mye88533_fm_i-xxxiv.indd 2 12/07/21 4:43 PM SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY mye88533_fm_i-xxxiv.indd 1 12/07/21 8:16 PM mye88533_fm_i-xxxiv.indd 2 12/07/21 4:43 PM SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 14e David G. Myers Hope College Jean M. Twenge San Diego State University mye88533_fm_i-xxxiv.indd 3 12/07/21 4:43 PM SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, FOURTEENTH EDITION Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10019. Copyright ©2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Previous editions ©2019, 2016, and 2013. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on acid-free paper. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LSC 26 25 24 23 22 21 ISBN 978-1-260-88853-9 (bound edition) MHID 1-260-88853-3 (bound edition) ISBN 978-1-260-71889-8 (loose-leaf edition) MHID 1-260-71889-1 (loose-leaf edition) Senior Portfolio Manager: Jason Seitz Product Development Manager: Dawn Groundwater Product Developer: Thomas Finn Marketing Manager: Olivia Kaiser Senior Content Project Manager: Sherry Kane Lead Content Project Manager: Jodi Banowetz Senior Buyer: Laura Fuller Designer: Beth Blech Content Licensing Specialist: Sarah Flynn Cover Image: insta_photos/Shutterstock; fizkes/Shutterstock Compositor: Aptara®, Inc. All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Myers, David G., author. | Twenge, Jean M., 1971- author. Title: Social psychology / David G. Myers, Hope College, Jean M. Twenge,  San Diego State University. Description: Fourteenth edition. | New York, NY : McGraw Hill Education,  [2022] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020053594 (print) | LCCN 2020053595 (ebook) | ISBN  9781260888539 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781260718898 (spiral bound) | ISBN  9781260888508 (ebook) | ISBN 9781260888522 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Social psychology. Classification: LCC HM1033 .M944 2022 (print) | LCC HM1033 (ebook) | DDC  302—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020053594 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020053595 The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw Hill LLC, and McGraw Hill LLC does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites. mheducation.com/highered mye88533_fm_i-xxxiv.indd 4 12/07/21 4:43 PM DGM For Marcye Van Dyke With gratitude for your faithful and warm-spirited support JMT For my parents: Stephen and JoAnn Twenge v mye88533_fm_i-xxxiv.indd 5 12/07/21 4:43 PM About the Authors S ince receiving his University of Iowa Ph.D., David G. Myers has professed psychology at Michigan’s Hope College. Hope College students have invited him to be their commencement speaker and voted him “outstanding professor.” With support from National Science Foundation grants, Myers’ research has appeared in some three dozen scientific peri- odicals, including Science, the American Scientist, Psychological Science, and the American Psychologist. He has also communicated psychological science through articles in four dozen magazines, from Today’s Education to Scientific American, and through his 17, including The Pursuit of Happiness and Intuition: Its Powers and Perils. Myers’ research and writings have been recognized by the Gordon Allport Prize, by an “honored scientist” award from the Federa- tion of Associations in the Brain and Behavioral Sciences, and by the Award for Distinguished Service on Behalf of Personality- Social Psychology. He has chaired his city’s Human Relations Commission, helped found a center for families in poverty, and spoken to hun- dreds of college and community groups. In recognition of his efforts to transform the way America provides assistive listening for people with hearing loss (see hearingloop.org), he has received awards from the American Academy of Audiology, the Hearing Loss Association of America, and the hearing industry. David and Carol Myers have three children and one grandchild. Photo by Hope College Public Relations. As Professor of Psychology at San Diego State University, Jean For more information or to contact David Myers, visit M. Twenge has authored more than 160 scientific publications on davidmyers.org. David Myers generational differences, cultural change, social rejection, digital media use, gender roles, self-esteem, and narcissism. Her research has been covered in Time, Newsweek, The New York Times, USA Today, U.S. News and World Report, and The Washington Post, and she has been featured on Today, Good Morning America, CBS This Morning, Fox and Friends, NBC Nightly News, Dateline NBC, and National Public Radio. Dr. Twenge has drawn on her research in her books for a broader audience: iGen: Why Today’s Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy—And Com- pletely Unprepared for Adulthood (2017) and Generation Me: Why Today’s Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled— And More Miserable Than Ever Before (2nd ed., 2014). An article by Dr. Twenge in The Atlantic was nominated for a National Magazine Award. She frequently gives talks and seminars on gen- erational differences to audiences such as college faculty and staff, parent-teacher groups, military personnel, camp directors, and corporate executives. Jean Twenge grew up in Minnesota and Texas. She holds a B.A. and M.A. from the University of Chicago and a Ph.D. from the University of Michigan. She completed a postdoctoral research fellowship in social psychology at Case Western Reserve University. Photo by Sandy Huffaker, Jr. She lives in San Diego with her husband and three daughters. For more information or to contact Jean Twenge, visit vi www.jeantwenge.com Sandy Huffaker, Jr. mye88533_fm_i-xxxiv.indd 6 12/07/21 4:43 PM Brief Contents Preface xxiii Chapter 1 Introducing Social Psychology 1 Part One Social Thinking Chapter 2 The Self in a Social World 23 Chapter 3 Social Beliefs and Judgments 52 es g Chapter 4 Behavior and Attitudes 83 ma etty I G k/ oc Part Two Social Influence a/ist n ali Chapter 5 Genes, Culture, and Gender 104 gat A Chapter 6 Conformity and Obedience 134 Chapter 7 Persuasion 166 Chapter 8 Group Influence 194 Part Three Social Relations k oc Chapter 9 Prejudice 229 erst utt h Chapter 10 Aggression 267 ov/S p Chapter 11 Attraction and Intimacy 301 ey_Po Chapter 12 Helping 340 ndr A Chapter 13 Conflict and Peacemaking 373 Part Four Applying Social Psychology es g Chapter 14 Social Psychology in the Clinic 406 ma Chapter 15 Social Psychology in Court 434 Getty I g/ Chapter 16 Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future 459 hin blis u Epilogue 483 P m a References R-1 ngr I Name Index NI Subject Index/Glossary SI-2 ® McGraw Hill Education Psychology APA Documentation Style Guide vii mye88533_fm_i-xxxiv.indd 7 13/07/21 12:26 PM Table of Contents Preface xxiii Research Methods: How Do We Do Social Psychology? 11 Chapter 1 Forming and Testing Hypotheses 11 Introducing Social Psychology 1 Sampling and Question Wording 12 Correlational Research: Detecting Natural Associations 14 What Is Social Psychology? 2 Experimental Research: Searching for Cause and Effect 16 What Are Social Psychology’s Big Ideas? 3 Generalizing from Laboratory to Life 20 We Construct Our Social Reality 3 Our Social Intuitions Are Often Powerful but Concluding Thoughts: Why We Wrote This Book. . . Sometimes Perilous 4 and a Preview of What’s to Come 21 Social Influences Shape Our Behavior 5 Personal Attitudes and Dispositions Also Shape Behavior 6 Part One: Social Thinking Social Behavior Is Biologically Rooted 6 Social Psychology’s Principles Are Applicable in Everyday Life 7 Chapter 2 I Knew It All Along: Is Social Psychology Simply The Self in a Social World 23 Common Sense? 7 Spotlights and Illusions: What Do They Focus On: I Knew It All Along 9 Teach Us About Ourselves? 24 Research Close-Up: On Being Nervous About Looking Nervous 25 Self-Concept: Who Am I? 26 At the Center of Our Worlds: Our Sense of Self 26 Self and Culture 28 Self-Knowledge 32 The Inside Story: Hazel Markus and Shinobu Kitayama on Cultural Psychology 33 What Is the Nature and Motivating Power of Self-Esteem? 37 Self-Esteem Motivation 37 The Trade-Off of Low Versus High Self-Esteem 39 Self-Efficacy 41 What Is Self-Serving Bias? 42 Explaining Positive and Negative Events 42 Can We All Be Better Than Average? 43 Focus On: Self-Serving Bias — How Do I Love Me? Let Me Count the Ways 44 Unrealistic Optimism 45 False Consensus and Uniqueness 46 Explaining Self-Serving Bias 47 es ag How Do People Manage Their m etty I Self-Presentation? 48 G es/ Self-Handicapping 48 g a Impression Management 49 m d I en Concluding Thoughts: Twin Truths — The Perils of Bl p/ Pride, the Powers of Positive Thinking 51 m e K e k Mi viii mye88533_fm_i-xxxiv.indd 8 12/07/21 4:43 PM Chapter 3 Social Beliefs and Judgments 52 How Do We Judge Our Social Worlds, Consciously and Unconsciously? 53 tetmc/iStock/Getty Images Priming 53 Intuitive Judgments 54 Overconfidence 56 Part Two: Social Influence Heuristics: Mental Shortcuts 59 Counterfactual Thinking 61 Illusory Thinking 62 Chapter 5 Moods and Judgments 64 The Inside Story: Joseph P. Forgas: Can Genes, Culture, and Gender 104 Bad Weather Improve Your Memory? 65 How Are We Influenced by Biology? 105 How Do We Perceive Our Social Worlds? 66 Genes, Evolution, and Behavior 106 Perceiving and Interpreting Events 66 Biology and Gender 107 Belief Perseverance 67 Gender and Hormones 110 Constructing Memories of Ourselves and Reflections on Evolutionary Psychology 110 Our Worlds 68 Focus On: Evolutionary Science and Religion 111 How Do We Explain Our Social Worlds? 71 How Are We Influenced by Culture? 112 Attributing Causality: To the Person or Culture and Behavior 112 the Situation 71 Focus On: The Cultural Animal 113 The Fundamental Attribution Error 72 Research Close-Up: Passing Encounters, East and West 116 How Do Our Social Beliefs Matter? 78 Peer-Transmitted Culture 117 Focus On: The Self-Fulfilling Psychology Cultural Similarity 118 of the Stock Market 78 Culture and Gender 120 Teacher Expectations and Student Performance 79 Gender Roles Vary with Culture 120 Getting from Others What We Expect 80 Gender Roles Vary over Time 120 Concluding Thoughts: Reflecting on Illusory How Are Females and Males Alike Thinking 82 and Different? 122 Independence versus Connectedness 123 Chapter 4 Social Dominance 126 Behavior and Attitudes 83 Aggression 128 Sexuality 128 How Well Do Our Attitudes Predict What Can We Conclude about Genes, Our Behavior? 84 Culture, and Gender? 130 When Attitudes Predict Behavior 85 The Inside Story: Alice Eagly on Gender When Does Our Behavior Affect Our Similarities and Differences 132 Attitudes? 89 Concluding Thoughts: Should We View Ourselves as Role Playing 89 Products of Our Biology or Our Culture? 133 Saying Becomes Believing 91 Evil and Moral Acts 91 Chapter 6 Why Does Our Behavior Affect Our Conformity and Obedience 134 Attitudes? 93 What Is Conformity? 135 Self-Presentation: Impression Management 93 Self-Justification: Cognitive Dissonance 94 What Are the Classic Conformity Self-Perception 97 and Obedience Studies? 136 Comparing the Theories 101 Sherif’s Studies of Norm Formation 136 Concluding Thoughts: Changing Ourselves Research Close-Up: Contagious Yawning 138 Through Action 103 Asch’s Studies of Group Pressure 140 Milgram’s Obedience Studies 142 The Inside Story: Stanley Milgram on Obedience 143 The Ethics of Milgram’s Studies 145 ix mye88533_fm_i-xxxiv.indd 9 12/07/21 4:43 PM