,,,.. � POLITICAL SCIENCE/ Public Policy/ Social Policy US $27.99 I CAN $34.99 WHATI SS OCIJAULS TICE? For Friedrich Hayek, it was a mirage-a meaningless, ideological, incoherent, vacuous cliche. He believed the term should be avoided, abandoned, and allowed to die a natural death. For its proponents, social justice is a catchall term that can be used to justify any progressive­ sounding government program. It endures because it venerates its champions and brands its opponents as supporters of social injustice, and thus as enemies of humankind. As an ideological marker, social justice always works best when it is not too sharply defined. In Socialj ustice Isn't What You Think It Is, Michael Novak and Paul Adams seek to clarify the true meaning of social justice and to rescue it from its ideological captors. In examining figures ranging from Antonio Rosmini, Abraham Lincoln, and Hayek, to Popes Leo XIII, John Paul II, and Francis, the authors reveal that social justice is not a synonym for "progressive" government as we have come to believe. Rather, it is a virtue rooted in Catholic social teaching and developed as an alternative to the unchecked power of the state. Almost all social workers see themselves as progressives, not conservatives. Yet many of their 'best practices' aim to empower families and local communities. They stress not individual or state, but the vast social space between them. Lefi: and right surprisingly meet. In this surprising reintroduction of its original intention, social justice represents an immensely powerful virtue for nurturing personal responsibility and building the human communities that can counter the widespread surrender to an ever-growing state. P RA Is E FOR Social Justice Isn't What You Think It Is I have read this book with real delight. Clear, profound, inspiring, and brilliant.-ROCCO BUTTIGLIONE, Italian Chamber of Deputies Novak and Adams write with compelling clarity and force. They make a rich contribution to our understanding of social justice and the policy implica­ tions that flow from it.-CHARLES J. CHAPUT, 0.F.M. CAP., Archbishop of Philadelphia A profound treatise on a topic dear to the heart of political progressives and social work professionals. Those who have never given the meaning of social justice a second thought will be greatly rewarded with reflective insights and a new understanding. Those who think they know the meaning of social jus­ tice will be challenged to think again-and more deeply.-NEIL GILBERT, Chemin Professor of Social Welfare, University of California, Berkeley Elegantly, winsomely, and with telling examples, Novak and Adams show how Catholic social thought challenges conventional "liberal" and "conser­ vative" approaches to social issues. This is a terrific book for anyone who is prepared to look anew at the dilemmas facing a society that aspires to be both free and compassionate.-MARY ANN GLENDON, P�ofessor of Law, Harvard University A distinctively caritas and catholic take on the concept of social justice that is rich in its originality, provocative, thoughtful in exposition, challenging us to transform our approach to social policy.-JOHN BRAITHWAITE, Distinguished Professor, Australian National University This book presents an innovative vision of social justice as a preeminent, creative, and outgoing virtue deeply rooted in genuine Catholic social thought. It provides an indispensable guide for advancing the common good in a contemporary landscape plagued by a pervasive secularism and an extreme moral relativism.-WILLIAM C. BRENNAN, Professor, School of Social Work, Saint Louis University The challenge of writing about Catholic social thought is that doing so expertly requires prodigious learning in not only the Catholic tradition, but also in so many contiguous fields-such as economics, politics, law, theology, philosophy. Thankfully, our authors are masters of their craft. And they have produced a marvelous restatement, and interpretation, of this import­ ant body of Church teaching.-GERARD V. BRADLEY, Professor of Law, University of Notre Dame Before reading this book, I was suspicious of the phrase social justice. In Latin America, politicians and policy makers who use the social justice banner have committed many injustices. Acting supposedly on behalf of the general interest, the common good, or the poor, government programs essentially concentrate power, bloat bureaucracies, and often promote cor­ ruption. Novak and Adams surprised me when they distilled, from Catholic social thought and other sources, a definition centered on free individuals, as opposed to the Leviathan state. The Novak seal is evident because the defini­ tion emphasizes innovation, creativity, and human flourishing. Here, social justice, like plain justice, is a virtue "that empowers individual persons to act for themselves, to exercise their inborn social creativity." How much will societies improve when they embrace this paradigm of social justice instead of the statist conception?-CARROLL RIOS DE RODRIGUEZ, Professor of Economics, Francisco Marroquin University, Guatemala Social Justice Isn't What You Think It Is by Michael Novak and Paul Adams is a thoughtfully iconoclastic analysis and exposition of social justice as a virtue through the lens of Catholic social teaching-rejecting both indi­ vidualism and collectivism and emphasizing the role of mediating social structures. Paul Adams, in particular, explores the application of social justice for Christians in professional social work. This book is an important resource for everyone interested in social justice and Christian practice. -DAVID A. SHERWOOD, Editor-in-Chief, Social Work&' Christianity No concept in ethical and political philosophy is more in need of clarification and critical analysis than that of "social justice." This term is a relatively late arrival in Catholic vocabulary. Novak and Adams provide a careful, thorough analysis of the term and the ideas and approach that make it useful. They also explain the ease with which the term can be misused. This is a very welcome book, not to be missed by anyone at all concerned with public order and understanding.-JAMES V. SCHALL, S.J., Professor Emeritus, George­ town University Michael Novak and Paul Adams's new book places the important discus­ sion of social justice squarely within the best scholarship of the Catholic intellectual tradition. By transcending ideological biases, reading and interpreting the pertinent encyclicals impartially, and avoiding all political agendas, this thought-provoking new book should be welcomed by both the left and the right because of its fair, balanced, and reasoned approach. -JOHN G. TRAPANI, JR., Professor of Philosophy, Walsh University The difficult and risky underground publication of Novak's The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism in 1985 was widely circulated among the Polish democratic opposition and inspired many debates about how to shape the free Poland for which we fought. This new book will remind Poles of the breathtaking appearance of SDC 30 years ago. When small groups discussed with John Paul II Novak's ideas, including those on social justice and others in the present volume, the pope several times said he considered Novak one of his best lay friends in the West. On those occasions when Novak was present, the pope listened with great attention.-MACIEJ ZIEBA, 0.P., author of Papal Economics: The Catholic Church on Democratic Capitalism, from Rerum Novarum to Caritas in Veritate Novak and Adams take on the hard task of defining social justice, which they identify as a personal virtue of a special modern type. Novak is unusually aware of abuses of the term by statists in former socialist lands like Slovakia, the country of his ancestors. Adams is especially good on the connection between charity and justice, and on the relation of marriage to both. Here in Europe, this book does a great and original service.-JURAJ K0HUTIAR, emeritus Director of International Affairs, Slovak Christian-Democratic Party, former anticommunist dissident and "Underground Church" activist I lived half of my life in Argentina, where the overwhelming majority adopted as a guiding policy principle a statist concept of social justice. I lived my other half in the United States, where many have practiced social justice as explained by Adams and Novak, building the institutions of a free and char­ itable society. Argentina was destroyed; the United States still has a chance. This immensely valuable book provides rich foundations for those who love liberty, justice, and a social environment conducive to human flourishing. -ALEJANDRO CHAFUEN, President, Atlas Network, and 2014w inner of the Walter Judd Freedom Award SOCIAJLU STICE IsWnh'atYt o Tuh iInItks MICHAEL NOVAK & PAUL ADAMS wiEtLhIZ ABETH SHAW ENCOUNTER BOOKS New York London © 2015 by Michael Novak and Paul Adams All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Encounter Books, 900 Broadway, Suite 601, New York, New York, 10003. First American edition published in 2015 by Encounter Books, an activity of Encounter for Culture and Education, Inc., a nonprofit, tax exempt corporation. Encounter Books website address: www.encounterbooks.com Manufactured in the United States and printed on acid-free paper. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NI SO 239.48-1992 (R 1997) (Permanence ofP aper). FIRST AMERICAN EDITION LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Novak, Michael. Social justice isn't what you think it is/ Michael Novak, Paul Adams with Elizabeth Shaw. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-59403-827-3 (hardback) -ISBN 978-1-59403-828-o (ebook) 1. Social justice-Religious aspects-Catholic Church. 2. Christian sociology­ Catholic Church. I. Adams, Paul, 1943- II. Title. BX1795.J87N68 2015 261.8-dc23 2015017129 Dedicated to Kelli Steele Adams in love and gratitude and to Karen Laub Novak (1937-2009) for the energy that flows from her still. MATERIAL ADAPTED AND USED WITH PERMISSION Chapters 1 and 2: "Defining Social Justice," First Things (December 2000); "Three Precisions: Social Justice," First Things (December 1, 2010). Chapters 3 and 4: "Hayek: Practitioner of Social Justice," in Three in One: Essays 011 Democratic Capitalism, 1976-2000, ed. Edward Younkins (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2001). Chapter 9: "Social Justice Redefined: Pius XI," in The Catholic Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Free Press, 1993). Chapter 10: "The Fire of Invention, the Fuel of Interest," in The Fire of Invention: Civil Society and the Future of the Corporation (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1997). Chapters 10 and 11: "Capitalism Rightly Understood," in The Catholic Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: The Free Press, 1993). Chapter 12: "Pope Benedict XVI's Caritas," First Things (August 17, 2009). Chapter 13: "Agreeing with Pope Francis," National Review Online (December 7, 2013). CONTENTS Acknowledgments, vii Introduction by PaulA dams, 1 [ PART ONE The Theory ] by Michael Novak DEFINITIONS, CONTEXT 1 Social Justice Isn't What You Think It Is, 15 2 Six Secular Uses of" Social Justice," 29 3 A Mirage? 37 4 Friedrich Hayek, Practitioner of Social Justice, 49 5 Sixteen Principles of Catholic Social Thought: The Five Cs, 55 6 The Five Rs, 65 7 The Six Ss, 78 THE POPES ON SOCIAL JUSTICE 8 Leo XIII's Rerum Novarum, 89 9 Forty Years Later: Pius XI, 106 10 American Realities and Catholic Social Thought, 121 11C entesimusAnnus: Capitalism, No and Yes, 139 12 Benedict XVI and Caritas in Veritate, 156 13 Pope Francis on Unreformed Capitalism, 161 FURTHER CHALLENGES 14 A New Theological Specialty: The Scout, 172 15N eeded: A Sharper Sense of Sin, 180