Social Psychology and Human Nature Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 0011333333__0000__ffmm__ppii--xxxxxxiiii..iinndddd ii 99//44//0099 1100::3366::4499 AAMM This page intentionally left blank SECOND EDITION Social Psychology and Human Nature Roy F. Baumeister Florida State University Brad J. Bushman University of Michigan VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 0011333333__0000__ffmm__ppii--xxxxxxiiii..iinndddd iiiiii 99//44//0099 1100::3366::5511 AAMM Social Psychology and Human Nature, © 2011, 2008 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Second Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be Roy F. Baumeister, Brad J. 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Locate your local offi ce at www.cengage.com/global Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Wadsworth, visit www.cengage.com/Wadsworth Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 0011333333__0000__ffmm__ppii--xxxxxxiiii..iinndddd iivv 99//44//0099 1100::3366::5511 AAMM We dedicate this book to our mentors and to their mentors, in appreciation of the teaching of psychology through these relationships. Roy F. Baumeister (1953- ) Brad J. Bushman (1960- ) Ph.D. 1978, Princeton University Ph.D. 1989, University of Missouri | | Edward E. Jones (1926-1993) Russell G. Geen (1932- ) Ph.D. 1953, Harvard University Ph.D. 1967, University of Wisconsin | | Jerome S. Bruner (1915- ) Leonard Berkowitz (1926- ) Ph.D. 1941, Harvard University Ph.D. 1951, University of Michigan | | Gordon Allport (1897-1967) Daniel Katz (1903-1998) Ph.D. 1922, Harvard University Ph.D. 1928, Syracuse University | | Herbert S. Langfeld (1879-1958) Floyd H. Allport (1879-1958) Ph.D. 1909, University of Berlin Ph.D. 1919, Harvard University | Carl Stumpf (1848-1936) Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916) Edwin B. Holt (1873-1946) Ph.D. 1868, University of Leipzig Ph.D. 1885, Leipzig University Ph.D. 1901, Harvard University | M.D. 1887, Heidelberg University | | Rudolf H. Lotze (1817-1881) William James (1840-1910) M.D. 1838, University of Leipzig Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) M.D. 1869, Harvard University M.D. 1856, Harvard University Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 0011333333__0000__ffmm__ppii--xxxxxxiiii..iinndddd vv 99//44//0099 1100::3366::5511 AAMM This page intentionally left blank about the authors Roy F. Baumeister holds the Eppes Eminent Professorship in Psychology at Florida State University, where he is the head of the social psychology graduate program and teaches social psychology to students at all levels. He has taught introductory social psychology to thousands of undergraduate students. He received his Ph.D. from Princeton in 1978, and his teaching and research activi- ties have included appointments at the University of California at Berkeley, Case Western Reserve University, the University of Texas at Austin, the University of Virginia, the Max Planck Institute in Munich (Germany), and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford. Baumeister is an active researcher whose work has been funded by the National Institutes of Health and by the Templeton Foundation. He has done research on the self (includ- ing self-esteem and self-control), the need to belong, sexuality, aggression, and how people fi nd meaning in life. In 2005, the Institute for Scientifi c Information concluded from a survey of published bibliographies that he was among the most infl uential psychologists in the world. His publications have been cited over 5,000 times. Th e fi rst edition of this textbook was his 300th publication, and he now has over 400. Baumeister lives with his wife and daughter by a small lake in Tallahassee, Florida. In his (very rare) spare time, he likes to play guitar and piano or go windsurfi ng. Brad J. Bushman is Professor of Psychology and Communication Studies at the University of Michigan. He is also a professor at the VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where he teaches and does research in the summer. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Missouri in 1989. He has taught introductory social psychology courses for about 20 years. Dubbed the “Myth Buster” by one colleague, Bushman’s research has challenged several societal myths (e.g., violent media have a trivial eff ect on aggression, venting anger reduces aggression, violent people suff er from low self-esteem, violence and sex on TV sell products, warn- ing labels repel consumers). His research has been published in the top scientifi c journals (e.g., Science, Nature) and has been featured on television (e.g., ABC News 20/20, Discovery Channel), on radio (e.g., NPR, BBC, CBC), in magazines (e.g., Newsweek, Sports Illustrated), and in newspapers (e.g., New York Times, Wall Street Journal). He lives in Ann Arbor, Michigan with his wife Tammy Staff ord, and their three children Becca, Nathan, and Branden. In his spare time he likes to ride his bicycle (especially in Amsterdam), cross-country ski, and listen to jazz music (e.g., Miles Davis, John Coltrane, and the BBG Trio [Han Bennink, Michiel Borstlap, and Ernst Glerum]). vii Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 0011333333__0000__ffmm__ppii--xxxxxxiiii..iinndddd vviiii 99//44//0099 1100::3366::5511 AAMM This page intentionally left blank brief contents Preface xix CHAPTER 1 The Mission and the Method 1 CHAPTER 2 Culture and Nature 25 CHAPTER 3 The Self 57 CHAPTER 4 Choices and Actions: The Self in Control 97 CHAPTER 5 Social Cognition 125 CHAPTER 6 Emotion and Affect 159 CHAPTER 7 Attitudes, Beliefs, and Consistency 197 CHAPTER 8 Social Influence and Persuasion 223 CHAPTER 9 Prosocial Behavior: Doing What’s Best for Others 255 CHAPTER 10 Aggression and Antisocial Behavior 287 CHAPTER 11 Attraction and Exclusion 323 CHAPTER 12 Close Relationships: Passion, Intimacy, and Sexuality 351 CHAPTER 13 Prejudice and Intergroup Relations 391 CHAPTER 14 Groups 429 Application Modules A Applying Social Psychology to Consumer Behavior A1 B Applying Social Psychology to Health B1 C Applying Social Psychology to the Workplace B1 D Applying Social Psychology to Law C1 E Applying Social Psychology to the Environment D1 Glossary G1 References R1 Name Index N1 Subject Index S1 ix Copyright 2009 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 0011333333__0000__ffmm__ppii--xxxxxxiiii..iinndddd iixx 99//44//0099 1100::3366::5533 AAMM