G hassan GoMaa o M this book tells you all you need to know for modeling and design of software a a Software applications from use cases to software architectures in UMl, and shows how to apply the CoMet UMl-based modeling and design method to real- world problems. the author describes architectural patterns for various ar- chitectures, such as layered patterns for software product line architectures, s Modeling and addresses software quality attributes including maintainability, modifiabil- o f ity, testability, traceability, scalability, reusability, performance, availability, and t security. w & deSign a Complete case studies illustrate design issues for different software architec- r tures: a banking system for client/server architectures, an emergency moni- e toring system for component based software architecture, an online shopping system for service-oriented architecture, and an automated guided vehicle for M real-time software architecture. o d organized as an introduction followed by several short, self-contained chap- e ters, the book is perfect for senior undergraduate or graduate courses in L i software engineering and for experienced software engineers wanting a quick n reference at each stage of the analysis, design and development of large- G scale software systems. a n Hassan gomaa is Professor and Chair of the department of Computer d Science at george Mason University. gomaa has more than thirty years experience in software engineering, both in industry and academia. He has d e published over 150 technical papers is the author of three previous books, s designing Software Product lines with UMl, designing Concurrent, distrib- i uted, and real-time applications with UMl, and Software design Methods for G n Concurrent and real-time Systems. UML, Use Cases, Patterns, & software arChiteCtUres Cover design by aliCe SolowaY Software Modeling and Design Thisbookprovidesallyouneedtoknowformodelinganddesignofsoft- ware applications, from use cases to software architectures in UML. It shows you how to apply the COMET UML-based modeling and design method to real-world problems. The author describes architectural pat- ternsforvariousarchitectures,suchasbroker,discovery,andtransaction patternsforservice-orientedarchitectures,andlayeredpatternsforsoft- wareproductlinearchitectures,andaddressessoftwarequalityattributes, including maintainability, modifiability, testability, traceability, scalabil- ity,reusability,performance,availability,andsecurity. Complete case studies illustrate design issues for different software architectures:abankingsystemforclient/serverarchitectures,anonline shoppingsystemforservice-orientedarchitectures,anemergencymoni- toringsystemforcomponent-basedsoftwarearchitectures,andanauto- matedguidedvehiclesystemforreal-timesoftwarearchitectures. Organizedasanintroductionfollowedbyseveralself-containedchap- ters,thebookisperfectforseniorundergraduateorgraduatecoursesin softwareengineeringandforexperiencedsoftwareengineerswhowanta quickreferenceateachstageoftheanalysis,design,anddevelopmentof large-scalesoftwaresystems. Hassan Gomaa is Professor of Computer Science and Software Engi- neeringatGeorgeMasonUniversity.Gomaahasmorethanthirtyyears’ experience in software engineering, in both industry and academia. He haspublishedmorethan170technicalpapersandistheauthorofthree books:DesigningSoftwareProductLineswithUML;DesigningConcur- rent, Distributed, and Real-Time Applications with UML; and Software DesignMethodsforConcurrentandReal-TimeSystems. SOFTWARE MODELING AND DESIGN UML, Use Cases, Patterns, and Software Architectures Hassan Gomaa GeorgeMasonUniversity,Fairfax,Virginia cambridgeuniversitypress Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Tokyo,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress 32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,NY10013-2473,USA www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521764148 (cid:2)C HassanGomaa2011 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2011 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata Gomaa,Hassan. Softwaremodelinganddesign:UML,usecases,patterns,andsoftwarearchitectures/ HassanGomaa. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-521-76414-8(hardback) 1.Computersoftware–Development. 2.Softwarearchitecture. 3.Computersimulation. I.Title. QA76.76.D47G6522 2011 003(cid:3).3–dc22 2010049584 ISBN978-0-521-76414-8Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofURLsforexternal orthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontent onsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. ToGill,WilliamandNeela,Alex, AmandaandNeil,andEdward Contents Preface pagexv AnnotatedTableofContents xix Acknowledgments xxv PART I Overview 1 Introduction 3 1.1 SoftwareModeling 3 1.2 Object-OrientedMethodsandtheUnifiedModeling Language 3 1.3 SoftwareArchitecturalDesign 5 1.4 MethodandNotation 5 1.5 COMET:AUML-BasedSoftwareModelingandDesign MethodforSoftwareApplications 6 1.6 UMLasaStandard 6 1.7 MultipleViewsofSoftwareArchitecture 7 1.8 EvolutionofSoftwareModelingandDesignMethods 8 1.9 EvolutionofObject-OrientedAnalysisandDesignMethods 9 1.10 SurveyofConcurrent,Distributed,andReal-Time DesignMethods 11 1.11 Summary 12 Exercises 12 2 Overview of the UML Notation 14 2.1 UMLDiagrams 14 2.2 UseCaseDiagrams 15 2.3 ClassesandObjects 15 2.4 ClassDiagrams 16 2.5 InteractionDiagrams 18 2.6 StateMachineDiagrams 19 2.7 Packages 21 vii viii Contents 2.8 ConcurrentCommunicationDiagrams 21 2.9 DeploymentDiagrams 23 2.10 UMLExtensionMechanisms 23 2.11 ConventionsUsedinThisBook 25 2.12 Summary 27 Exercises 28 3 Software Life Cycle Models and Processes 29 3.1 SoftwareLifeCycleModels 29 3.2 DesignVerificationandValidation 40 3.3 SoftwareLifeCycleActivities 41 3.4 SoftwareTesting 42 3.5 Summary 43 Exercises 43 4 Software Design and Architecture Concepts 45 4.1 Object-OrientedConcepts 45 4.2 InformationHiding 48 4.3 InheritanceandGeneralization/Specialization 51 4.4 ConcurrentProcessing 53 4.5 DesignPatterns 57 4.6 SoftwareArchitectureandComponents 58 4.7 SoftwareQualityAttributes 59 4.8 Summary 59 Exercises 60 5 Overview of Software Modeling and Design Method 61 5.1 COMETUseCase–BasedSoftwareLifeCycle 61 5.2 ComparisonoftheCOMETLifeCyclewithOther SoftwareProcesses 64 5.3 Requirements,Analysis,andDesignModeling 65 5.4 DesigningSoftwareArchitectures 67 5.5 Summary 68 Exercises 68 PART II Software Modeling 6 Use Case Modeling 71 6.1 RequirementsModeling 72 6.2 UseCases 74 6.3 Actors 76 6.4 IdentifyingUseCases 78 6.5 DocumentingUseCasesintheUseCaseModel 80 6.6 ExampleofUseCaseDescription 80 6.7 UseCaseRelationships 82 6.8 TheIncludeRelationship 82 6.9 TheExtendRelationship 85 6.10 UseCaseStructuringGuidelines 88 Contents ix 6.11 SpecifyingNonfunctionalRequirements 89 6.12 UseCasePackages 89 6.13 ActivityDiagrams 89 6.14 Summary 92 Exercises 92 7 Static Modeling 94 7.1 AssociationsbetweenClasses 95 7.2 CompositionandAggregationHierarchies 100 7.3 Generalization/SpecializationHierarchy 102 7.4 Constraints 103 7.5 StaticModelingandtheUML 103 7.6 StaticModelingoftheSystemContext 104 7.7 CategorizationofClassesUsingUMLStereotypes 106 7.8 ModelingExternalClasses 107 7.9 StaticModelingofEntityClasses 111 7.10 Summary 113 Exercises 114 8 Object and Class Structuring 115 8.1 ObjectandClassStructuringCriteria 116 8.2 ModelingApplicationClassesandObjects 116 8.3 ObjectandClassStructuringCategories 117 8.4 ExternalClassesandSoftwareBoundaryClasses 118 8.5 BoundaryClassesandObjects 119 8.6 EntityClassesandObjects 123 8.7 ControlClassesandObjects 124 8.8 ApplicationLogicClassesandObjects 127 8.9 Summary 130 Exercises 130 9 Dynamic Interaction Modeling 132 9.1 ObjectInteractionModeling 133 9.2 MessageSequenceNumberingonInteraction Diagrams 136 9.3 DynamicInteractionModeling 139 9.4 StatelessDynamicInteractionModeling 139 9.5 ExamplesofStatelessDynamicInteractionModeling 140 9.6 Summary 148 Exercises 148 10 Finite State Machines 151 10.1 FiniteStateMachinesandStateTransitions 151 10.2 ExamplesofStatecharts 153 10.3 EventsandGuardConditions 157 10.4 Actions 158 10.5 HierarchicalStatecharts 163 10.6 GuidelinesforDevelopingStatecharts 167