SoftwareDefinedRadio EditedbyWalterTuttlebee Copyrightq2002JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd ISBNs:0-470-84318-7(Hardback);0-470-84600-3(Electronic) Software Defined Radio SoftwareDefinedRadio EditedbyWalterTuttlebee Copyrightq2002JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd ISBNs:0-470-84318-7(Hardback);0-470-84600-3(Electronic) WWiilleeyySSeerriieessiinnSSooffttwwaarreeRRaaddiioo SeriesEditor:Dr Walter Tuttlebee, Mobile VCE, UK TheWileySeriesinSoftwareRadioaimstopresentanup-to-dateandin-depthpicture of the technologies, potential implementations and applications of software radio. Books in the series will reflect the strong and growing interest in this subject. The series is intended to appeal to a global industrial audience within the mobile and personaltelecommunicationsindustry,relatedindustriessuchasbroadcasting,satel- lite communications and wired telecommunications, researchers in academia and industry, and senior undergraduate and postgraduate students in computer science and electronicengineering. Mitola: Software Radio Architecture: Object-Oriented Approaches to Wireless Systems Engineering, 0471384925,568 Pages, October 2000 Mitola and Zvonar (Editors): Software Radio Technologies: Selected Readings: 0780360222, 496 Pages, May 2001 Tuttlebee: Software Defined Radio: Origins, Drivers and International Perspectives, 0470844647, £55,350 pages Tuttlebee: Software Defined Radio: Enabling Technologies, 0470843187, £55,304 pages SoftwareDefinedRadio EditedbyWalterTuttlebee Copyrightq2002JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd ISBNs:0-470-84318-7(Hardback);0-470-84600-3(Electronic) Software Defined Radio Enabling Technologies Edited by Walter Tuttlebee Virtual Centre ofExcellence inMobile &PersonalCommunications (Mobile VCE) JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD SoftwareDefinedRadio EditedbyWalterTuttlebee Copyrightq2002JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd ISBNs:0-470-84318-7(Hardback);0-470-84600-3(Electronic) Copyrightq2002 JohnWiley&SonsLtd,BaffinsLane,Chichester, WestSussexPO191UD,England Telephone(+44)1243779777 Email(forordersandcustomerserviceenquiries):[email protected] VisitourHomePageonwww.wileyeurope.comorwww.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. 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OtherWileyEditorialOffices JohnWiley&SonsInc.,605ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10158-0012,USA Jossey-Bass,989MarketStreet,SanFrancisco,CA94103-1741,USA Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH,Pappelallee3,D-69469Weinheim,Germany JohnWiley&SonsAustraliaLtd,33ParkRoad,Milton,Queensland4064,Australia JohnWiley&Sons(Asia)PteLtd,2ClementiLoop#02-01,JinXingDistripark,Singapore129809 JohnWiley&SonsCanadaLtd,22WorcesterRoad,Etobicoke,Ontario,CanadaM9W1L1 BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN0-470-84600-3(Electronic) Thistitleisalsoavailableinprintat0-470-84318-7(Paper) Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyDeerparkPublishingServicesLtd SoftwareDefinedRadio EditedbyWalterTuttlebee Copyrightq2002JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd ISBNs:0-470-84318-7(Hardback);0-470-84600-3(Electronic) Contents ListofContributors xiii Foreword-byDrJosephMitolaIII xvii Abbreviations xix Biographies xxvii Introduction xxxv PartI: Perspective 1 1 SoftwareBasedRadio 3 StephenBlust–CingularWireless 1.1 AMulti-DimensionalModelSetstheStage 3 1.2 WhatisSoftwareBasedRadio 5 1.2.1 SoftwareDefinedRadioandSoftwareRadio 5 1.2.2 AdaptiveIntelligentSoftwareRadioandOtherDefinitions 8 1.2.3 Functionality,CapabilityandSBREvolution 10 1.3 ArchitecturalPerspectivesforaSoftwareBasedRadio 11 1.3.1 TheRadioImplementerplane 11 1.3.2 TheNetworkOperatorplane 12 1.4 SoftwareRadioConcepts 13 1.5 AdoptionTimeframesforSoftwareBasedRadio 15 1.6 RealizationofSoftwareBasedRadioRequiresNewTechnology 17 1.7 Power/Performance/PriceLimitationsofHandsetsDictatesInflexibleNetworks 17 1.8 RegulatoryConceptsFacilitateSBRIntroduction 18 1.9 Conclusions 20 Acknowledgements 21 References 21 PartII:FrontEndTechnology 23 2 RadioFrequencyTranslationforSoftwareDefinedRadio 25 MarkBeach,PaulWarr&JohnMacLeod-UniversityofBristol 2.1 RequirementsandSpecifications 26 2.1.1 TransmitterSpecifications 26 vi SoftwareDefinedRadio:EnablingTechnologies 2.1.2 ReceiverSpecifications 27 2.1.3 OperatingFrequencyBands 27 2.2 ReceiverDesignConsiderations 30 2.2.1 BasicConsiderations 30 2.2.2 ReceiverArchitectures 32 2.2.3 DynamicRangeIssuesandCalculation 35 2.2.4 AdjacentChannelPowerRatio(ACPR)andNoisePowerRatio(NPR) 41 2.2.5 ReceiverSignalBudget 42 2.2.6 ImageRejection 45 2.2.7 FilterFunctionswithintheReceiver 47 2.3 TransmitterDesignConsiderations 47 2.3.1 FilteringAnalogiesbetweenReceiverandTransmitter 47 2.3.2 TransmitterArchitectures 48 2.3.3 TransmitterEfficiencyandLinearity 50 2.4 CandidateArchitecturesforSDR 56 2.4.1 ZeroIFReceivers 56 2.4.2 QuadratureLocalOscillator 59 2.4.3 VariablePreselectFilters 61 2.4.4 LowIFReceivers 66 2.5 Conclusions 70 Acknowledgements 71 References 71 Appendix 73 3 RadioFrequencyFrontEndImplementationsforMultimodeSDRs 79 MarkCummings-enVia 3.1 EvolutionofRadioSystems 80 3.2 EvolutionofRFFrontEnds–SuperheterodyneArchitecture 83 3.3 TheAN2/6ProductFamily–DualBand,SixMode 85 3.3.1 TheAN2/6Architecture 86 3.3.2 LessonsLearnedFromtheAN2/6 88 3.4 AlternativeRFFrontEndArchitectures 93 3.4.1 DirectConversionRFFrontEnds 93 3.4.2 PureDigitalRFFrontEnds 96 3.4.3 AnalogDigitalCombinationSolutions 96 3.4.4 DirectionsforaCompletelySuccessfulSDRRFFrontEnd 97 3.5 Conclusion 98 Acknowledgements 98 References 98 4 DataConversioninSoftwareDefinedRadios 99 Brad Brannon, Chris Cloninger, Dimitrios Efstathiou, Paul Hendriks, Zoran Zvonar – Analog Devices 4.1 TheImportanceofDataConvertersinSoftwareDefinedRadios 99 4.1.1 ADCsforSDRBaseStations 100 4.1.2 ADCsforSDRHandsets 101 4.1.3 DACsforSDRApplications 101 4.2 ConverterArchitectures 102 4.2.1 FlashConverters 102 4.2.2 MultistageConverters 104 4.2.3 Sigma-DeltaConverters 105 4.2.4 Digital-to-AnalogConverters 107 Contents vii 4.3 ConverterPerformanceImpactonSDR 109 4.3.1 NoiseSources–ImpactonSDRSensitivity 109 4.3.2 SNRofDataConverter 112 4.3.3 SpuriousImpactonPerformance 114 4.3.4 Digital-to-AnalogConverterSpecification 121 4.4 ConclusionsandFutureTrends 123 References 125 5 SuperconductorMicroelectronics:ADigitalRFTechnologyforSoftwareRadios 127 DarrenK.Brock–HYPRES,Inc. 5.1 Introduction 127 5.1.1 SuperconductivityandtheJosephsonEffect 128 5.1.2 EstablishedApplicationsofSuperconductors 130 5.1.3 EmergingApplications-SoftwareDefinedRadio 131 5.2 RapidSingleFluxQuantumDigitalLogic 132 5.2.1 CircuitCharacteristics 132 5.2.2 ExampleRSFQLogicGate-RSFlipFlop 134 5.2.3 RSFQDataConverters 135 5.2.4 RSFQScalingtheory 138 5.3 CryogenicAspects 139 5.4 SuperconductorSDRforCommercialApplications 140 5.4.1 SuperconductorsinWirelessCommunications 140 5.4.2 AdvantagesofSuperconductorReceivers 141 5.4.3 TrendsinSpreadSpectrumCommunications 143 5.4.4 HighPowerAmplifierLinearization 145 5.4.5 DigitalRFTransceiver 145 5.5 SuperconductorSDRforMilitaryApplications 146 5.5.1 Co-SiteInterference 146 5.5.2 DigitallyDehoppingSpreadSpectrumSignals 147 5.5.3 SatelliteCommunications 148 5.5.4 AccommodatingNewWaveforms 148 5.5.5 MassiveTimeMultiplexing 149 5.6 Conclusions 149 Acknowledgements 149 References 150 6 TheDigitalFrontEnd:BridgeBetweenRFandBasebandProcessing 151 GerhardFettweis&TimHentschel–TechnischeUniversita¨tDresden 6.1 Introduction 151 6.1.1 TheFrontEndofaDigitalTransceiver 151 6.1.2 SignalCharacteristics 153 6.1.3 ImplementationIssues 155 6.2 TheDigitalFrontEnd 155 6.2.1 FunctionalitiesoftheDigitalFrontEnd 155 6.2.2 TheDigitalFrontEndinMobileTerminalsandBaseStations 157 6.3 DigitalUp-andDown-Conversion 158 6.3.1 InitialThoughts 158 6.3.2 TheoreticalAspects 158 6.3.3 ImplementationAspects 161 6.3.4 TheCORDICAlgorithm 163 6.3.5 DigitalDown-ConversionwiththeCORDICAlgorithm 165 6.3.6 DigitalDown-ConversionbySubsampling 165 viii SoftwareDefinedRadio:EnablingTechnologies 6.4 ChannelFiltering 167 6.4.1 Low-PassFilteringafterDigitalDown-Conversion 167 6.4.2 Band-PassFilteringbeforeDigitalDown-Conversion 172 6.4.3 FilterbankChannelizers 175 6.5 SampleRateConversion 181 6.5.1 ResamplingafterReconstruction 181 6.5.2 RationalFactorSRC 184 6.5.3 IntegerFactorSRC 185 6.5.4 ConceptsforSRC 185 6.5.5 SystemsforSRC 187 6.6 Example 192 6.6.1 DesignParameters 192 6.6.2 DigitalDown-Conversion 193 6.6.3 SampleRateConversion 193 6.6.4 ChannelFiltering 194 6.6.5 Summary 196 6.7 Conclusion 196 Acknowledgements 197 References 197 PartIII:BasebandTechnology 199 7 BasebandProcessingforSDR 201 DavidLund-HWCommunicationsLtd&BahramHonary-LancasterUniversity 7.1 TheRoleofBasebandArchitectures 201 7.2 SoftwareRadio–FromSilicontoSoftware 202 7.3 BasebandComponentTechnologies 206 7.3.1 DigitalSignalProcessors 208 7.3.2 FieldProgrammableGateArrays 210 7.3.3 RecentDigitalDevelopments 214 7.3.4 ReconfigurableAnalogComponents 215 7.3.5 ComponentTechnologyEvolution 216 7.4 DesignToolsandMethodologies 217 7.4.1 DesignToolConcepts–anAnalogy 218 7.4.2 ASICDesign 219 7.4.3 FPGADesign 220 7.4.4 FutureDesignFlowsandTools 221 7.5 SystemDesignandMaintenance 223 7.5.1 ObjectOrientation 223 7.5.2 DistributedResourceManagementinSDRProcessors 224 7.6 Conclusions 230 ReferencesandFurtherReading 231 8 Parametrization–aTechniqueforSDRImplementation 233 FriedrichJondral-UniversityofKarlsruhe 8.1 Definitions 234 8.2 Adaptability 235 8.3 ParametrizationofStandards 236 8.3.1 SecondGeneration–GlobalSystemforMobileCommunication(GSM) 236 8.3.2 SecondGeneration-IS-136(DAMPS) 238 8.3.3 ThirdGeneration–UniversalMobileTelecommunicationSystem(UMTS) 240 Contents ix 8.4 ParametrizationExample 246 8.4.1 AGeneralModulator 247 8.4.2 EffectsofGMSKLinearization 251 8.5 SignalProcessingIssues 254 8.5.1 DSPCapabilitiesandLimitations 254 8.5.2 FPGACapabilities 255 8.6 Conclusions 255 References 256 9 AdaptiveComputingICTechnologyfor3GSoftware-DefinedMobileDevices 257 PaulMaster&BobPlunkett–QuickSilverTechnology 9.1 SoftwareDefinedRadio–ASolutionforMobileDevices 257 9.1.1 EvolutionofWirelessStandards 258 9.1.2 MarketForcesDrivingSDRforWirelessDevices 260 9.2 TheMobileApplicationSpaceandtheNeedforProcessingPower 261 9.2.1 ProcessingNeedsofthe3GAirInterface 261 9.2.2 ProcessingNeedsofMobileVocoders 262 9.2.3 ProcessingNeedsofMobileVideo 263 9.3 SDRBasebandProcessing–TheImplementationDilemma 265 9.3.1 LimitationsofConventionalICTechnologies 266 9.3.2 ResolvingtheDilemma 267 9.4 Trade-OffsofConventionalICTechnologies 267 9.4.1 LimitationsofMicroprocessorandDSPImplementations 268 9.4.2 LimitationsofASICImplementations 270 9.4.3 LimitationsofFPGAImplementations 271 9.5 HardwarewithSoftwareProgrammability 271 9.5.1 AdaptiveComputingTechnology 272 9.5.2 TheACMImplementation 273 9.5.3 DesignToolsforAdaptiveComputing 275 9.6 TheComputationalPowerEfficiencyRequiredby3GAlgorithms 277 9.7 ExampleCaseStudiesandBenchmarks 278 9.7.1 CDMARakeReceiver 278 9.7.2 FIRandIIRFiltering 279 9.7.3 Vocoder 280 9.7.4 Multimedia–MPEG-4Implementation 284 9.8 Conclusions 286 9.9 Lookingto4GandBeyond 287 References 288 PartIV:SoftwareTechnology 289 10 SoftwareEngineeringforSoftwareRadios: ExperiencesatMITandVanu,Inc. 291 JohnChapin–Vanu,Inc. 10.1 OverviewofVanuSystems 292 10.1.1 RepresentativeImplementations 293 10.1.2 DifferencefromOtherSoftwareRadios 294 10.2 TheImportanceofSoftwareinSoftwareRadio 295 10.3 SoftwarePortability 295 10.3.1 TheEffectsofMoore’sLaw 296 10.3.2 ExploitingMoore’sLaw 297 10.3.3 GenericDataPath 297 10.3.4 TemporalDecoupling 298 x SoftwareDefinedRadio:EnablingTechnologies 10.4 CommodityPCHardware 300 10.5 SignalProcessingSoftware 300 10.5.1 DataPull 300 10.5.2 SignalProcessingStagesasObjects 301 10.5.3 StreamAbstraction 302 10.5.4 OutofBandCommunication 303 10.6 ControlSoftware 303 10.6.1 CodeGeneration 303 10.6.2 RadioDescriptionLanguage 304 10.7 Performance 307 10.8 FutureDirections 308 Acknowledgements 309 References 309 11 SoftwareDownloadforMobileTerminals 311 PaulBucknell&StevePitchers-PhilipsResearchLaboratories 11.1 WhySoftwareDownload? 312 11.1.1 SoftwareReconfiguration 312 11.1.2 SoftwareDownloadingTerminals 312 11.1.3 DownloadingNewAirInterfaces 314 11.2 DownloadingTechnologiesforSDR 314 11.2.1 Granularity 315 11.2.2 ComponentCommunicationandBinding 316 11.2.3 ContentFunction 316 11.2.4 Installation 317 11.2.5 TerminalWideAspects 317 11.2.6 VersionManagement 317 11.3 StandardsforDownloading 317 11.3.1 MobileStandards-2G/3GCellular 318 11.3.2 SoftwareStandards 318 11.4 SeamlessUpgrading‘OntheFly’ 320 11.5 SecurityofDownload 321 11.5.1 SecureDownloadingofApplications 321 11.5.2 SecureDownloadingofNativeSoftware 322 11.6 SoftwareArchitecturesforDownload 323 11.7 SoftwareDownloadToday-DigitalTV 325 11.8 ‘OvertheAir’,‘OntheFly’Reconfiguration:APracticalExample 326 11.8.1 Architecture 327 11.8.2 BasicOperation 328 11.8.3 ExampleReconfigurations 328 11.8.4 ReconfigurationManager 330 11.8.5 ReconfigurationProcedure 334 11.9 FutureApplicationsofSDRDownloading 336 Acknowledgements 337 References 337 12 ProtocolsandNetworkAspectsofSDR 339 KlausMoessner–SurreyUniversity&MobileVCE 12.1 ProtocolStacks:SAPsvsReconfigurability 339 12.1.1 ServiceProvisionviaServiceAccessPoints 340 12.1.2 ProtocolConfigurationandReconfiguration 341 12.1.3 InterfacesvsSAPs 342