This is a special edition of an established title widely used by colleges and GLOBAL GLOBAL universities throughout the world. Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit of students outside the United States and Canada. If you EDITION EDITION purchased this book within the United States or Canada, you should be aware EG DL that it has been imported without the approval of the Publisher or Author. ITO IOB A NL Branscombe and Baron’s Social Psychology provides a comprehensive overview of social psychological theory S Social Psychology and research, illuminating why people think, feel, and act as they do. With its trademark engaging writing style, o the fifteenth Global Edition continues to help students understand the many hidden processes that shape how c i people influence each other. The authors draw students in by illustrating how understanding social psychological a l processes can help them in being resilient when they enter new social environments and provide insight into P specific strategies that, when put into practice, will improve their well-being. FIFTEENTH GLOBAL EDITION s The new edition offers an up-to-date learning experience by including the latest information on topics like y c authentic and hubristic pride, the dark personality triad, and self-conscious emotions and their effects on behavior h and mental health. o l o NEW AND UPDATED IN THIS EDITION g y • NEW and UPDATED—Chapter-opening vignettes discuss the intersection of concepts in psychology Nyla R. Branscombe with real-life experiences, such as how social relationships affect mental health and happiness, and how people take decisions when faced with complex and confusing information. These vignettes set the tone and introduce Robert A. Baron students to a key concept discussed in the chapter. G • NEW and UPDATED—What Research Tells Us About… boxes present the latest research and use L O interactive topics, such as “How Today’s Decisions Are Shaped by Regret for Tomorrow’s Outcomes,” F BI F “Academic Cheating and Self-conscious Emotions,” and “Social Modeling and Fashion-related Attitude,” to AT LE encourage students to apply their analytical skills. EE DN • NEW—Rapid Review at the end of every chapter summarizes the key points discussed under each learning IT TH I objective and helps students go over what they have learned. O N • NEW—Critical Thinking Questions at the end of each chapter provide students with an opportunity to analyze real-world challenges. Students determine appropriate courses of action by applying concepts learned, which develops their critical thinking abilities. • NEW—End-of-chapter Self-Test exercises assess the understanding of students and enable them to target B areas for improvement. r a n s c Also available separately for purchase is Revel for Social Psychology. Revel is an interactive learning environment o m that deeply engages students and prepares them for class. Media and assessment integrated directly within the b authors’ narrative lets students read, explore interactive content, and practice in one continuous learning path. e • B a r o n CVR_BARO8320_15_GE_CVR_Vivar.indd All Pages 05/05/22 4:26 PM Social Psychology Fifteenth Global Edition Nyla R. Branscombe University of Kansas Robert A. Baron Oklahoma State University Harlow, England • London • New York • Boston • San Francisco • Toronto • Sydney • Dubai • Singapore • Hong Kong Tokyo • Seoul • Taipei • New Delhi • Cape Town • São Paulo • Mexico City • Madrid • Amsterdam • Munich • Paris • Milan A01_BRAN8320_14_GE_FM.indd 1 27/05/2022 20:24 Product Management: Yajnaseni Das and Ishita Sinha Content Strategy: Steven Jackson, Punita Mann, Aditi Chatterjee, and Kajori Chattopadhyay Product Marketing: Wendy Gordon, Ashish Jain, and Ellen Harris Supplements: Bedasree Das Production: Vamanan Namboodiri and Sudipto Roy Digital Studio: Vikram Medepalli Rights and Permissions: Rimpy Sharma and Akanksha Bhatti Please contact https://support.pearson.com/getsupport/s/contactsupport with any queries on this content. 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While we work hard to present unbiased, fully accessible content, we want to hear from you about any concerns or needs with this Pearson product so that we can investigate and address them. ◆◆Please contact us with concerns about any potential bias at https://www.pearson.com/report-bias.html. ◆◆For accessibility-related issues, such as using assistive technology with Pearson products, alternative text requests, or accessibility documentation, email the Pearson Disability Support team at [email protected]. 4 iv A01_BRAN8320_14_GE_FM.indd 4 27/05/2022 20:24 A01_HEIZ6442_14_SE_FM.indd 4 20/11/21 12:18 AM Brief Contents 1 Social Psychology 17 8 Social Influence 274 2 Social Cognition 52 9 Prosocial Behavior 310 3 Social Perception 87 10 Aggression 339 4 The Self 123 11 Groups and Individuals 373 5 Attitudes 161 12 Dealing with Adversity and Achieving a Happy Life 412 6 Causes and Cures of Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination 199 7 Liking, Love, and Other Close Relationships 237 5 A01_BRAN8320_14_GE_FM.indd 5 27/05/2022 20:24 Contents Preface 11 2.1.2: Availability: “If I Can Recall Many Instances, Acknowledgements 15 They Must Be Frequent?” 56 About the Authors 16 2.1.3: Anchoring and Adjustment: Where You Begin Makes a Difference 59 1 Social Psychology 2.1.4: Status Quo Heuristic: “What Is, Is Good” 61 What Research Tells Us About… People’s Preference The Science of the Social Side of Life 17 for the Status Quo 61 1.1: Social Psychology: What It Is and Is Not 20 2.2: Schemas: Mental Frameworks for Organizing Social Information 62 1.1.1: Social Psychology Is Scientific in Nature 20 2.2.1: The Impact of Schemas on Social Cognition: 1.1.2: Social Psychology Focuses on the Behavior Attention, Encoding, Retrieval 62 of Individuals 23 2.2.2: Priming: How Schemas Guide Our Thought 1.1.3: Social Psychology Seeks to Understand the and Action? 63 Causes of Social Behavior 24 2.2.3: Schema Persistence: Why Even Discredited 1.1.4: The Search for Basic Principles in a Changing Schemas Can Influence Thought and Behavior 66 Social World 28 2.2.4: Reasoning by Metaphor: How Social Attitudes 1.2: Social Psychology: Advances at the Boundaries 29 and Behavior Are Affected by Figures of Speech 66 1.2.1: Cognition and Behavior: Two Sides of the 2.3: Automatic and Controlled Processing in Social Same Social Coin 29 Thought 67 1.2.2: The Role of Emotion in the Social Side of Life 30 2.3.1: Automatic Processing and Automatic 1.2.3: Social Relationships: How Important They Social Behavior 68 Are for Well-Being 30 2.3.2: Benefits of Automatic Processing: Beyond 1.2.4: Social Neuroscience: The Intersection of Social Mere Efficiency 69 Psychology and Brain Research 31 2.4: Potential Sources of Error in Social Cognition: 1.2.5: The Role of Implicit (Nonconscious) Processes 34 Why Total Rationality Is Rarer Than You Think 70 1.2.6: Taking Full Account of Social Diversity 35 2.4.1: Our Powerful Tendency to Be Overly Optimistic 70 1.3: How Social Psychologists Answer the Questions 2.4.2: Situation-Specific Sources of Error in Social They Ask: Research as the Route to Increased Knowledge 36 Cognition: Counterfactual Thinking and Magical 1.3.1: Systematic Observation: Describing the World Thinking 74 Around Us 36 2.5: Affect and Cognition: How Feelings Shape 1.3.2: Correlation: The Search for Relationships 39 Thought and Thought Shapes Feelings 77 1.3.3: The Experimental Method: Knowledge Through 2.5.1: The Influence of Affect on Cognition 78 Systematic Intervention 40 2.5.2: The Influence of Cognition on Affect 79 1.3.4: Further Thoughts on Causality: The Role of Mediating Variables 44 2.5.3: Affect and Cognition: Social Neuroscience Evidence for Two Separate Systems 81 1.3.5: Meta-Analysis: Assessing a Body of Knowledge 44 What Research Tells Us About… How Today’s Decisions Are Shaped by Regret for Tomorrow’s 1.4: The Role of Theory in Social Psychology 45 Outcomes 82 1.5: The Quest for Knowledge and the Rights of Rapid Review 83 Individuals: Seeking an Appropriate Balance 46 Critical Thinking Questions 85 Rapid Review 49 Self-Test 86 Critical Thinking Questions 50 Self-Test 51 3 Social Perception 2 Social Cognition Seeking to Understand Others 87 How We Think About the Social World 52 3.1: Nonverbal Communication: An Unspoken Language 89 2.1: Heuristics: How We Employ Simple Rules in Social 3.1.1: Basic Channels of Nonverbal Communication 89 Cognition 54 3.1.2: Nonverbal Cues in Social Life 94 2.1.1: Representativeness: Judging by Resemblance 55 3.1.3: Recognizing Deception 97 6 A01_BRAN8320_14_GE_FM.indd 6 27/05/2022 20:24 Contents 7 What Research Tells Us About… The Role of Nonverbal 4.6.1: How Shame and Guilt Can Shape Our Behavior 154 Cues in Job Interviews 100 What Research Tells Us About… Academic 3.1.4: Dark Personality and Person Perception 100 Cheating & Self-Conscious Emotions 154 3.2: Attribution: Understanding the Causes of Behavior 102 4.6.2: The Two Faces of Janus: Authentic 3.2.1: Theories of Attribution: How We Attempt and Hubristic Pride 155 to Make Sense of the Social World 102 Rapid Review 157 3.2.2: Basic Sources of Error in Attribution 107 Critical Thinking Questions 159 What Research Tells Us About… Why Some People Self-Test 160 Conclude They Are Superior to Others 111 3.2.3: Applications of Attribution Theory: 5 Attitudes Interventions and Insights 112 Evaluating and Responding to the 3.3: Impression Formation and Management: Combining Social World 161 Information About Others 114 3.3.1: Impression Formation 114 5.1: Attitude Formation: How Attitudes Develop 167 3.3.2: Impression Management 118 5.1.1: Classical Conditioning: Learning Based Rapid Review 119 on Association 167 Critical Thinking Questions 121 5.1.2: Instrumental Conditioning: Rewards Self-Test 122 for the “Right” Views 169 5.1.3: Observational Learning: Learning by 4 The Self Exposure to Others 171 What Research Tells Us About… Social Modeling Answering the Question “Who Am I?” 123 and Fashion-related Attitude 173 5.2: When and Why Do Attitudes Influence Behavior? 173 4.1: Self-Presentation: Managing the Self in Different Social Contexts 125 5.2.1: Role of the Social Context in the Link Between Attitudes and Behavior 174 4.1.1: Self–Other Accuracy in Predicting Our Behavior 126 5.2.2: Strength of Attitudes 175 4.1.2: Self-Presentation Tactics 128 5.2.3: Attitude Extremity: Role of Vested Interests 175 5.2.4: Attitude Certainty: Importance of Clarity 4.2: Self-Knowledge: Determining Who We Are 130 and Correctness 177 4.2.1: Introspection: Looking Inward to Discover 5.2.5: Role of Personal Experience 178 the Causes of Our Own Behavior 130 5.3: How Do Attitudes Guide Behavior? 179 What Research Tells Us About… Prosocial Spending and Individual Happiness 132 5.3.1: Attitudes Arrived at Through Reasoned Thought 179 4.2.2: The Self from the Observer’s Standpoint 132 5.3.2: Attitudes and Spontaneous Behavioral 4.3: Personal Identity Versus Reactions 180 Social Identity 133 5.4: The Science of Persuasion: 4.3.1: Who I Think I Am Depends How Attitudes Are Changed 181 on the Social Context 135 5.4.1: Persuasion: Communicators, Messages, 4.3.2: Who I Am Depends on Others’ Treatment 138 and Audiences 182 What Research Tells Us About… The Importance 5.4.2: The Cognitive Processes Underlying Persuasion 184 of Belonging and Group Ties 140 5.5: Resisting Persuasion Attempts 187 4.3.3: The Self Across Time: Past and Future Selves 141 5.5.1: Reactance: Protecting Our Personal Freedom 187 4.3.4: Why Self-Control Can Be Difficult to Achieve 141 5.5.2: Forewarning: Prior Knowledge of Persuasive 4.4: Social Comparison: How We Intent 188 Evaluate Ourselves 143 5.5.3: Selective Avoidance of Persuasion Attempts 188 4.4.1: Self-Serving Biases and Unrealistic Optimism 146 5.5.4: Actively Defending Our Attitudes: 4.5: Self-Esteem: Attitudes Toward Ourselves 147 Counterarguing Against the Competition 189 4.5.1: The Measurement of Self-Esteem 147 5.5.5: Individual Differences in Resistance 4.5.2: How Migration Affects Self-Esteem 150 to Persuasion 189 4.5.3: Do Women and Men Differ in Their Level of 5.5.6: Ego-Depletion Can Undermine Resistance 190 Self-Esteem? 150 5.6: Cognitive Dissonance: What Is It and How What Research Tells Us About… Perceived Do We Manage It? 191 Discrimination and Self-Esteem 152 5.6.1: Dissonance and Attitude Change: The Effects 4.6: The Self and Emotions 153 of Induced Compliance 191 A01_BRAN8320_14_GE_FM.indd 7 27/05/2022 20:24 8 Contents 5.6.2: Alternative Strategies for Resolving Dissonance 192 7.2: External Sources of Attraction: The Effects of 5.6.3: When Dissonance Is a Tool for Beneficial Proximity, Familiarity, and Physical Beauty 243 Changes in Behavior 193 7.2.1: The Power of Proximity: Unplanned Contacts 243 What Research Tells Us About… Culture 7.2.2: Physical Beauty: Its Role in Interpersonal and Attitude Processes 195 Attraction 246 Rapid Review 196 What Research Tells Us About… Dramatic Critical Thinking Questions 198 Differences in Appearance Between Partners: Self-Test 198 Is Love Really Blind? 251 7.3: Sources of Liking Based on Social Interaction 252 6 Causes and Cures of Stereotyping, 7.3.1: Similarity: Birds of a Feather Actually Do Flock Together 253 Prejudice, and Discrimination 199 7.3.2: Reciprocal Liking or Disliking: Liking 6.1: How Members of Different Groups Perceive Those Who Like Us 257 Inequality 202 7.3.3: Social Skills: Liking People Who Are Good at Interacting with Others 257 What Research Tells Us About… Biases in Our Beliefs About Inequality 205 7.3.4: Personality and Liking: Why People with Certain Traits Are More Attractive Than Others 258 6.2: The Nature and Origins of Stereotyping 206 7.3.5: What Do We Desire in Others? Gender 6.2.1: Stereotyping: Beliefs About Social Groups 207 Differences and Changes over Stages of a Relationship 259 6.2.2: Is Stereotyping Absent If Members of Different 7.4: Close Relationships: Foundations of Social Life 261 Groups Are Rated the Same? 212 7.4.1: Romantic Relationships and the 6.2.3: Can We Be Victims of Stereotyping and (Partially Solved) Mystery of Love 262 Not Even Recognize It: The Case of Single People 214 7.4.2: What Do We Seek in Romantic Partners? 264 6.2.4: Why Do People Form and Use Stereotypes? 215 What Research Tells Us About… Two Factors 6.3: Prejudice: Feelings Toward Social Groups 217 That May Destroy Love—Jealousy and Infidelity 265 6.3.1: The Origins of Prejudice: Contrasting 7.4.3: Relationships with Family Members: Perspectives 219 Our First—and Most Lasting—Close Relationships 267 What Research Tells Us About… The Role 7.4.4: Friendships: Relationships Beyond the Family 269 of Existential Threat in Prejudice 224 Rapid Review 271 6.4: Discrimination: Prejudice in Action 225 Critical Thinking Questions 273 6.4.1: Modern Racism: More Subtle, but Just Self-Test 273 as Harmful 225 6.5: Why Prejudice Is Not Inevitable: Techniques for 8 Social Influence Countering Its Effects 228 6.5.1: On Learning Not to Hate 228 Changing Others’ Behavior 274 6.5.2: The Potential Benefits of Contact 228 8.1: Conformity: How Groups—and Norms—Influence 6.5.3: Recategorization: Changing the Boundaries 229 Our Behavior 276 6.5.4: The Benefits of Guilt for Prejudice Reduction 230 8.1.1: Social Pressure: The Irresistible Force? 277 6.5.5: Can We Learn to “Just Say No” to Stereotyping and Biased Attributions? 231 8.1.2: How Social Norms Emerge 279 6.5.6: Social Influence as a Means of Reducing What Research Tells Us About… How Much Prejudice 232 We Really Conform 280 Rapid Review 233 8.1.3: Factors Affecting Conformity 281 Critical Thinking Questions 235 8.1.4: Social Foundations of Conformity: Why Self-Test 236 We Often Choose to “Go Along” 284 8.1.5: The Downside of Conformity 285 8.1.6: Reasons for Nonconformity: Why We 7 Liking, Love, and Other Close Sometimes Choose “Not to Go Along” 287 Relationships 237 8.1.7: Minority Influence: Does the Majority Always Rule? 291 7.1: Internal Sources of Liking Others: The Role of 8.2: Compliance: To Ask—Sometimes—Is to Receive 293 Needs and Emotions 239 8.2.1: The Underlying Principles of Compliance 293 7.1.1: The Importance of Affiliation in Human 8.2.2: Tactics Based on Friendship or Liking 294 Existence: The Need to Belong 239 8.2.3: Tactics Based on Commitment or Consistency 294 7.1.2: The Role of Affect: Do Our Moods Play a Role 8.2.4: Tactics Based on Reciprocity 296 in Liking Others? 241 A01_BRAN8320_14_GE_FM.indd 8 27/05/2022 20:24 Contents 9 8.2.5: Tactics Based on Scarcity 297 10 Aggression 8.2.6: Do Compliance Tactics Work? 297 What Research Tells Us About… Leadership Its Nature, Causes, and Control 339 and Follower Compliance 298 10.1: Perspectives on Aggression: In Search of the 8.3: Obedience to Authority: Would You Harm Someone Roots of Violence 342 If Ordered to Do So? 299 10.1.1: The Role of Biological Factors: Are We 8.3.1: Obedience in the Laboratory 299 Programmed for Violence? 342 8.3.2: Why Destructive Obedience Occurs 301 10.1.2: Drive Theories: The Motive to Harm Others 344 8.3.3: Resisting the Effects of Destructive Obedience 303 10.1.3: Modern Theories of Aggression 344 8.4: Unintentional Social Influence: How Others Change 10.2: Causes of Human Aggression: Social, Cultural, Our Behavior Even When They Are Not Trying to Do So 303 Personal, and Situational 346 8.4.1: Emotional Contagion 304 10.2.1: Basic Sources of Aggression: Frustration 8.4.2: Symbolic Social Influence 305 and Provocation 347 8.4.3: Modeling: Learning from Observing Others 306 What Research Tells Us About… The Role of Rapid Review 308 Emotions in Aggression 348 Critical Thinking Questions 309 10.2.2: Social Causes of Aggression 349 Self-Test 309 10.2.3: Why Some People Are More Aggressive Than Others 355 9 Prosocial Behavior 10.2.4: Gender and Aggression: Are Men More Aggressive Than Women? 356 Helping Others 310 10.2.5: Situational Determinants of Aggression: The Effects of Heat, Alcohol, and Gun Availability 357 9.1: Why People Help: Motives for Prosocial Behavior 312 10.3: Aggression in the Classroom and Workplace 361 9.1.1: Empathy-Altruism: It Feels Good to Help Others 312 10.3.1: What Is Bullying? 362 9.1.2: Negative-State Relief: Helping Can Reduce 10.3.2: Cyberbullying: Electronic Means Unpleasant Feelings 314 of Harm Doing 362 9.1.3: Empathic Joy: Feeling Good by Helping Others 314 10.3.3: Can Bullying Be Reduced? 363 9.1.4: Competitive Altruism: Why Nice People What Research Tells Us About… Workplace Sometimes Finish First 315 Aggression 364 9.1.5: Kin Selection Theory 316 10.4: The Prevention and Control of Aggression: 9.1.6: Defensive Helping: Helping Outgroups Some Useful Techniques 365 to Reduce Their Threat to Our Ingroup 317 10.4.1: Punishment: Revenge or Deterrence? 365 9.2: Responding to an Emergency: 10.4.2: Self-Regulation: Internal Mechanisms for Will Bystanders Help? 318 Restraining Aggression 367 9.2.1: Helping in Emergencies: Apathy—or Action? 318 10.4.3: Catharsis: Does “Blowing Off Steam” 9.2.2: Is There Safety in Numbers? Really Help? 368 Sometimes, but Not Always 318 10.4.4: Reducing Aggression by Thinking 9.2.3: Key Steps in Deciding to Help—Or Not 319 Nonaggressive Thoughts 369 Rapid Review 370 9.3: Factors That Increase or Decrease the Tendency to Help 323 Critical Thinking Questions 372 9.3.1: Factors That Increase Prosocial Behavior 323 Self-Test 372 What Research Tells Us About… Paying It Forward: Helping Others Because We Have Been Helped 327 11 Groups and Individuals 9.3.2: Factors That Reduce Helping 328 What Research Tells Us About… How People The Consequences of Belonging 373 React to Being Helped 331 11.1: Groups: When We Join . . . and When We Leave 376 9.4: Crowdfunding: A New Type of Prosocial Behavior 331 11.1.1: Groups: Their Key Components 378 9.4.1: Emotion and Prosocial Behavior: Mood, 11.1.2: The Benefits—and Costs—of Joining 382 Feelings of Elevation, and Helping 332 What Research Tells Us About… Dissent 9.4.2: Social Neuroscience of Helping 333 and Criticism of Our Groups—“Because We Care” 386 9.5: Final Thoughts: Are Prosocial Behavior 11.2: Effects of the Presence of Others: From Task and Aggression Opposites? 334 Performance to Behavior in Crowds 387 Rapid Review 336 11.2.1: Social Facilitation: Performing in the Presence Critical Thinking Questions 338 of Others 387 Self-Test 338 A01_BRAN8320_14_GE_FM.indd 9 27/05/2022 20:24