Software DefineD Mobile networkS (SDMn) Wiley Series in Communications Networking & Distributed Systems Series Editors: David Hutchison, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK Serge Fdida, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France Joe Sventek, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA The “Wiley Series in Communications Networking & Distributed Systems” is a series of expert‐level, technically detailed books covering cutting‐edge research, and brand new developments as well as tutorial‐style treatments in networking, middleware and software technologies for communications and distributed systems. The books will provide timely and reliable information about the state‐of‐the‐art to researchers, advanced students and development engineers in the Telecommunications and the Computing sectors. other titles in the series: Wright: Voice over Packet Networks, 0‐471‐49516‐6 (February 2001) Jepsen: Java for Telecommunications, 0‐471‐49826‐2 (July 2001) Sutton: Secure Communications, 0‐471‐49904‐8 (December 2001) Stajano: Security for Ubiquitous Computing, 0‐470‐84493‐0 (February 2002) Martin‐Flatin: Web‐Based Management of IP Networks and Systems, 0‐471‐48702‐3 (September 2002) Berman: Grid Computing. Making the Global Infrastructure a Reality, 0‐470‐85319‐0 (March 2003) Turner: Service Provision. Technologies for Next Generation Communications, 0‐470‐85066‐3 (April 2004) Welzl: Network Congestion Control: Managing Internet Traffic, 0‐470‐02528‐X (July 2005) Raz: Fast and Efficient Context‐Aware Services, 0‐470‐01668‐X (April 2006) Heckmann: The Competitive Internet Service Provider, 0‐470‐01293‐5 (April 2006) Dressler: Self‐Organization in Sensor and Actor Networks, 0‐470‐02820‐3 (November 2007) Berndt: Towards 4G Technologies: Services with Initiative, 0‐470‐01031‐2 (March 2008) Jacquenet: Service Automation and Dynamic Provisioning Techniques in IP/MPLS Environments, 0‐470‐01829‐1 (March 2008) Gurtov: Host Identity Protocol (HIP): Towards the Secure Mobile Internet, 0‐470‐99790‐7 (June 2008) Boucadair: Inter‐Asterisk Exchange (IAX): Deployment Scenarios in SIP‐enabled Networks, 0‐470‐77072‐4 (January 2009) Fitzek: Mobile Peer to Peer (P2P): A Tutorial Guide, 0‐470‐69992‐2 (June 2009) Shelby: 6LoWPAN: The Wireless Embedded Internet, 0‐470‐74799‐4 (November 2009) Stavdas: Core and Metro Networks, 0‐470‐51274‐1 (February 2010) Gómez Herrero: Network Mergers and Migrations: Junos® Design and Implementation, 0‐470‐74237‐2 (March 2010) Jacobsson: Personal Networks: Wireless Networking for Personal Devices, 0‐470‐68173‐X (June 2010) Minei: MPLS‐Enabled Applications: Emerging Developments and New Technologies, Third Edition, 0‐470‐66545‐9 (December 2011) Barreiros: QOS‐Enabled Networks, 0‐470‐68697‐9 (December 2011) Santi: Mobility Models for Next Generation Wireless Networks: Ad Hoc, Vehicular and Mesh Networks, 978‐1‐119‐99201‐1 (July 2012) Tarkoma: Publish/Subscribe Systems: Design Principles, 978‐1‐119‐95154‐2 (July 2012) Software DefineD Mobile networkS (SDMn) beyonD lte network architecture Edited by Madhusanka liyanage Centre for Wireless Communication, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland andrei Gurtov Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland Mika ylianttila Centre for Internet Excellence, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland This edition first published 2015 © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered Office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. 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No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Liyanage, Madhusanka. Software defined mobile networks (SDMN) : Beyond LTE network architecture / Madhusanka Liyanage, Wireless Communication, University of Oulu, Finland, Andrei Gurtov, for Information Technology HIT, Aalto University, Finland, Mika Ylianttila, Centre for Internet Excelience, University. pages cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-118-90028-4 (hardback) 1. Software-defined networking (Computer network technology) I. Gurtov, Andrei. II. Ylianttila, Mika. III. Title. TK5105.5833.L59 2015 004.6′5–dc30 2015004425 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 10/12pt Times by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India 1 2015 Contents Editors xv Contributors xvii Foreword xxvii Ulf Ewaldsson Foreword xxix Lauri Oksanen Preface xxxi Acknowledgments xxxvii Abbreviations xxxix PArt I IntroduCtIon 1 overview 3 Madhusanka Liyanage, Mika Ylianttila, and Andrei Gurtov 1.1 Present Mobile Networks and Their Limitations 4 1.2 Software Defined Mobile Network 5 1.3 Key Benefits of SDMN 7 1.4 Conclusion 9 References 9 vi Contents 2 Mobile network History 11 Brian Brown, Rob Gonzalez, and Brian Stanford 2.1 Overview 11 2.2 The Evolution of the Mobile Network 12 2.2.1 Sharing Resources 13 2.2.2 Orchestration 14 2.2.3 Scalability 15 2.3 Limitations and Challenges in Current Mobile Networks 15 2.4 Requirement in Future Mobile Networks 18 Reference 19 3 Software defined networking Concepts 21 Xenofon Foukas, Mahesh K. Marina, and Kimon Kontovasilis 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 SDN History and Evolution 23 3.2.1 Early History of Programmable Networks 23 3.2.2 Evolution of Programmable Networks to SDN 25 3.3 SDN Paradigm and Applications 28 3.3.1 Overview of SDN Building Blocks 28 3.3.2 SDN Switches 30 3.3.3 SDN Controllers 31 3.3.4 SDN Programming Interfaces 34 3.3.5 SDN Application Domains 37 3.3.6 Relation of SDN to Network Virtualization and Network Function Virtualization 38 3.4 Impact of SDN to Research and Industry 39 3.4.1 Overview of Standardization Activities and SDN Summits 40 3.4.2 SDN in the Industry 41 3.4.3 Future of SDN 41 References 42 4 Wireless Software defined networking 45 Claude Chaudet and Yoram Haddad 4.1 Introduction 45 4.2 SDN for Wireless 47 4.2.1 Implementations: OpenRoads and OpenRadio 49 4.2.2 SDR versus SDN 50 4.3 Related Works 50 4.4 Wireless SDN Opportunities 51 4.4.1 Multinetwork Planning 51 4.4.2 Handovers and Off‐Loading 53 4.4.3 Dead Zone Coverage 55 4.4.4 Security 55 4.4.5 CDN and Caching 56 4.5 Wireless SDN Challenges 56 4.5.1 Slice Isolation 56 4.5.2 Topology Discovery and Topology‐Related Problems 56 4.5.3 Resource Evaluation and Reporting 57 Contents vii 4.5.4 User and Operator Preferences 57 4.5.5 Nontechnical Aspects (Governance, Regulation, Etc.) 58 4.6 Conclusion 59 References 59 5 Leveraging Sdn for the 5G networks: trends, Prospects, and Challenges 61 Akram Hakiri and Pascal Berthou 5.1 Introduction 61 5.2 Evolution of the Wireless Communication toward the 5G 62 5.2.1 Evolution of the Wireless World 62 5.3 Software Defined Networks 64 5.4 NFV 65 5.5 Information‐Centric Networking 67 5.6 Mobile and Wireless Networks 68 5.6.1 Mobility Management 68 5.6.2 Ubiquitous Connectivity 69 5.6.3 Mobile Clouds 70 5.7 Cooperative Cellular Networks 71 5.8 Unification of the Control Plane 73 5.8.1 Bringing Fixed–Mobile Networking Together 73 5.8.2 Creating a Concerted Convergence of Packet–Optical Networks 74 5.9 Supporting Automatic QoS Provisioning 75 5.10 Cognitive Network Management and Operation 76 5.11 Role of Satellites in the 5G Networks 77 5.12 Conclusion 79 References 79 PArt II SdMn ArCHItECturES And nEtWork IMPLEMEntAtIon 6 LtE Architecture Integration with Sdn 83 Jose Costa‐Requena, Raimo Kantola, Jesús Llorente Santos, Vicent Ferrer Guasch, Maël Kimmerlin, Antti Mikola and Jukka Manner 6.1 Overview 83 6.2 Restructuring Mobile Networks to SDN 84 6.2.1 LTE Network: A Starting Point 84 6.2.2 Options for Location of the SDMN Controller 86 6.2.3 Vision of SDN in LTE Networks 88 6.3 Mobile Backhaul Scaling 91 6.4 Security and Distributed FW 95 6.4.1 Customer Edge Switching 97 6.4.2 RG 97 6.5 SDN and LTE Integration Benefits 98 6.6 SDN and LTE Integration Benefits for End Users 100 6.7 Related Work and Research Questions 103 6.7.1 Research Problems 104 6.7.2 Impact 104 6.8 Conclusions 104 References 105 viii Contents 7 EPC in the Cloud 107 James Kempf and Kumar Balachandran 7.1 Introduction 107 7.1.1 Origins and Evolution of SDN 108 7.1.2 NFV and Its Application 109 7.1.3 SDN and Cross‐Domain Service Development 112 7.2 EPC in the Cloud Version 1.0 115 7.3 EPC in the Cloud Version 2.0? 117 7.3.1 UE Multihoming 117 7.3.2 The EPC on SDN: OpenFlow Example 119 7.4 Incorporating Mobile Services into Cross‐Domain Orchestration with SP‐SDN 123 7.5 Summary and Conclusions 125 References 126 8 the Controller Placement Problem in Software defined Mobile networks (SdMn) 129 Hakan Selvi, Selcan Güner, Gürkan Gür, and Fatih Alagöz 8.1 Introduction 129 8.2 SDN and Mobile Networks 130 8.3 Performance Objectives for SDMN Controller Placement 132 8.3.1 Scalability 133 8.3.2 Reliability 133 8.3.3 Latency 134 8.3.4 Resilience 135 8.4 CPP 136 8.4.1 Placement of Controllers 137 8.4.2 Number of Required Controllers 143 8.4.3 CPP and Mobile Networks 145 8.5 Conclusion 146 References 147 9 technology Evolution in Mobile networks: Case of open IaaS Cloud Platforms 149 Antti Tolonen and Sakari Luukkainen 9.1 Introduction 149 9.2 Generic Technology Evolution 150 9.3 Study Framework 152 9.4 Overview on Cloud Computing 153 9.5 Example Platform: OpenStack 154 9.5.1 OpenStack Design and Architecture 155 9.5.2 OpenStack Community 156 9.6 Case Analysis 156 9.6.1 Openness 157 9.6.2 Added Value 157 9.6.3 Experimentation 158 9.6.4 Complementary Technologies 158 Contents ix 9.6.5 Incumbent Role 159 9.6.6 Existing Market Leverage 160 9.6.7 Competence Change 160 9.6.8 Competing Technologies 160 9.6.9 System Architecture Evolution 161 9.6.10 Regulation 161 9.7 Discussion 162 9.8 Summary 164 Acknowledgments 165 References 165 PArt III trAFFIC trAnSPort And nEtWork MAnAGEMEnt 10 Mobile network Function and Service delivery Virtualization and orchestration 169 Peter Bosch, Alessandro Duminuco, Jeff Napper, Louis (Sam) Samuel, and Paul Polakos 10.1 Introduction 169 10.2 NFV 170 10.2.1 The Functionality of the Architecture 170 10.2.2 Operation of the ETSI NFV System 174 10.2.3 Potential Migration and Deployment Paths 177 10.2.4 NFV Summary 182 10.3 SDN 182 10.4 The Mobility Use Case 183 10.5 Virtual Networking in Data Centers 185 10.6 Summary 186 References 186 11 Survey of traffic Management in Software defined Mobile networks 189 Zoltán Faigl and László Bokor 11.1 Overview 189 11.2 Traffic Management in Mobile Networks 190 11.3 QoS Enforcement and Policy Control in 3G/4G Networks 191 11.3.1 QoS for EPS Bearers 193 11.3.2 QoS for Non‐3GPP Access 195 11.3.3 QoS Enforcement in EPS 195 11.3.4 Policy and Charging Control in 3GPP 195 11.3.5 Policy Control Architecture 196 11.4 Traffic Management in SDMNs 198 11.4.1 Open Networking Foundation 198 11.4.2 The OF Protocol 199 11.4.3 Traffic Management and Offloading in Mobile Networks 200 11.5 ALTO in SDMNs 201 11.5.1 The ALTO Protocol 202 11.5.2 ALTO–SDN Use Case 202 x Contents 11.5.3 The ALTO–SDN Architecture 204 11.5.4 Dynamic Network Information Provision 205 11.6 Conclusions 206 References 206 12 Software defined networks for Mobile Application Services 209 Ram Gopal Lakshmi Narayanan 12.1 Overview 209 12.2 Overview of 3GPP Network Architecture 210 12.3 Wireless Network Architecture Evolution toward NFV and SDN 212 12.3.1 NFV in Packet Core 212 12.3.2 SDN in Packet Core 213 12.4 NFV/SDN Service Chaining 215 12.4.1 Service Chaining at Packet Core 215 12.4.2 Traffic Optimization inside Mobile Networks 217 12.4.3 Metadata Export from RAN to Packet CN 221 12.5 Open Research and Further Study 222 Acknowledgments 223 References 223 13 Load Balancing in Software defined Mobile networks 225 Ijaz Ahmad, Suneth Namal Karunarathna, Mika Ylianttila, and Andrei Gurtov 13.1 Introduction 225 13.1.1 Load Balancing in Wireless Networks 226 13.1.2 Mobility Load Balancing 227 13.1.3 Traffic Steering 227 13.1.4 Load Balancing in Heterogeneous Networks 227 13.1.5 Shortcomings in Current Load Balancing Technologies 227 13.2 Load Balancing in SDMN 229 13.2.1 The Need of Load Balancing in SDMN 230 13.2.2 SDN‐Enabled Load Balancing 233 13.3 Future Directions and Challenges for Load Balancing Technologies 244 References 244 PArt IV rESourCE And MoBILIty MAnAGEMEnt 14 QoE Management Framework for Internet Services in Sdn‐Enabled Mobile networks 249 Marcus Eckert and Thomas Martin Knoll 14.1 Overview 249 14.2 Introduction 250 14.3 State of the Art 251 14.4 QoE Framework Architecture 252 14.5 Quality Monitoring 254 14.5.1 Flow Detection and Classification 254 14.5.2 Video Quality Measurement 255