Socialism: Utopian and Scientific Frederick Engels Foreign Languages Press Foreign Languages Press Collection “Foundations” #4 Contact – [email protected] https://foreignlanguages.press Paris, 2020 ISBN: 978-2-491182-23-6 This edition of Socialism: Utopian and Scientific is a reprint of the First Edition, Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1975. This book is under license Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Contents Foreword to the French Edition 1 Karl Marx Preface to the First German Edition 5 Preface to the Fourth German Edition 9 Introduction to the English Edition 11 Socialism: Utopian and Scientific 37 Chapter 1 39 Chapter 2 55 Chapter 3 65 Foreword to the French Edition Foreword to the French Edition1 Karl Marx The pages included in this brochure, first published in the form of three articles in the Revue Socialiste,2 have been selected and translated from Frederick Engels’ latest work Revolution in Science.34 Frederick Engels, one of the most outstanding representatives of modern socialism, came to people’s attention in 1844 for his “Out- line of a Critique of Political Economy”, which first appeared in the Deutsch-Französische Jabrbücher5 published by Marx and Ruge in Paris. In the “Outline” some general principles of scientific socialism were already formulated. In Manchester, where he was living at the time, Engels wrote in German The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845), an important work to which Marx pays a deserved tribute in his Capital. During his first stay in England, and also later from Brussels, he contributed to the Northern Star, the official organ of the socialist 1. The Foreword to the French Edition of Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, written by Marx in French around May 4-5, 1880, was first published under the signature of Paul Lafar- gue, who had prepared the French translation of Engels’ pamphlet. On Marx’s manu- script there is a postscript written by Marx to Lafargue, stating that the introduction was a result of consultation with Engels, and asking Lafargue to “correct the wording, leave the facts intact”. 2. La Revue Socialiste (The Socialist Review)—a monthly founded by Benoit Malon, a French petty-bourgeois socialist, who later became a Possibilist (this opportunist trend proposed limiting the workers’ struggle to the “possible”—hence the name). First as the organ of the republican socialists and then as that of the syndicalists and the co-operative movement, La Revue Socialiste was published in 1880 in Lyons and Paris and from 1885 to 1914 in Paris. Marx and Engels wrote for the magazine in the 1880s. 3. The following was added to the foreword to the French edition signed by Lafargue: “The author has gone through these pages, and has further developed his argument in sev- eral places in the third part, in order to make the dialectical development of the economic forces of capitalist production more intelligible to the French reader.” —Ed. 4. Engels, Anti-Dühring. Herr Eugen Dühring’s Revolution in Science. 5. Deutsch-Französische Jahrhücher (German-French Yearbooks)—a German publica- tion edited by Karl Marx and Arnold Ruge. Actually, only one issue, a double num- ber, came out in February 1844. In addition to Marx’s “Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie. Einleitung” (“A Contribution to a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. Introduction”), the issue contained other essays by Marx and Engels, which marked the authors’ adoption of a materialist and communist standpoint. 1 Socialism: Utopian and Scientific movement, and to Robert Owen’s New Moral World. During his stay in Brussels, he and Marx founded the Commu- nist Association of German Workers,6 which was in touch with the Flemish and Waloon workers’ clubs; and together with Bornstedt, they founded the Deutsche-Brüsseler-Zeitung.7 On the invitation of its Ger- man Committee (resident in London), they joined the League of the Just, which was originally founded by Karl Schapper after he was forced to flee from France for his part in the Blanqui conspiracy in 1839. Thereafter the League, ridding itself of the traditional form of a secret society, was reorganized into the international Communist League. Nev- ertheless, under the prevailing circumstances the League had to be kept secret from the governments. In 1847, at the International Congress called by the League in London, Marx and Engels were commissioned to draw up the Manifesto of the Communist Party, which was published shortly before the February Revolution and translated almost immedi- ately into all the European languages.8 In the same year they worked for the establishment of the Brussels Democratic Association, an international open society where the repre- sentatives of bourgeois radicals rubbed shoulders with socialist workers. After the February Revolution, Engels became one of the editors 6. This refers to the German Workers’ Association in Brussels, founded by Marx and Engels towards the end of August 1847. Its aim was the political education of Ger- man workers living in Belgium and the propagation of scientific communism. 7. Deutsche-Brüsseler-Zeitung (German Brussels Gazette)—a paper founded by Ger- man political emigrants in Brussels, published from January 1847 to February 1848. Originally its guiding line was determined by the publisher and editor Adalbert von Bornstedt, a petty-bourgeois democrat, who sought to reconcile the various trends among the radical and democratic parties. However, under the influence of Marx and Engels and their comrades-in-arms, from the summer of 1847 the paper became a mouthpiece for revolutionary-democratic and communist ideas. From September 1847 on, Marx and Engels were constant contributors and exerted a strong influence on editorial policy. In the last months of 1847 the paper was actually guided by them and became the organ of the Communist League. 8. In the edition published by Lafargue, there is the following addition: “The Communist Manifesto is one of the most valuable documents of modern socialism. It remains today one of the most powerful and lucid expositions of the development of bourgeois society and the formation of the proletariat, which must put an end to capitalist society; here, just as in Marx’s Poverty of Philosophy published a year earlier the theory of class struggle is clearly formulated for the first time.” —Ed. 2 Foreword to the French Edition of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung,9 which was founded by Marx in 1848 at Cologne and was banned in May 1849 because of a coup d’état in Prussia. After Engels had taken part in the Elberfeld insurrection, he went through the Campaign of Baden launched against the Prussians (June-July 1849)10 as adjutant to Willich, then the colonel of one of the volunteer battalions. In London, in 1850, he contributed to the Neue Rheinische Zei- tung. Politisch-Ökonomische Revue,11 published by Marx and printed in Hamburg. In it Engels first published “The Peasant War in Ger- many”, which appeared 19 years later as a pamphlet in Leipzig and went through three editions. After the revival of the socialist movement in Germany, Engels contributed to the Volksstaat and to Vorwärts,12 writing the most import- 9. Neue Rheinische Zeitung (New Rhine Gazette)—a daily published in Cologne from June 1, 1848, to May 19, 1849, which was the militant organ of the proletarian wing of the democratic movement. Marx was its editor-in-chief; Marx and Engels wrote leading articles which determined its attitude to the principal problems of the revolution in Ger- many and Europe. After the defeat of the German revolution the paper ceased publica- tion. Lenin said that the Neue Rheinische Zeitung “to this very day remains the best and the unsurpassed organ of the revolutionary proletariat”. (V. I. Lenin, Karl Marx, Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1974, p. 50.) 10. Engels described these events in his “The Campaign for the Imperial Constitution in Germany”, in Marx and Engels, Works, Ger. ed., Dietz Verlag, Berlin, 1960, Vol. 7, pp. 109-97. 11. Neue Rheinische Zeitung. Politisch-Okonomische Revue (New Rhine Gazette. Political and Economic Review)—a journal projected by Marx and Engels late in 1849 and pub- lished in the course of 1850. It was the theoretical and political organ of the Communist League, continuing the work of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung published by Marx and Engels during the revolution of 1848-49. Altogether six issues appeared, from March to November 1850. Most of the contributions were by Marx and Engels. They included Marx’s “The Class Struggles in France, 1848-1850” and Engels’ “The Campaign for the Imperial Constitution in Germany” and “The Peasant War in Germany”. These writings summed up the revolution of 1848-49 and formulated further the theory and tactics of the revolutionary proletarian party. 12. Der Volksstaat (The People’s State) was the central organ of the German Social-Demo- cratic Workers’ Party (Eisenachers), published in Leipzig from October 2, 1869 to Sep- tember 29, 1876. It was ceaselessly persecuted by the Government and the police for its courageous revolutionary position. While its general direction was in the hands of Wilhelm Liebknecht, August Bebel, who had charge of the Volksstaat publishing house, exerted a big influence on its character. Marx and Engels were in close contact with the editors and regularly contributed arti- cles. They attached immense importance to the newspaper and by criticizing it for its errors helped to keep it on the right track. On October 1, 1876, by the decision of the 3 Socialism: Utopian and Scientific ant articles which appeared in them, most of which were later reprinted in pamphlet form: On Social Relations in Russia, Prussian Spirits in the German Reichstag, On the Housing Question, The Bakuninists in Action, etc. After Engels moved from Manchester to London in 1870, he became a member of the General Council of the International, and was put in charge of correspondence with Spain, Portugal and Italy. The series of articles which he sent to Vorwärts recently and ironi- cally entitled Herr Eugen Dühring’s Revolution in Science, is an answer to the allegedly new theories of Herr Eugen Dühring on science in general and on socialism in particular. This series then came out in one volume and was a great success among German socialists. In this pamphlet we present the extract which best characterizes the theoretical part of the book, and which constitutes what may be called an introduction to sci- entific socialism. Written about May 4-5, 1880. First published in Engels’ Socialisme Utopique et Socialisme Scientifique, Paris, 1880. The original is in French. Translated from the German text in Marx/Engels, Werke, Berlin, Vol. 19. Checked against the fore- word as published by Lafargue. Gotha Congress of the same year, the Volksstaat and the Neue Sozialdemokrat (The New Social-Democrat) were fused into Vowärts (Forward). 4