, Mr. Amol Shinde and Ms. Nandini Joshi, Ms. Sunanda, and Ms. Ashwini, for giving the valuable company during the whole academic period. Place:Dapoli Date:( Miss. Vibhawati S. Borkar) 87 No ACD/SSAC/EDN/PG/ /2015 Depttof Soil Science and Agrill. Chemistry College of Agricultural,Dapoli. Date The Associate Dean, College of Agricultural, Dapoli. Subject: Regarding submission of final bound thesis of Ph.D.student Respected Sir, please find enclosed herewith a copy of Final bound Thesis of Miss Borkar Vibhawati Suresh, (Regd. No. 153), Ph.D. scholar, Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, along with the following documents, for the futher necessary action, please. SR. NO NAME OF DOCUMENTS NUMBER OF COPIES 1 ANNEXURE XIII 2 2 EXTERNAL EXAMINAR,S REPORT 1 ORIGINAL 1 XEROX 3 ANNEXURE X 2 4 CORRECTION CERTIFICATE 2 5 ANNEXURE XI 2 6 SCRUTINY REPORT 2 7 NO DUES CERTIFICATE 2 8 CD OF THESIS 1 9 STATEMENT I 2 10 STATEMENT II 2 Thanking you. Yours faithfully, Head Department of SSAC Dr. B.S.K.K.V.Dapoli. Encl :As above 88 Title of the thesis : Movement behaviour of primary nutrients, carbamate and organophosphate based insecticides in different soil matrices Name of the student : Miss. Vibhawati Suresh Borkar Regd. No. : 153 Dr. N. B. Gokhale Name and Designation In-charge, Plant Biotechnology Unit, : of the Research Guide Dr. B. S. K. K.V., Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (M.S.) Degree : Ph.D (Agri.) Major subject : Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY, COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH, DAPOLI-415712, DIST. RATNAGIRI (M.S.). ABSTRACT A pot culture experiments was conducted to study the “Movement behaviour of primary nutrients, carbamate and organophosphate based insecticides in different soil matrices” during Kharif, 2012 and 2013 in three replications. The experiments was conducted with three soil types dominant in region viz., Lateritic, Medium black and Coastal saline soil which included the RDF along with two sources of pesticides (Carbofuron and Phorate) with rice (var. Sahyandri-4). Leaching loss of nutrients and pesticides at three different stages of crop growth was determined. Another experiment repeated twice in 2012 and 2013 replicated thrice to study the movement behavior of pesticides at the different depths of soil profile at 0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cms was determined. The leaching loss of pesticides through the column was also quantified. The results of pot culture experiments indicated that the leaching loss of N, P and pesticides (Carbofuron and Phorate) from soil under rice crop showed that it was found to be maximum in Lateritic soil followed by Medium black and Coastal saline soil. However, leaching losses of potassium was observed maximum in Coastal saline soil. A portion of applied fertilizers gets fixed into various fractions and become unavailable to crop. Thus, fractions of N, P and K at harvest stage of rice affected due to treatments were also quantified. Ammonical-N fraction was found dominant over nitrate-N in all the three soil types because of submerged condition. In case of P- 89 fractions, the Lateritic soil was dominated by Fe-P however Medium black and Coastal saline soils dominated by Ca-P. As regards to K-fractions, all the three soil types were dominated by non-exchangeable K. Application of pesticides in combination with RDF increased the availability of (N, P and K) nutrient as compared to control (RDF only) in all soil types. Phorate was found better than Carbofuron in contributing the nutrients availability as well as yield of rice. The maximum pesticide residue content in soil was observed at 30DAT in all soil types thereafter it decreased gradually upto harvest stage of rice due to degradation, leaching losses and uptake by the crop. The analysis of pesticides residue in soil under rice crop showed that it was maximum in Medium black soil followed by Lateritic soil and Coastal saline soil. Yield of rice was found to be highest in Medium black soil as compared to other soils. The pesticide residue in grain and straw of rice sample were found to be well below the residue limit fixed by WHO in all the samples. The correlationship between soil physico-chemical properties with available N, P, K and pesticides residue in soil under rice were also worked out. A highly significant and negative relationship of sand, Infiltration Rate and organic carbon was seen with available-N (at 90DAT and AH) whereas clay and CEC were correlated significantly and positively. A highly significant and negative relationship of sand, IR and organic carbon was seen with available P whereas silt, clay, pH and CEC showed a highly significant and positive relationship. A highly significant and negative relationship of sand, organic carbon and IR was seen with available-K, whereas silt, clay, pH and CEC showed a highly significant and positive relationship. A negative relationship of clay and EC was seen with pesticides residue. The results of the leaching column experiments indicated that, the maximum pesticides leaching loss through percolates occurred in Lateritic soil and minimum in Coastal saline soil. Among the two pesticides studied, the losses of Carbofuron were found more than Phorate due to its higher solubility in water. The pesticides residue in surface (0-30cm) soil of leaching column was found maximum upto 30thday sampling thereafter it gradually decreased due to degradation and leaching losses. The vertical downward movement of pesticides across the layers was seen maximum in Lateritic soil and least in the Coastal saline soil. Carbofuran moved faster through the layer than Phorate. Key words: Movement behaviour, Major nutrients, Carbofuron, Phorate, Laterite, Medium black, Coastal Saline soils. 90 APPENDICES DAA Days After Application DAT days After Transplanting PI Carbofuron PII Phorate CEC Cation Exchange Capacity EC Electrical Conductivity NH+ -N Ammonical nitrogen 4 NO --N Nitrate nitrogen 3 Sal-P Saloid-P Ca-P Calcium-P Al-P Alluminium-P Fe-P Iron-P RS-P Reductant soluble -P OC-P Occluded-P Kg ha-1 kilogram per hactor µg kg-1 microgram kg-1 CS Coastal saline Lat. Lateritic MB Medium black Ava. Available TDM Total Dry Matter 91 Exch Exchangeable Amm. Ammonical % Percent µg pot-1 Microgram per pot µg column-1 Microgram per column PPm Parts per million RDF Recommended dose of fertilizers IR Infiltration rate 92 LITERATURE CITED Abolfazli, F., Forghani, A. and Norouzi, M. (2012). Effects of phosphorus and organic fertilizers on phosphorus fractions in submerged soil. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 12 (2): 349-362. Abro, G. H., Tajwer, S. S., Shah, A. H., Cui, J., Sattar, M. and Awan, M. S. (2013). Efficacy and economics of different insecticides against stem borers Sciroophaga incertulas (Walker) in Rice Crop. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 45(4). 929-933. Agrawal, P.K. and Agrawal, S. (2003). Proceedings of 65th Annual Convention Sugarcane Technology Association India Bhubaneshwar, 22-24. Anonymous (2002). Agricultural Statistical Information. Maharashtra State, (part II). Abunyewa, A., Asiedu, E.K. and Ahenkorah, Y. (2004). Fertilizer phosphorous fractions and their availability to maize on different lanform on a Vertisol in the Coastal Savanna Zone of Ghana. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, (5): 69-73. Alexander, M. I. (1991). Characterization of soil potassium in Benchmark soils of Thane districts. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis submitted to Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth., Dapoli, Ratnagiri Maharasthra. Ali, T. and Singh T.A. (1994). Nitrogen use efficiency and ammonia volatilization potential in flooded rice as affected by modified urea materials. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 42(2): 536-539. Andhalkar, S. V. (1984). Micronutrient status of the coastal saline soils of Maharashtra state. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis submitted to Dr. Balasaheb. Sawant. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth., Dapoli, Ratnagiri Maharasthra. Arora, D. and Gaur, A. C. (1979). Microbial solubilization of different inorganic phosphate. Indian Journal of Experimental Bioogy, 17: 1258-1261. Aruna, L., Selvakumari, G. and Mohan, R. (1999). Nitrogen release pattern of green manure in sodic soil. Madras Agricultural Journal, 86 (7): 356-359. Askegaard, M., Eriken, J. and Johnston, A.E. (2004). Sustainable management of potassium In: managing soil quality-challenges in Modern Agriculture. eds Schjonning, P., Elmholt, S. and Christensen, B. T. CAB international Wallingford UK, pp: 85-102. 93 Battala, G., Yadamari, T., Korivi, S. K., Gurijala, R. N. and Singhal, R. K. (2013). Study on degradation of malathion and phorate in various environmental matrices. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 6(5), 224-228. Bear, F.E. (1965). In: chemistry of the soil. 2nd Edition Published by Oxford and I.B.H. Publishing Company. Bray, R. H. and Kurtz, L.H. (1945). Determination of Total, organic and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Illinois Agricultural Experiment station database. 59(1): 39-46. Bagal, M .D. (2009). Efficacy of formulations of briquettes containing nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, Zinc and UB- DAP on yield, nutrient uptake by rice ( oryza sativa) and on soil properties. M.Sc. (Agri.) Thesis submitted to Dr. Balasaheb. Sawant. Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth., Dapoli, Ratnagiri Maharasthra. Bajwa, M.S., Choudhary O.P. and Josan A.S. (1993). Effect of saline water on leaching loss of applied potassium from two Illitic soils. Journal of Potassium Research, 9(1): 16-21. Balpande, H. S., Challa, O. and Prasad J. (2007). Characterization and classification of Grape-growing soils in Nasik district, Maharashtra. Journal of Indian Society of Soil Science, 55: 80-83. Bandopadhayay, B.K., Burman, D. and D. Pal (2008). Management of soil fertility for sustaining crop productivity in coastal agroecosystem in India. Journal of Indian Society of Coastal agricultural Research, 26 (2):102-110. Bandyopadhyay, B.K., Bandopadhyay, A.K. (1983). Effect of salinity on mineralization and immobilization of nitrogen in a coastal saline soil of West Bengal. Indian Agriculturist, 27: 41-50. Bansal, O.P. (2004). Effect of sewage sludge on Carbamate pesticides adsorption on soil of Aligarh district. Indian journal of chemical science, 81(6): 578-581. Bansal, O.P. (2011). Sorption–desorption or degradation and movement of three Carbamate pesticides in soils. Indian journal of Agriculture Sciences, 81(6): 578-581 Basava Raju, D., Naidu, M. V. S., Ramavatharam, N., Venkaiah, K., Rama Rao, G. and Reddy, K. S., (2005). Characterization, classification and evaluation of soils 94 in Chandragiri mandal of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh. Agropedology, 15 : 55-62. Baskaran, S., Bolan, N. S., A. Rahman b & R. W. Tillman (2010). Pesticide sorption by allophanic and non‐allophanic soils of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research,39: 297-310. Bastien, C. and Madramootoo C.A. (1992). Presence of pesticides in agricultural runoff from two potato fields in Quebec. Canadian water Resources journal, 17 (3):200-206. Basumatary, A. & Talukdar, M.C. (1998). Long term effect of integrated nutrient supply system on fractions of N and K in an Inceptisol of Assam. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 46 (3): 451-453. Battala, G., Yadamari T., Korivi S.K., Gurijala R.N. and Singhal R.K. (2012). Study on degradation of Malathion and phorate in various environmental matrices. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 6 (5):224-228. Behki, R. and Khan S.U. (2001). Impact of repeated long term application of atrazine on soil properties and bound residues formation. Research Report of International Atomic Energy Agency-TECDOC-1248: 36-39 Benicha, M., Mrabet R., and Azmani A. (2011). Biodegradation and dissipation of carbofuran in clay soil from Loukkos perimeter, Northwestern Morocco. Journal of Soil Science Environment Management, 2(12): 404 - 410. Bharambe, P.R., Awasarmal, B.C., Ambegaonkar, P.R. and R.P. Rodge (1990). Characterisation of soils in relation to irrigation in Jayakawadi command area. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 38: 488-494. Bhaskar, B. P., Mishra, J. P., Baruah, U., Vadivelu, S., Sen, T. K., Butte, P. S. and Dutta, D. P., (2004). Soils on Jhum cultivated hill slopes of Narang – Kongripara watershed in Meghalaya. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 52: 125-133. Bhaskar, B.P. and G.V. Subbaiah (1995). Genesis characterization and classification of lateritic and associated soils along the east coast of Andhra Pradesh. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 43: 107-112. Bhuvaneswari, K., Regupathy, A. and Kuttalam, S. (2011). Dissipation Studies in Water for Insecticides Used in Hill Vegetable Cultivation. Pesticide Research Journal, 23 (1): 27-31. 95