Make the Grade with CourseMate The more you study, the better the results. Make the most Engaging. Trackable. Afordable. of your study time by accessing everything you need to succeed in one place. Read your textbook, take notes, review flashcards, watch videos, and take practice quizzes—online with CourseMate. CourseMate features: Interactive Learning Tools: • Quizzes • Flashcards • Videos Interactive eBook: • Take notes, highlight, search, and interact with embedded media specific to your book. • Use it as a supplement to the printed text, or as a substitute—the choice is yours. To purchase access, visit www.cengagebrain.com Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. S o c i a l P s y c h o l o g y N a t u r e m a n H u A N D Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ABOUT THE COVER ▶ For the cover of the third edition, we selected a jazz theme, because jazz expresses many of these themes of human nature and culture. A few other animals produce sounds that could qualify as music, but it never approaches jazz: They do not use musical instruments constructed by others, they do not perform in ensembles, they do not improvise artistic variations, they do not discuss music theory, and they do not make recordings or pay money to attend concerts. And the reason is not simply that the animals haven’t yet invented culture. Most cannot hear well enough to appreciate, let alone create, music, and they are incapable of the interplay of conscious and unconscious processes required for creative improvisation. If you are waiting for a bunch of dogs or ducks or gorillas to form a jazz band and start playing real gigs, you will have a very long wait! Indeed, two jazz piano and keyboard musicians, Patrick Moraz and Michiel Borstlap m S(isfri niferconemd lse Saowvf iiBntzgue strhhlamonsaden. g)H hreoa uvppela sry,e ehcdee ikhveeaydsb baoe acerodnps my f ooarifn reloyac cpkhl a geyrdioniutgipo ssno Yoloef spo iauanrn dtoe txjhatebz zoM.o Moko.i cdPhyai teBrli lcBukeo sMr.s otlraapz oc.sotohP/segam iBse fnronmin kt h(de rNumetsh)e arlnadn dEsrn. sHte G hlearsu pmla (ybeads sw),i tbhu lte ghee nadlsaory h Dasu thcihs joawzzn mtriuos aicniadn osf tseunc ph laayss H saonlo I retipuJ piano jazz. Both Moraz and Borstlap have made recordings that feature just keyboards and drums with the legendary jazz drummer Bill Bruford (played with rock bands Yes, King Crimson, Genesis, and leads his own jazz band Earthworks). This is what they have to say about the link between jazz and culture. ◀ PATRICK MORAZ “Musicians getting together to "improvise" in real time is one of the highest achievements of which human “cultural animals” are capable. Simultaneity of feelings, thoughts and ideas is faster than the speed of light! Expressing ourselves in this most interesting “zone of creative interaction,” improvisational music, is a domain of human communication which is relatively harmonious, cooperative and non-goal-oriented. This book addresses the synchronization of our highest order of information transfer. Social Psychology and Human Nature provides to the utmost, the necessary psychological instruments as well as the indispensable equipment for the exploratory research, development and growth of the planted seed and its ramiications towards the further searches of events not yet understood as subjective perceptions still anchored in the space-time tapestry of our own vantage points of qualitative, deferred, visualizations and yet, at © Chris Helton all times, lets our mind free to go far and further into the depths of our thoughts.” MICHIEL BORSTLAP ▶ “As a jazz pianist, the relation between creation and social psychology has always been highly intriguing! The book by Roy Baumeister and Brad Bushman, Social Psychology and Human Nature, draws my immediate attention. A colossal work which captures practically all grades of self-realization. Playfully written and with lots of ready-to-go insights in modern-life social matters. This book is a must for everyone who wants to broaden up.” Haak Maurice © Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 3 N O I T I D g y o l o E h P s y c a l c i o S e u r a t N n a m u H A N D Roy F. Baume iste r Florida State University B r ad J. Bu shma n TVhUe (OFrheieo) SUtnaitvee Ursnitiyv eArsmitsyterdam, the Netherlands Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Social Psychology and Human Nature, © 2014, 2011 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Third Edition Roy F. Baumeister, Brad J. Bushman ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, Publisher: Jon-David Hague electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information Senior Development Group Manager: storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 Jeremy Judson United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Assistant Editor: Lauren Moody Editorial Assistant: T. Christian Holland For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706. 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Locate your local oice at www.cengage.com/global. Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. To learn more about Wadsworth, visit www.cengage.com/Wadsworth. Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.CengageBrain.com. Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 15 14 13 12 Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. WE DEDICATE THIS BOOK TO OUR MENTORS AND TO THEIR MENTORS, in appreciation of the teaching of psychology through these relationships. Roy F. BAUMEISTER (1953- ) Brad J. BUSHMAN (1960- ) Ph.D. 1978, Princeton University Ph.D. 1989, University of Missouri Edward E. JONES (1926-1993) Russell G. GEEN (1932- ) Ph.D. 1953, Harvard University Ph.D. 1967, University of Wisconsin Jerome S. BRUNER (1915- ) Leonard BERKOWITZ (1926- ) Ph.D. 1941, Harvard University Ph.D. 1951, University of Michigan Gordon ALLPORT (1897-1967) Daniel KATZ (1903-1998) Ph.D. 1922, Harvard University Ph.D. 1928, Syracuse University Herbert S. LANGFELD (1879-1958) Floyd H. ALLPORT (1879-1958) Ph.D. 1909, University of Berlin Ph.D. 1919, Harvard University Hugo MÜNSTERBERG (1863-1916) Carl STUMPF (1848-1936) Edwin B. HOLT (1873-1946) Ph.D. 1885, Leipzig University Ph.D. 1868, University of Leipzig Ph.D. 1901, Harvard University M.D. 1887, Heidelberg University Rudolf H. LOTZE (1817-1881) Wilhelm WUNDT (1832-1920) William JAMES (1840-1910) M.D. 1838, University of Leipzig M.D. 1856, Harvard University M.D. 1869, Harvard University Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. A B O U T T H E A U T H O R S ROY F. BAUMEISTER holds the Eppes Eminent Professorship in Psychology at Florida State University, where he teaches social psychology to students at all levels. He has taught introductory social psychology to thousands of undergradu- ate students. He received his Ph.D. from Princeton in 1978, and his teaching and research activities have included appointments at the University of California at Berkeley, Case Western Reserve University, the University of Texas at Austin, the University of Virginia, the Max Planck Institute in Munich (Germany), the VU (Free) University of Amsterdam (Netherlands), and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford. Baumeister is an active researcher whose work has been funded by the National Institutes of Health and by the Templeton Foundation. He has done research on the self (including self-esteem and self- control), the need to belong, sexuality, aggression, and how people ind meaning in life. In 2005, the Institute for Scientiic Information concluded from a survey of published bibliographies that he was among the most inluential psychologists in the world. According to Google Scholar, his works have been cited over 70,000 times in the scientiic literature. In his career he has published over 500 scientiic works, including 30 books. One book (Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength) made the New York Times bestseller list in 2011 and 2012. In his (very rare) spare time, he likes to ski and play jazz. In 2013 he received the William James Award, the highest honor bestowed by the Association for Psychological Science in all of psychology, as recognition of his lifetime achievements and con- tributions to basic scientiic research in psychology. BRAD J. BUSHMAN is Professor of Communication and Psychology at The Ohio State University. He is also a professor at the VU (Free) University Amsterdam, the Netherlands, where he teaches and does research in the summer. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Missouri in 1989. He has taught introductory social psychology courses for over 20 years. Dubbed the “Myth Buster” by one col- league, Bushman’s research has challenged several societal myths (e.g., violent media have a trivial effect on aggression, venting anger reduces aggression, violent people suffer from low self-esteem, violence and sex on TV sell prod- ucts, warning labels repel consumers). His research has been published in the top scientiic journals (e.g., Science, Nature) and has been featured on television (e.g., ABC News 20/20, CBS Evening News, Discovery Channel), on radio (e.g., NPR, BBC, CBC), in magazines (e.g., Time, Newsweek, Sports Illustrated), and in newspapers (e.g., New York Times, Wall Street Journal, USA Today). He lives in Lewis Center, Ohio with his wife Tam Stafford, and their three children Becca, Nathan, and Branden. In his spare time he likes to ride his bicycle (especially in Amsterdam), practice Korean martial arts (Tang Soo Do Moo Duk Kwan; he earned his black belt in 2011), and listen to jazz music (e.g., Miles Davis, John Coltrane, Michiel Borstlap). Recently, however, Bushman has been going through a “midlife crisis” and he can’t stop listening to the music he loved as a teenager (e.g., Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin, Yes, Deep Purple, Patrick Moraz). vi Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. B R I E F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii chapters 1 The Mission and the Method 3 2 Culture and Nature 37 3 The Self 71 4 Choices and Actions: The Self in Control 117 5 Social Cognition 151 6 Emotion and Affect 189 7 Attitudes, Beliefs, and Consistency 235 8 Social Influence and Persuasion 267 9 Prosocial Behavior: Doing What’s Best for Others 303 10 Aggression and Antisocial Behavior 341 11 Attraction and Exclusion 387 12 Close Relationships: Passion, Intimacy, and Sexuality 419 13 Prejudice and Intergroup Relations 463 14 Groups 507 application modules A Applying Social Psychology to Consumer Behavior A1 B Applying Social Psychology to Health B1 C Applying Social Psychology to the Workplace C1 D Applying Social Psychology to Law D1 E Applying Social Psychology to Environment E1 Glossary G1 Endnotes E1 References R1 Name Index N1 Subject Index S1 vii Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.