Known as the father of Western Philosophy, Socrates was a man of great religious belief ‗To do this has, as I say, been enjoined upon me by the God, by means of oracles and dreams, and in every other way that a Divine manifestation has ever ordered a man to do anything‘ says Socrates in Plato's Apology. His belief in his appointment by God to call the people of Athens to the good life was so firm and unshakeable that in the very hour of his death sentence, he rebuked his followers for crying for, as he had said so many times, for the True Philosopher, 'death may be the greatest of all human blessings‘. Religion in today's world is portrayed as the antithesis of rationality and science. Yet the so- called 'Father of Rationality' and one of the earliest documented rational enquirers into why we live the way we do was a man who based even his smallest actions on his Divine Sign or Revelation ‗At all previous times my familiar prophetic power, my spiritual manifestation, frequently opposed me, even in small matters, when I was about to do something wrong...‘ (Plato's Apology) Islam is clear on the question of Prophethood - God in The Holy Quran addresses Muhammad ﷺ and says: Verily We have sent thee with the Truth as a bearer of glad tidings and as a Warner; for there is no nation to whom a Warner has not been sent. If they treat thee as a liar their predecessors did the same. Whenever their Messengers came to them with clear Signs and with the Scriptures and with the Illuminating Book. The Holy Quran. al-Fatir [The Originator]: 25, 26. Was Socrates then among these Prophets - these Warners? What is the criteria of Prophethood in Islam and does Socrates fit the bill? How can Rationality and Revelation co- exist? If science is the Act of God and true religion the Word of God, should they not go hand in hand? Rehan Qayoom an active poet of both English and Urdu analysed and dissected what we know about Socrates to answer these questions and to, no doubt, raise a good many more on 7th February 2013 at University College London. The event was held by AMSA (Ahmadiyya Muslim Student‘s Association) and co-hosted by the UCLU Hellenic Society. The talk was followed by a Q & A and a dramatic rendition of a portion of The Apology. Ladies and gentleman, may I begin by confessing my ignorance, in the truest possible sense. I am not an academic or a professor of some sort though I am very often mistaken for one, nor in some sense a poet for which I am mistaken even more often. In that sense I am not really qualified to speak, there are still ample grounds for research into what I say tonight and I hope to convey a taste of the status of Socrates and his great personality in Islam, by looking at the references to him in hope that those who thirst for knowledge would derive benefit from those sources, those founts of gnosis. Many religious and secular intellectuals during the ages have justified by example, their belief in a God. During the general age known to us as the Axial Age the same problem had engaged the minds of Buddha, Confucius, Zoroaster, Lao Tzu, Homer, Heraclitus, Thucydides, Archimedes, Elijah, Isaiah, Jeremiah, and the authors of the Upanishads. In Athens, during this period the belief in a plethora of mythical deities flourished, deities who played tricks upon each other, upon humans, even told lies and put Heaven and Earth to ruin as attested by the classical epics of Homer and Virgil. The Holy Quran mentions this exact dilemma when it asks: Have they taken Gods from the Earth who give life? If there had been in them Gods other than Allah then both [that is the Heavens mentioned earlier and the Earth] would have ended up in chaos. Glorious then is Allah the Lord of the Throne far above what they attribute.1 In this polytheist society a man named Socrates was born in 469 BCE, the son of Sophroniscus (a stonemason) and Phaenarete (a midwife). As a child Socrates would have been schooled in the Homeric epics (The Iliad and The Odyssey) and received education in science, music and gymnastics. He was also a talented sculptor in his youth and his relief of the draped Graces stood on the road near the entrance to the Acropolis. The fourth successor to Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (peace be upon him), the founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community (who believe him to be the Promised Messiah, the grand unifier of the Latter Days) pays homage to Socrates in his magnum opus Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth in the following words: He was a prophet among philosophers and a philosopher among prophets. He believed in the unshakeable Unity of God. Of His absolute goodness he did not entertain the slightest doubt. This is what he pronounced during his last speech before the Athenian senate. He believed in God, the possessor of absolute goodness, not merely through his intellectual and metaphysical exercise, he believed because he had personally known Him as such, right from the early days 1 of his childhood. Nay, he was brought up in the very lap of God with His personal love and care. This was Socrates who also tackled this question with profound logic but it is a logic largely spent on proving the impossibility of any evil originating from God. When it came to the issue of evil and suffering in the world, he dismissed them as human errors, logically impossible to have emanated from Him. He had to be good, He was good and He could not be anything but good. Hence, evil must have been generated by earthly people, God having no share in their defiled practices. His answer was simple but left room for others to assail him 2 philosophically so that ultimately he could be driven to an indefensible position. The Holy Quran declares: So for every nation there is a Messenger. When their Messenger comes the issue between 3 them is judged equitably and they are not wronged. And We did raise among every people a Messenger enjoining the Worship of Allah and shunning of the transgressor. Then among them were those who were guided by Allah and among them were those who deserved their misguidance. So travel through the Earth and 4 observe the fate of those who opposed! Hazrat Mirza Tahir Ahmad – Khalifatul Masih IV argued in his book that Socrates was a prophet of the ancient Greeks. His apparently prophetic qualities, his character and personality are even today, a subject for academic debate. His constant reference to the Oracle and how his Divine Sign performs the active function of a moral compass, sometimes preventing him from unseemly acts could easily be taken as a reference to - or substitute for revelation, like other prophets of God he criticises the soothsayers of his time and the false claimants to knowledge. Socrates often referred to God in the singular as opposed to the plural and actively rejected the Greek pantheon of Gods and Goddesses, often citing them as examples of falseness. Socrates revered this One God, claiming unique insight into His attributes and names. Zeus, for example, the God of the Deucalion flood, is the same word as the Latin Deus and the Sanskrit Deva both meaning God. He reverences no oracle but the Delphic, sacred to Apollo and even that not without having tried and tested it and this has been acknowledged by Hazrat Khalifatul Masih IV but he says that these are the supreme deities and that a closer study would reveal that Socrates sometimes refers to the term gods but means angels or other supra-human spiritual forms of life. The Arabs at the time of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ were a similar polytheistic society with a trinity of mother Goddesses whose shrines were kept at Mecca, Taif, Dhul Khalasa and other places and they are reported in The Holy Quran to have said: 'Has he forged the gods into One God? That is surely astounding.'5 Moreover, when we look at the way in which Socrates speaks of other deities he does not speak of them in the way Homer does but rather as perfect beings revealed not in body but to the diligence of the mind, Socrates also challenged these classical myths of Homer and Hesiod which were like the Bible to the people of Greece. Socrates‘ God is wise and can never act immorally, never gets angry without a just cause, never lies and never rapes 2 women! Socrates said that he would always take the advice of his God and even his Companions would seek His advice and act accordingly. The Arab polymath al-Kindi wrote long essays on Socrates with titles ‗On the Virtue of Socrates‘, ‗Socrates‘ Pronouncements‘, ‗Of Socrates‘ Death‘. He wrote that ‗Without Socrates there would be no beauty in the world‘. There is a good book by Ilai Alon called Socrates Arabus about Socrates and his status among the Arabs. The second Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Community said, citing a Sufi work published by the Dairatul Maarifil Osmania: It is usually thought that no Prophets came to Greece so it is futile to go searching for a Prophet there but because The Holy Quran has stated in principle that every nation has been sent a Messenger so we can say that a prophet was also sent to Greece and when we ask the Greeks about this they cite Socrates in verification of the Quran, Allah be praised! History tells us that Socrates used to say that the angels descend upon him and converse with him. The government of the time who were idolatrous set a date to kill him and when a companion of his pleaded with him to escape and emigrate he replied that I have been informed by the 6 angels as to how my death will occur. How can I escape from this death? Socrates‘ daimon is very obviously an angel (from an Islamic perspective) acting as an intermediary between God and His Messengers, conveying the Divine Message. This word only adopted its negative connotations from as late as the fifth century AD with the arrival of Christianity. Neither Plato nor Xenophon refer to Socrates‘ Divine Revelation as a daemon in the modern sense. Homer says in The Iliad that these beings were believed to dwell on Mount Olympus with the Gods. In The Symposium, the Prophetess Diotima, Socrates‘ teacher, says that they are beings between the Divine and the mortal. Comparable to the Roman concept of the genius loci, the Spirit of the Place, which has come down to us in modern times as psychogeography. Hazrat Khalifatul Masih IV writes: There must have been prophets before and after him but of them we can only infer from some oblique references by Socrates himself. For instance, he is known to have said that he is not the only one from God who has been the recipient of revelation; there have been great men before who did the same to serve the cause of goodness. Again, he warns Athenians not to put him to death otherwise they would never see the like of him again, except if God so desires to 7 teach the right path to the Athenians by sending someone else. Socrates‘ style of teaching is known as the Socratic Method where he would first subject a person to vigorous grilling and then draw out a conclusion. The Chinese sage Confucius also conversed in a similar manner. Cicero writes in Tusculan Disputations that ‗Socrates was the first to call philosophy down from the heavens and set her in the cities of men and also into their homes and compel her to ask questions about life and morality and things good and evil.‘ Socrates was offered release on the condition that he stops preaching his version of the truth. His reply is recorded by Plato to have been 'Men of Athens, I honour and love you, but I shall obey God rather than you, and while I have life and strength I shall never cease from practicing and teaching philosophy and indicating the truth for everyone I meet.' This is the Nirvana reached by God's Prophets and their true followers. Death to them is merely a 3 gateway to their beloved's threshold, and life a mission towards it. Hazrat Khalifatul Masih IV writes that: This, the life after death, is certainly not what the secular philosophers talk about. This is the 8 main mission and occupation of the prophets of God.‘ Similarly, when a large delegation visited Abu Talib in whose home the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ stayed, and threatened to fight with him if he did not stop his nephew from preaching against their idols, offering in return any amount of wealth he wished for, large luxurious homes, and beautiful women. His uncle approached him saying that enough is enough 'Don't put my life and your life at risk, and don't burden me with what I can't bear.' Do you know what his reply was? His reply was 'Uncle, should they place the sun in my right hand and the moon in my left hand in return for abandoning my call, I wouldn't do anything of the sort till Allah brings about this message to triumph or till I perish.' At this point the prophet's eyes burst with tears and he turned to walk away when his uncle called him back and reassured him saying 'My nephew, you go and say whatever you like. I'll never withdraw my protection from you, and I'll never let you down.' In the concluding address to the Annual Ahmadiyya Convention in 1997 the fourth Caliph drew a comparison between a statement by the founder of the Community, Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (peace be upon him) who said ‗It is a condition for the Righteous to live their lives in poverty and meekness. This is a branch of Righteousness‘9: When I read this excerpt I thought of Socrates who gave the same message which was not understood by the people of his time expect by some and most philosophers who present the philosophy of Socrates before you still do not understand this point to this day. Socrates wandered the streets and said that 'You will only come to know when you first become ignorant. The journey towards knowledge is impossible without first being ignorant.' The people of the world would laugh at him and mock him saying 'What a foolish man he is, he calls us towards ignorance.' Socrates would say 'You are ignorant. Without even knowing it.' He would give examples of common Trades and crafts of the day. He would address the artisans. He used to ask them concerning the arts and crafts that were their livelihood whether they even knew about their craft or not. The common craftsman would be astonished. Thinking that we make such good things and he calls himself a philosopher and asks us if we know our own produce. How could we have made it without knowledge? What he meant was to point out that the God who has created you must have a purpose in doing so. If a good artisan, whatever he produces, is ignorant of its purpose he cannot benefit from making it. Even a person who fashions a ladder has the ability to do it for a purpose. So what he meant by ignorance was ignorance of one's own craft. For just as one has been created, so whatever one creates ought to be for a purpose and one ought to mould things to fit their purposes. If one is ignorant of the purpose then one is foolish and cannot create anything of value. Allah has created you and granted you consciousness, it is impossible for Him having done so for no reason. At least admit your ignorance before understanding the purpose. So Socrates (peace be upon him) who I believe to be a prophet of Allah, I haven't an iota of doubt in my heart, was not a worldly philosopher but he spoke in parables those things that are said by Prophets. Just as Prophet Jesus (peace and salutations be upon him) used to preach to the world in parables. At least acknowledge your ignorance before God, at least say that 'O God! You know and we do not know.' Only when you will grasp the hand of one who knows will you achieve everything. If you will not even acknowledge your ignorance and are 4 10 lost in your own ego then you cannot achieve anything in the world. It can be argued that Socrates was not just an invention of Plato‘s creative mind and that of his contemporaries. Socrates did not write a single word but we have enough historical proof to emphasise that he existed just as we do today. Socrates is there, not only in the works of Plato but also of Xenophon, Aristophanes, Aristotle and others who saw and knew him and were his Companions. He exists by virtue of his words and his works and yet he is still not altogether there. Socrates is an allusive character and it could be argued that like another great thinker and Prophet of his time, the Buddha, was opposed to the cult of personality. We know close to nothing about the Buddha as a person. His followers give all importance to his teachings which they strived to preserve instead of his personality. Buddha too was accused of disbelieving the Gods of the Brahmans. And similarly we know very little about Socrates as a person. A modern novelist has compared him to a doughnut ―Gloriously rich with a whacking hole in the middle where the central character should be‖.11 Karen Armstrong writes in her life of the Buddha: Some Buddhists might say that to write a biography of Siddhartha Gautama is a very un- Buddhist thing to do. In their view, no authority should be revered, however august; Buddhists must motivate themselves and rely on their own efforts, not on a charismatic leader. One ninth century master, who founded the Lin-Chi line of Zen Buddhism, even went so far as to command his disciples 'if you meet the Buddha, Kill the Buddha!‘ To emphasis the importance of maintaining this independence from authority figures. Gautama might not have approved of the violence of this sentiment, but throughout his life he fought against this the cult of personality, and endlessly deflected the attention of his disciples from himself. It was not his life and personality but his teaching that was important. He believed that he had 12 woken up to a truth that was inscribed in the deepest structure of existence. We ought to give these Companions of the great philosopher the benefit of the doubt. On the website of the Greek Archaeological Society there is a project documenting the fascinating correlation of modern archaeological discoveries conforming in the main to Plato‘s narrative such as the site of Simon‘s shoe shop or the prison quarters where Socrates would have been held. Bettany Hughes argues at the beginning of her masterpiece of a biography that if Socrates did not, in fact, exist, if he had been a mere fiction of his age such as Sherlock Holmes, Rumpole or some such: … Plato would have been laughed out of the Academy he set up in around 387 BCE, and out of history. Plato, along with Xenophon and Aristophanes, wrote for their fifth and fourth- century peers – for men who were contemporaries of Socrates, many of whom were intimately involved in the philosopher‘s life and eye witnesses to the events of the age. Downright lies just wouldn‘t have washed. But Plato‘s reputation now has archaeology on its side. His philosophies work on many levels, but the hard facts they contain were certainly not all a lie. Archaeological digs – each year – are substantiating and backing up in precise detail the picture of fifth-century Athens that Plato so skilfully and energetically painted just after Socrates‘ death, 2,400 years ago. For the first time, for example, we can walk beside the narrow streets that lie under the new Acropolis Museum and across the Painted Stoa (a covered area or walkway where Plato, as a young, impressionable man, sat and listened to Socrates speak. The ancient stones match 13 Plato‘s ancient words. 5 Socrates spirited through Athens like a meteor, carousing and making its dull inhabitants comprehend the beauty of his blazing mind. Diogenes Laertius tells us that he would often pass through the bazaars looking at the wares and wondering how many things he could do without! In the powerful speech he gave at his trial that has come down to us in the versions of Plato and Xenophon he declared ‗Not even the impudence of my accusers dares to say that I have ever exacted or sought pay of any one; they have no witness of that. And I have a witness of the truth of what I say; my poverty is a sufficient witness.‘ The Holy Quran has spoken of this treatment which is common to all the Prophets of God and says: And We never sent a Warner to any township but the wealthy ones thereof said, ‗Surely, we 14 disbelieve in what you have been sent with.‘ Socrates taught (as recorded by Plato in The Republic) that ‗Wisdom is wealth‘ and that ‗Wealth is the parent of luxury and indolence‘. Though an eccentric he never lost his modesty, debating, question, even teasing. Yet sometimes he would be found frozen in a trance-like silence, stern as a statue, sometimes for an entire day, regardless of the cold weather. Alcibiades once caught him in this transfixed state. He reports in The Symposium: …Once I caught him when he was open like Silenus' statues, and I had a glimpse of the figures he keeps hidden on the inside: they were so godlike -- so bright and beautiful, so utterly amazing -- that I no longer had a choice: I just had to do whatever he told me. Many gossiped that he was possessed as said also of other Prophets. The Holy Quran records this whisper in the words ‗And yet they turned from him saying ‗He is tutored, he is possessed?‘15 He was able to laugh them off. The Holy Quran states: And We sent Messengers before you among various denominations of yore. But there never came to them any Messenger but they mocked at him.16 This same verse occurs again in Sura‘ al-Zukhruf [The Gold Adornments] but with Prophet instead of Messenger, incidentally the Ahmadiyya view is that the titles of Prophet and Messenger are not for distinct offices but are actually synonymous. In the same chapter it goes on to state: Nay they say ‗We found our fathers following a tradition, and we are guided by their footsteps.‘ And thus it is that We never sent any Warner before thee to any township but the prosperous thereof said: ‗We found our ancestors set upon a way and we are just following in 17 their footsteps.‘ The Holy Quran condemns poets who claim to be transcendent philosophers instead of leading a world of connection and not one of degeneracy leading to separation but exempts those revealing the essential holistic nature of life and the arts: And it is the erring ones who follow the poets. Dost thou not see how they wander distracted in every valley? And that they say what they do not do? Excepting those who believe and act virtuously and remember Allah much and lambast after they are wronged. For the evil ones will soon know to what place 6 18 they shall return. And We have not taught him poetry nor does it befit him. It is but a Reminder and a Quran 19 offering illumination. 20 And they said ‗Shall we give up our gods for a mad poet?‘ 21 And it is not the word of a poet; how little you believe! Hazrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (peace be upon him), the Holy founder of the Ahmadiyya Community also received revelation from God in the words ‗There is something in what you say to which the poets have no access.‘22 Poetry is unconcerned with telling but extends our knowledge of good and evil emphasising the urgency of a need for action but leaving one with a choice. The poet W. H. Auden writes: Those who go to poetry expecting a complete guide to religion, or morals or political action, will very soon be disillusioned and condemn poets, though what they are really condemning is their own attitude toward poetry. The primary function of poetry, as of all the arts, is to make us most aware of ourselves and the world around us. I think it makes us more human, and I am quite certain it makes us more difficult to deceive, which is why, perhaps, all totalitarian theories of the state, from Plato downwards, have deeply mistrusted the arts.23 As in the Quran it becomes obvious that Plato, too, is only condemning certain kinds of poets. I would argue that Plato in The Republic is only condemning certain kinds of poets without naming them because elsewhere the great classical poets especially Sappho who Plato is said to have called ‗the tenth Muse‘ and Homer, who Socrates calls ‗the great captain and teacher of the whole of that charming tragic company;‘ Hesiod and Pindar have been given due praise, their works were sacred texts for the Greek citizens as were the fables of Aesop which Socrates turned into songs in fulfilment of the Divine commandment to make music in his last hours.24 Michel de Montaign said ‗There is nothing more notable in Socrates than that he found time, when he was an old man, to learn music and dancing, and thought it time well spent‘. Socrates imagined dancing to Aspasia's tune, (France, 1842). Socrates would set out at dawn visiting the colonnades, gymnasia and market-places of the city where he knew he could find people. Xenophon writes in his Memorabilia that at such times Socrates would not keep quiet; he would talk and talk and talk. Plato records Socrates as saying in the Euthyphro ‗I fear that because of my love of people they think that I not only pour myself out copiously to anyone and everyone without payment, but that I would even pay something myself if anyone would listen to me.‘ This again is characteristic of Prophets. God addresses Prophet Muhammad ﷺ in The Holy Quran on more than one occasion, saying: So haply wilt thou worry thyself to death for sorrow over them if they believe not in this 25 Discourse. Socrates compares himself to the gadfly. He says: I am not going to argue for my own sake, as you may think, but for yours, that you may not sin against the God, or lightly reject his boon by condemning me. For if you kill me you will not easily find another like me, who, if I may use such a ludicrous figure of speech, am a sort of gadfly, given to the state by the God; and the state is like a great and noble steed who is tardy in his motions owing to his very size, and requires to be stirred into life. I am that gadfly which God has given the state and all day long and in all places am always fastening upon you, arousing and persuading and reproaching you. And as you will not easily find another 26 like me. As at the time of other Prophets Athens was also hit by a devastating plague during the second year of the Peloponnesian war. Diogenes Laertius says that Socrates was the only man to escape alive, he returned from the war with his companion Alcibiades whose life he had saved during the war to find an Athens ravaged by plague in its second year! It is sad that their relationship is only ever seen in a post-Freudian context or has to be sexualised in this age for example from Socrates‘ saying that ‗I had a brief association with the son of Anytus and I found him not lacking in firmness of spirit‘27 it is taken that ‗association‘ (because it is not defined) can only mean that they had an homosexual affair. When in fact, Socrates was quite happily married to 2 women, Xanthippe and Myrto and sired 3 sons. Much has been made of Socrates‘ relationship with Alcibiades but when one examines the sources it becomes apparent that his close affiliation with his Companions is not unusual amongst the followers of Prophets and their ardent devotees and in any case Socrates does not respond to the advances. Similar incidents can be traced in the lives of Jesus and of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and are also related in the biographies of the founder of the Ahmadiyya Community that are far removed from anything other than perfect devotion to a spiritual guide. This is clearly evident from the wonderful praise Alcibiades lavishes upon his master at the Symposium: … you will never find anyone else like Socrates or any ideas like his ideas. Not today, not in days gone by. 8