Sociology A Down-to-Earth Approach Thirteenth Edition James M. Henslin Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo A01_HENS5571_13_SE_FM.indd 1 11/19/15 4:31 PM VP, Product Development: Dickson Musslewhite Marketing Assistant, Product Marketing: Samantha Senior Acquisitions Editor: Billy J. 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Description: Thirteenth edition. | Boston : Pearson Education, [2017] Identifiers: LCCN 2015043067 | ISBN 9780134205571 Subjects: LCSH: Sociology. Classification: LCC HM586. H45 2017 | DDC 301–dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015043067 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Student Edition: ISBN-10: 0-13-420557-X ISBN-13: 978-0-13-420557-1 Books A La Carte ISBN 10: 0-13-420559-6 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-420559-5 A01_HENS5571_13_SE_FM.indd 2 11/23/15 2:12 PM To my fellow sociologists, who do such creative research on social life and who communicate the sociological imagination to generations of students. With my sincere admiration and appreciation, A01_HENS5571_13_SE_FM.indd 3 11/24/15 12:14 AM Brief Contents 1 The Sociological Perspective 1 12 Race and Ethnicity 326 2 Culture 34 13 The Elderly 365 3 Socialization 63 14 The Economy 394 4 Social Structure and Social 15 Politics 427 Interaction 96 16 Marriage and Family 459 5 How Sociologists Do Research 127 17 Education 493 6 Societies to Social Networks 148 18 Religion 520 7 Bureaucracy and Formal Organizations 174 19 Medicine and Health 555 8 Deviance and Social Control 196 20 Population and Urbanization 587 9 Global Stratification 228 21 Collective Behavior and Social Movements 622 10 Social Class in the United States 261 22 Social Change and the 11 Sex and Gender 294 Environment 648 iv A01_HENS5571_13_SE_FM.indd 4 11/24/15 12:14 AM Contents To the Student . . . from the Author xix Putting the Theoretical Perspectives Together 29 To the Instructor . . . from the Author xx Levels of Analysis: Macro and Micro 29 About the Author xxxi Trends Shaping the Future of Sociology 30 1 The Sociological Perspective 1 Sociology’s Tension: Research versus Reform 30 thrEE stAgEs in sociology  30 • DivErsity of  oriEntAtions  30 The Sociological Perspective 3 Globalization 31 Seeing the Broader Social Context 3 ApplicAtion of gloBAlizAtion to this tExt  31 The Global Context—and the Local 4 summary and review  31 Sociology and the Other Sciences 5 thinking critically about chapter 1 33 The Natural Sciences 5 The Social Sciences 5 Anthropology  6 • Economics  6 • politicAl  2 Culture 34 sciEncE  6 • psychology   6 • sociology 6 What Is Culture? 36 The Goals of Science 7 Culture and Taken-for-Granted Orientations to Life 36 The Risks of Being a Sociologist 8 Practicing Cultural Relativism 38 Origins of Sociology 8 AttAck on culturAl rElAtivism  42 Tradition versus Science 8 Components of Symbolic Culture 42 Auguste Comte and Positivism 9 Gestures 42 Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism 9 misunDErstAnDing AnD offEnsE 42 • univErsAl  Karl Marx and Class Conflict 10 gEsturEs? 43 Emile Durkheim and Social Integration 11 Language 43 Applying DurkhEim  12 lAnguAgE Allows humAn ExpEriEncE to BE  Max Weber and the Protestant Ethic 13 cumulAtivE 44 • lAnguAgE proviDEs A sociAl  rEligion AnD thE origin of cApitAlism  13 or shArED pAst 44 • lAnguAgE proviDEs A sociAl  or shArED futurE 44 • lAnguAgE Allows shArED  Values in Sociological Research 13 pErspEctivEs 44 • lAnguAgE Allows shArED,  Verstehen and Social Facts 14 goAl-DirEctED BEhAvior 45 Weber and Verstehen 14 Language and Perception: The Sapir–Whorf Hypothesis 46 Durkheim and Social Facts 15 Values, Norms, and Sanctions 46 How Social Facts and Verstehen Fit Together 15 Folkways, Mores, and Taboos 48 Sociology in North America 16 Many Cultural Worlds 49 Sexism at the Time: Women in Early Sociology 16 Subcultures 49 Racism at the Time: W. E. B. Du Bois 18 Countercultures 52 Jane Addams: Sociologist and Social Reformer 20 Values in U.S. Society 52 Talcott Parsons and C. Wright Mills: An Overview of U.S. Values 52 Theory versus Reform 20 Value Clusters 53 The Continuing Tension: Basic, Applied, and Public Value Contradictions 53 Sociology 21 An Emerging Value Cluster 54 BAsic sociology  21 • AppliED sociology  21 • puBlic  When Values Clash 55 sociology  21 • sociAl rEform is risky  22 Values as Distorting Lenses 55 Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology 23 “Ideal” versus “Real” Culture 55 Symbolic Interactionism 24 Cultural Universals 56 symBols in EvEryDAy lifE  24 • Applying symBolic  intErActionism  24 •  Sociobiology and Human Behavior 57 Functional Analysis 26 Technology in the Global Village 58 roBErt mErton AnD functionAlism  26 • Applying  The New Technology 58 functionAl AnAlysis  26 Cultural Lag and Cultural Change 58 Conflict Theory 28 Technology and Cultural Leveling 60 kArl mArx AnD conflict thEory  28 • conflict thEory  summary and review 61 toDAy  28 • fEminists AnD conflict thEory  28 •  thinking critically about chapter 2 62 Applying conflict thEory  29 v A01_HENS5571_13_SE_FM.indd 5 11/19/15 4:31 PM vi  contents 3 Socialization 63 The Older Years (about age 65 on) 92 thE trAnsitionAl olDEr yEArs (AgEs 65–74) 92 •  Society Makes Us Human 65 thE lAtEr olDEr yEArs (AgE 75 or so on) 93 Feral Children 65 Applying the Sociological Perspective to the Life Course 93 Isolated Children 66 Are We Prisoners of Socialization? 93 Institutionalized Children 67 summary and review 94 thE orphAnAgE ExpErimEnt in thE unitED stAtEs 67 •  thinking critically about chapter 3 95 thE orphAnAgE ExpErimEnt in romAniA 68 • timing  AnD humAn DEvElopmEnt 68 Deprived Animals 69 4 Social Structure and Social Interaction 96 Socialization into the Self and Mind 70 Levels of Sociological Analysis 98 Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self 70 Macrosociology and Microsociology 98 Mead and Role Taking 70 Piaget and the Development of Reasoning 72 The Macrosociological Perspective: Social Structure 99 Global Aspects of the Self and Reasoning 73 The Sociological Significance of Social Structure 99 Culture 101 Learning Personality, Morality, and Emotions 73 Social Class 101 Freud and the Development of Personality 73 Social Status 101 sociologicAl EvAluAtion 74 Kohlberg and the Development of Morality 74 stAtus sEts 101 • AscriBED AnD AchiEvED  stAtusEs 101 • stAtus symBols 102 • mAstEr  kohlBErg’s thEory 74 • criticisms of  stAtusEs 102 • stAtus inconsistEncy 102 kohlBErg 75 • rEsEArch with BABiEs 75 • thE  Roles 103 culturAl rElAtivity of morAlity 75 Socialization into Emotions 75 Groups 103 gloBAl Emotions 75 • ExprEssing Emotions:  Social Institutions 104 “gEnDEr rulEs” 75 • thE ExtEnt of “fEEling  Comparing Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives 105 rulEs” 76 • whAt wE fEEl  76 • rEsEArch nEEDED 76 thE functionAlist pErspEctivE 105 • thE conflict  Society within Us: The Self and Emotions as  pErspEctivE 106  Social Control 77 Changes in Social Structure 106 Socialization into Gender 77 What Holds Society Together? 106 Learning the Gender Map 77 mEchAnicAl AnD orgAnic soliDArity 106 Gender Messages in the Family 77 • Gemeinschaft AnD Gesellschaft 107 • how rElEvAnt ArE thEsE concEpts toDAy? 107 pArEnts 77 • toys AnD plAy 78 • sAmE-sEx pArEnts 80 The Microsociological Perspective: Social Interaction in Gender Messages from Peers 80 Everyday Life 109 Gender Messages in the Mass Media 80 Symbolic Interaction 109 tElEvision, moviEs, AnD cArtoons 81 stErEotypEs in EvEryDAy lifE 109 • pErsonAl  • viDEo gAmEs 81 • ADvErtising 81 spAcE 113 • EyE contAct 114 •  smiling 114 • BoDy lAnguAgE 114 • AppliED BoDy lAnguAgE 114 Agents of Socialization 83 Dramaturgy: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life 114 The Family 83 stAgEs 115 • rolE pErformAncE, conflict, AnD  sociAl clAss AnD typE of work 83 strAin  115 • sign-vEhiclEs 115 • tEAmwork 116 • sociAl clAss AnD plAy 83 • BEcoming thE rolEs wE plAy 118 • Applying  The Neighborhood 84 imprEssion mAnAgEmEnt 118 Religion 84 Ethnomethodology: Uncovering Background Day Care 84 Assumptions 119 The School 85 The Social Construction of Reality 120 Peer Groups 85  • gynEcologicAl ExAminAtions 120 The Workplace 88 The Need for both Macrosociology and Microsociology 122 Resocialization 88 summary and review 125 Total Institutions 88 thinking critically about chapter 4 126 Socialization through the Life Course 90 5 How Sociologists Do Research 127 Childhood (from birth to about age 12) 90 Adolescence (ages 13–17) 91 What Is a Valid Sociological Topic? 129 Transitional Adulthood (ages 18–29) 91 Common Sense and the Need for Sociological Research 129 “Bring your pArEnts to work DAy.” 92 A Research Model 129 The Middle Years (ages 30–65) 92 1. Selecting a Topic 130 thE EArly miDDlE yEArs (AgEs 30–49) 92 2. Defining the Problem 130 • thE lAtEr miDDlE yEArs (AgEs 50–65) 92 A01_HENS5571_13_SE_FM.indd 6 11/19/15 4:31 PM contents vii 3. Reviewing the Literature 130 Leadership 167 4. Formulating a Hypothesis 130 who BEcomEs A lEADEr? 167 • typEs of lEADErs 167  5. Choosing a Research Method 130 • lEADErship stylEs 168 • lEADErship stylEs in  chAnging situAtions 168 6. Collecting the Data 130 The Power of Peer Pressure: The Asch Experiment 169 7. Analyzing the Results 131 The Power of Authority: The Milgram Experiment 170 8. Sharing the Results 131 Global Consequences of Group Dynamics: Research Methods (Designs) 131 Groupthink 171 Surveys 133 prEvEnting groupthink 172 sElEcting A sAmplE 133 • Asking nEutrAl  summary and review 172 QuEstions 134 • QuEstionnAirEs AnD  intErviEws 134 • EstABlishing rApport 136 thinking critically about chapter 6 173 Participant Observation (Fieldwork) 136 Case Studies 137 Secondary Analysis 137 7 Bureaucracy and Formal Analysis of Documents 137 Experiments 139 Organizations 174 Unobtrusive Measures 141 The Rationalization of Society 176 Deciding Which Method to Use 141 Why Did Society Make a Deep Shift in Human Controversy in Sociological Research 141 Relationships? 176 Gender in Sociological Research 143 lifE in trADitionAl sociEtiEs 176 • thE shift  Ethics in Sociological Research 143 to rAtionAlity As sociEtiEs inDustriAlizED 176 Protecting the Subjects: The Brajuha Research 144 Marx: Capitalism Broke Tradition 178 Misleading the Subjects: The Humphreys Research 144 Weber: Religion Broke Tradition 178 How Research and Theory Work Together 145 thE two viEws toDAy 178 The Real World: When the Ideal Meets the Real 145 Formal Organizations and Bureaucracies 179 summary and review  147 Formal Organizations 179 thinking critically about chapter 5  147 The Characteristics of Bureaucracies 179 “Ideal” versus “Real” Bureaucracy 181 6 Societies to Social Networks 148 Goal Displacement and the Perpetuation of Bureaucracies 183 Societies and Their Transformation 150 Dysfunctions of Bureaucracies 184 Hunting and Gathering Societies 150 rED tApE: A rulE is A rulE 184 • lAck of  Pastoral and Horticultural Societies 152 communicAtion BEtwEEn units 184 Agricultural Societies 152 • BurEAucrAtic incompEtEncE 184 Industrial Societies 153 Alienation of Workers 185 Postindustrial (Information) Societies 154 cAusEs of AliEnAtion 185 • thE AliEnAtED  Biotech Societies: Is a New Type of BurEAucrAt 186 • rEsisting AliEnAtion 186 Society Emerging? 154 Voluntary Associations 187 Groups within Society 156 Functions of Voluntary Associations 187 Primary Groups 158 Motivations for Joining 188 proDucing A mirror within 158 The Inner Circle and the “Iron Law” of Oligarchy 188 Secondary Groups 158 thE innEr circlE 188 • thE iron lAw of  In-Groups and Out-Groups 158 oligArchy  188 shAping pErcEption AnD morAlity 159 Working for the Corporation 189 Reference Groups 159 Humanizing the Work Setting 189 EvAluAting oursElvEs 160 • ExposurE to  workEr EmpowErmEnt 189 • corporAtE chilD  contrADictory stAnDArDs in A sociAlly DivErsE  cArE 190 • thE conflict pErspEctivE 190 • workErs’  sociEty 160 AttEmpts to humAnizE work 190 Social Networks 160 Fads in Corporate Culture 190 AppliED nEtwork AnAlysis 161 • thE smAll worlD  Self-Fulfilling Stereotypes in the “Hidden” phEnomEnon 161 • is thE smAll worlD phEnomEnon  Corporate Culture 192 An AcADEmic myth? 162 • BuilDing unintEntionAl  sElf-fulfilling stErEotypEs AnD promotions 192 BArriErs 162 Diversity in the Workplace 192 Group Dynamics 162 Technology and the Maximum-Security Society 193 Effects of Group Size on Stability and Intimacy 163 summary and review 195 Effects of Group Size on Attitudes and Behavior 164 thinking critically about chapter 7 195 lABorAtory finDings AnD thE rEAl worlD 165 A01_HENS5571_13_SE_FM.indd 7 11/19/15 4:31 PM viii  contents 8 Deviance and Social Control 196 cAusEs of slAvEry 231 • conDitions of  slAvEry 231 • BonDED lABor in thE nEw  worlD 232 • slAvEry in thE nEw  What Is Deviance? 198 worlD 232 • slAvEry toDAy 232 thE rElAtivity of DEviAncE 198 • A nEutrAl  Caste 233 tErm 198 • stigmA 199 inDiA’s rEligious cAstEs 233 • south AfricA 234 How Norms Make Social Life Possible 199 • A u.s. rAciAl cAstE systEm 235 Sanctions 200 Estate 236 Competing Explanations of Deviance: Sociobiology, womEn in thE EstAtE systEm 236 Psychology, and Sociology 200 Class 236 BiosociAl ExplAnAtions 201 • psychologicAl  Global Stratification and the Status of Females 237 ExplAnAtions 201 • sociologicAl  ExplAnAtions 201 The Global Superclass 237 The Symbolic Interactionist Perspective 201 What Determines Social Class? 238 Differential Association Theory 202 Karl Marx: The Means of Production 238 ThE ThEory 202 • fAmiliEs 202 • friEnDs,  Max Weber: Property, Power, and Prestige 239 nEighBorhooDs, AnD suBculturEs 202 Why Is Social Stratification Universal? 240 • DiffErEntiAl AssociAtion in thE cyBEr  The Functionalist View: Motivating Qualified People 240 AgE 203 • prison or frEEDom? 203 Control Theory 203 DAvis AnD moorE’s ExplAnAtion 240 • tumin’s  critiQuE of DAvis AnD moorE 240 ThE ThEory 203 • Applying control thEory 204 The Conflict Perspective: Class Conflict and Labeling Theory 204 Scarce Resources 241 rEjEcting lABEls: how pEoplE nEutrAlizE  moscA’s ArgumEnt 241 • mArx’s ArgumEnt  242  DEviAncE 204 • Applying nEutrAlizAtion 206 •  • currEnt ApplicAtions of conflict thEory 242 EmBrAcing lABEls: thE ExAmplE of  Lenski’s Synthesis 242 outlAw BikErs 206 • lABEls cAn BE  powErful 207 • how Do lABEls work? 208 How Do Elites Maintain Stratification? 243 The Functionalist Perspective 208 Soft Control versus Force 243 Can Deviance Really Be Functional for Society? 208 controlling pEoplE’s iDEAs 243  Strain Theory: How Mainstream Values • controlling informAtion 244 • stifling  Produce Deviance 209 criticism 244 • Big BrothEr  tEchnology 244  four DEviAnt pAths 210 Comparative Social Stratification 245 Illegitimate Opportunity Structures: Social Social Stratification in Great Britain 245 Class and Crime 211 Social Stratification in the Former strEEt crimE 211 • whitE-collAr  crimE 211 • gEnDEr AnD crimE 213  Soviet Union 245 The Conflict Perspective 214 Global Stratification: Three Worlds 246 Class, Crime, and the Criminal Justice System 214 thE proBlEm with tErms 247 The Criminal Justice System as an Instrument The Most Industrialized Nations 247 of Oppression 214 The Industrializing Nations 250 Reactions to Deviance 216 The Least Industrialized Nations 251 Street Crime and Prisons 216 Modifying the Model 251 The Decline in Violent Crime 218 How Did the World’s Nations Become  Recidivism 219 Stratified? 254 The Death Penalty and Bias 220 Colonialism 254 gEogrAphy 220 • sociAl clAss 220 •  World System Theory 254 gEnDEr 220 • rAcE–Ethnicity 222 Culture of Poverty 256 The Trouble with Official Statistics 223 Evaluating the Theories 256 The Medicalization of Deviance: Maintaining Global Stratification 257 Mental Illness 224 Neocolonialism 257 nEithEr mEntAl nor illnEss? 224 • thE homElEss  mEntAlly ill 225 rElEvAncE toDAy 257 The Need for a More Humane Approach 226 Multinational Corporations 257 summary and review 226 Buying politicAl stABility 258 • unAnticipAtED  consEQuEncEs 258 thinking critically about chapter 8 227 Technology and Global Domination 258 9 Global Stratification 228 Strains in the Global System 259 summary and review 259 Systems of Social Stratification 230 thinking critically about chapter 9 260 260 Slavery 231 A01_HENS5571_13_SE_FM.indd 8 11/19/15 4:31 PM contents ix 10 Social Class in the United States 261 A mEDicAl AcciDEnt  298 • thE viEtnAm vEtErAns  stuDy 299 • morE rEsEArch on humAns 299 What Is Social Class? 263 Gender Inequality in Global Perspective 300 Property 263 How Did Females Become a Minority Group? 301 Distinguishing BEtwEEn wEAlth AnD incomE 263  humAn rEproDuction 301 • hAnD-to-hAnD comBAt 303 • DistriBution of propErty 264 • DistriBution  • which onE? 303 • continuing DominAncE 303 of incomE 264 Sex Typing of Work 303 Power 266 Gender and the Prestige of Work 304 thE DEmocrAtic fAcADE 266 • thE powEr ElitE 266 Other Areas of Global Discrimination 304 Prestige 268 thE gloBAl gAp in EDucAtion 304 • thE gloBAl  occupAtions AnD prEstigE 268 • DisplAying  gAp in politics 304 • thE gloBAl gAp in pAy 307 prEstigE 268 • gloBAl violEncE AgAinst womEn 307 Status Inconsistency 269 Gender Inequality in the United States 308 Sociological Models of Social Class 270 Fighting Back: The Rise of Feminism 308 Updating Marx 270 Gender Inequality in Everyday Life 311 Updating Weber 272 DEvAluAtion of things fEmininE 311 thE cApitAlist clAss 273 • thE uppEr-miDDlE  Gender Inequality in Health Care 311 clAss 273 • thE lowEr-miDDlE clAss 274 • thE  Gender Inequality in Education 313 working clAss 274 • thE working poor 274 •  thE pAst 313 • A funDAmEntAl chAngE 313 • gEnDEr  thE unDErclAss 275 trAcking 314 • grADuAtE school AnD BEyonD 314 Consequences of Social Class 275 Gender Inequality in the Workplace 316 Physical Health 276 The Pay Gap 316 Mental Health 276 historicAl BAckgrounD 316 • gEogrAphicAl  Family Life 276 fActors 317 • thE “tEstostEronE Bonus” 317 choicE of husBAnD or wifE 277 • rEAsons for thE gEnDEr pAy gAp 319 • thE cEo  • DivorcE 277 • chilD rEAring 277 powEr gAp 320 Education 277 Is the Glass Ceiling Cracking? 320 Religion 277 thE womEn who BrEAk through 320 • AnD thE futurE? 320 Politics 278 Sexual Harassment—and Worse 321 Crime and Criminal Justice 278 lABEls AnD pErcEption 321 • not just A  Social Mobility 279 “mAn thing” 321 • sExuAl oriEntAtion 321 Three Types of Social Mobility 279 Gender and Violence 321 Women in Studies of Social Mobility 280 Violence against Women 321 The Pain of Social Mobility 280 forciBlE rApE 321 • DAtE (AcQuAintAncE)  Poverty 283 rApE 322 • murDEr 323 • violEncE in  thE homE 323 • fEminism AnD gEnDErED  Drawing the Poverty Line 283 violEncE 323 • solutions 323 Who Are the Poor? 284 The Changing Face of Politics 323 thE gEogrAphy of povErty  284 Glimpsing the Future—with Hope 324 rAcE–Ethnicity  286 • EDucAtion  286 • thE fEminizAtion of povErty  286 • olD AgE  287 summary and review 324 Children of Poverty 287 thinking critically about chapter 11 325 The Dynamics of Poverty versus the Culture of Poverty 287 12 Race and Ethnicity 326 Why Are People Poor? 289 Deferred Gratification 289 Laying the Sociological Foundation 328 Where Is Horatio Alger? The Social Functions of a Myth 290 Race: Myth and Reality 328 Peering into the Future: Will We Live in a thE rEAlity of humAn vAriEty 328 • thE myth of purE  Three-Tier Society? 291 rAcEs 328 • thE myth of A fixED numBEr of rAcEs 328 • thE myth of rAciAl supEriority 328 • thE myth  summary and review 292 continuEs 331 thinking critically about chapter 10 293 Ethnic Groups 331 Minority Groups and Dominant Groups 332 11 Sex and Gender 294 not sizE, But DominAncE AnD DiscriminAtion 332 • EmErgEncE of minority groups 332 Issues of Sex and Gender 296 Ethnic Work: Constructing Our Racial–Ethnic Identity 332 thE sociologicAl significAncE of gEnDEr 296 Prejudice and Discrimination 333 Gender Differences in Behavior: Biology or Culture? 296 Learning Prejudice 333 The Dominant Position in Sociology 298 Distinguishing BEtwEEn prEjuDicE AnD  Opening the Door to Biology 298 DiscriminAtion 333 • lEArning prEjuDicE  A01_HENS5571_13_SE_FM.indd 9 11/19/15 4:31 PM