1 migration is a structural phenomenon embedded in human history, but its management represents a relevant and unresolved issue. this is even more crucial thinking of the con- sistency of the migration flows that have been continuously affecting europe over the Dipartimento Di Scienze politiche e GiuriDiche M ltahset cduercreandte h aenadlt hth eem ceorngdeniticoyn. st hinis w choicllehc tthioeny otaf kees spalaycse o, fmfearsd de ifefeverenn mt poorein dtsr aomf vaiteicw b iny A CIGR serie StuDi GiuriDici a multidisciplinary way, linked, however, by a common approach to migration research UA RT focusing on people and looking at the migration phenomenon as an opportunity, not as AI O a problem to be solved. the result is a collective effort about theories and practices of DN inclusion linked to social entrepreneurship. it has been created thanks to the support of I H S AO the “SirSe: Social inclusion of refugee Youth through Social entrepreneurship” eras- kC MIGRATION mus+ Youth project, funded with support from the european commission. the book AI NA starts with a leading article featuring the implementation of the project in turkey and its GL social impact on young people (Gülerce and Ökten). Furthermore, the book offers con- üLEN SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP tributions about citizenship (cambria) and, in addition, the recognition of social rights, ET RR beyond citizenship (prudente). the case of italy, one of the most significant in europe, CE is examined to analyse policies and practices. historical (Frisone), legal (martines, Demir E, EPR AND SOCIAL INCLUSION and ok) and sociological points of view are expressed. the sociological aspects pre- LE EN sented by some contributions aim at analyzing the main levers of inclusion (raimondi, NE toffle, chashchinova, lucchese), measuring its impact (toffle, mucciardi, lucchese) and AU GR also looking at the role of operators as key figures of social intermediation (tarsia). more- IRS H over, an in-depth study is dedicated to unaccompanied foreign minors from a legal point A SIP of view (astone). a key theme is also training and skill development. it is generally rele- E edited by LA vant to analyse investments for the development of any economic and social reality, and LN it is even more relevant to think about the value that emerges in the field of multicultural A AD Hakan Gülerce S inclusion. here, the theme of skill enhancement and the dynamics of access to higher NO D university education for migrants, refugees and asylum seekers is further analysed from MC Elena Girasella and Maria Skoufi I legal (Germanà, Girasella, moschella) and sociological (Salvati, Scardigno) points of view. AA RL Worksite integration practices, such as in the agricultural sector (mostaccio) and the as- IA IN pects related to the development of resilience in young migrants from a clinical perspec- SC tive (merlo, nato, Settineri) provide a comprehensive view. the book concludes by kL OU looking at the figure of the social entrepreneur (ozturk), analysing social entrepreneurship US fI linked to brand equity (Şahin) and focusing on the concrete experiences of social en- IO N trepreneurship of afghan immigrants in iranian universities (tajpour, hosseini, alizadeh), and Bangladeshi entrepreneurs in iran (nercissians, mahboob). eighteen essays for a new vision and greater positive awareness of the migratory phenomenon to open up more and more productive scenarios of future collaboration. Coordinamento redazionale Pietro Luigi Matta Editoriale Scientifica Università degli Studi di Messina Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche e Giuridiche Serie Studi Giuridici Direttore Mario Calogero Comitato scientifico R. Amagliani, F. Balaguer Callejón, M. Calogero, L. Chiara, F. Di Sciullo, V.L. Gutiérrez Castillo, A. Morelli, D. Novarese, D. Pompejano Comitato Editoriale R. Caratozzolo, F. Ciraolo, L. Lo Schiavo, A. Lupo, F. Martines, M. Messina, F. Perrini, S. Piraro, V. Prudente, A. Randazzo, M.G. Recupero, B. Russo, M.A. Silvestri, M.F. Tommasini MIGRATION SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIAL INCLUSION Edited by Hakan Gülerce, Elena Girasella e Maria Skoufi EDITORIALE SCIENTIFICA This book was realised as an intellectual output “O2:Academic Report/Article” in the project “SIRSE: Social Inclusion of Refugee Youth through Social Entrepreneurship” with the project number of “2019-1-TR01-KA205-073436” in the framework of the European programme. This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commis- sion cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Proprietà letteraria riservata Copyright © 2021 Editoriale Scientifica S.r.l. Via San Biagio del Librai 39 Palazzo Marigliano 80138 Napoli ISBN 979-12-5976-020-3 INDICE Hakan Gülerce, elena Girasella, Maria skoufi, Foreword 7 Hakan Gülerce, Şevket Ökten, Social entrepreneurship: sustainable social development and social inclusion of asylum seekers 9 antonino GerManà, elena Girasella, Giovanni MoscHella, Higher educa- tion as a lever to promote inclusion: the role of “frontier universities” 23 santina eManuela raiMondi, Mary ellen toffle, dina cHasHcHinova, Giuseppe luccHese, Integration and entrepreneurship: essential cross-cultural training needs and skill development 39 BeGüM ŞaHin, Social entrepreneurship and brand equity 63 ekreM deMir, GÖkçe ok, Right to work of asylum seekers residing in turkey 77 francesca frisone, Immigration policies, global governance and “welfare populism”: the italian case study 101 francesco Martines, Legal protection of migrants in Italy 119 MassiMo Mucciardi, Mary ellen toffle, Giuseppe luccHese, Social inclusion of Sicily immigrants: an attempt to measure social integration 135 eMilia nercissians, sHaolee MaHBooB, Social inclusion and entrepreneurship amid sanctions and Covid-19 pandemic: an ethnography of Bangladeshi migrants in Iran 157 eManuele Maria Merlo, vincenzo nato, salvatore settineri, Clinical psychology of resilience and social inclusion of the adolescent migrants 173 a. turan ozturk, Social entrepreneur: “mind precedence ranks before destiny” 189 antonina astone, Vulnerability of unaccompanied foreign minors and limits of existing protections 207 6 indice arMida salvati, fausta scardiGno, Recognizing professional competences of migrants: from experimentation to third mission services at the university of Bari “Aldo Moro” 217 valentina prudente, A glance at immigrant integration. From recognizing social rights to granting real participation in local government 235 MeHdi tajpour, elaHe Hosseini, roHollaH alizadeH, Entrepreneurship op- portunities: the effect of social entrepreneurship on the presence of Afghan immi- grant youth in Iranian universities 261 faBio Mostaccio, The pandemic consequences on immigrant workers in agri-food supply chains: a missed opportunity 285 carla caMBria, Citizenship in Roman Law 295 tiziana tarsia, The experimentation of social workers in beneficiaries’ job orientation 309 FOREWORD In recent years, millions of people have been displaced due to the civil war in their countries. With the passage of time and continuation of internal turmoil in the conflict areas, asylum seekers, refugees and migrants no longer seem to be considering going back to their country. Therefore, the process of social cohesion and inclusion is a priority for asylum seekers, refugees, migrants, and host communities. Community social inclusion of vulnerable groups has be- come a significant matter for governments internationally. Many research studies show that employment for young people facilitates their social inclusion. In such a way, immigrant youth will be allowed to become exemplary members of the host society and feel part of the wider community. Among various methods faciliating social inclusion/cohesion, social entrepre- neurship is probably one of the most effective ones. One of the essential results of social entrepreneurship is that it contributes to the employment of young people with fewer opportunities. In many ways, social entrepreneurship ena- bles asylum seekers and migrants to contribute to the society they are living in. It also prevents culture shock and instead supports cultural harmony in society, understanding of mutual social responsibilities, and develops the local labor market and services. Lack of social inclusion programs, on the other hand, fos- ters racist or xenophobic discourses in the host community and increases social exclusion of the asylum seekers and migrants with dire consequences for those persons and the society they are living in. Therefore, in this edited book, we aim to cover studies in the field of social inclusion through social entrepreneurship. This book has been published as an intellectual output “O2:Academic Re- port/Article” ‘from the Erasmus+ Project on the topic of “Social Inclusion of Refugee Youth Through Social Entrepreneurship” with the Project number of 2019-1-TR01-KA205-073436*. Launching the call for the collection of contri- butions for the realization of this book it was immediately clear that it would not be possible to define the subject of analysis within linear and unambiguous dis- ciplinary boundaries. We are well aware of the fact that the issues surrounding the combination of migration - inclusion - social entrepreneurship are, for obvi- ous reasons, full of mixtures, interdisciplinary by definition. And here the focus 8 foreword has also been ‘focused on the direction of entrepreneurship, social in particular. The result is a collection of heterogeneous essays, each one autonomously unit- ed by their intrinsic openness to different methodological approaches. Quot- ing Simmel, we will discuss “the person who comes today and stays tomorrow”. But under what conditions? With what expectations? Resources? Perspectives? Conversation in the book starts with a main article of the implementation of the project in Turkey and its social impacts on young people (Gülerce and Ökten). Then the book offers contributions about citizenship (Cambria) and conse- quently for the recognition of social rights, beyond citizenship (Prudente). Italy, as a case study obviously among the most significant in Europe, will be exam- ined to analyse policies and practices. We will see it from a historical (Frisone) and legal (Martines, Demir and Ok) point of view. And we will also see it from a sociological point of view presented by some contributions aimed at deepen- ing the main levers of inclusion (Raimondi, Toffle, Chashchinova, Lucchese), measuring its impact (Toffle, Mucciardi, Lucchese) and also looking at the role of operators as key figures of social intermediation (Tarsia). Further from a legal point of view, an in-depth study will be dedicated to unaccompanied for- eign minors (Astone). A key theme is also that of training, the enhancement of skills. It is generally relevant to analyse investments for the development of any economic and social reality, and it is even more relevant thinking about the value that emerges in the field of multicultural inclusion. Here the theme of the enhancement of skills and the dynamics of access to higher university education in favour of migrants, refugees and asylum seekers further analysed from legal (Germanà, Girasella, Moschella) and sociological (Salvati, Scardigno) points of view. From the development of the knowledge and soft skills of the migrants it will be interesting to deepen working integration practices, as in the agricul- tural sector (Mostaccio) and deepen the aspects related to the development of resilience in young migrants, also from a clinical perspective (Merlo, Nato, Set- tineri). The essay concludes by looking at the figure of the social entrepreneur (Ozturk), analysing social entrepreneurship linked to brand equity (Şahin) and deepening concrete experiences of social entrepreneurship in contexts such as Iranian universities by Afghan immigrants (Tajpour, Hosseini, Alizadeh), and Bangladesh (Nercissians, Mahboob). We are honoured to have had the opportunity to make a contribution, albe- it it small, to academic studies in the fields of Migration, Social Entrepreneur- ship and Social Inclusion with this edited book. Editors Hakan Gülerce, Elena Girasella, Maria Skoufi emilia nerciSSianS*, SHaolee maHBooB** SOCIAL INCLUSION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMID SANCTIONS AND COVID-19 PANDEMIC: AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF BANGLADESHI MIGRANTS IN IRAN Summary: 1. Contextualization of Bangladeshi migrant social entrepreneurs in iran. – 2. Bangladeshi migrant entrepreneurs in iran. – 2.1 The bitter-sweet journey of the migrant entrepreneurs towards iran. – 2.2 Sources of financial capital. – 2.3 Social capital, agency and tactics to be established. – 2.4 Business types of the Bangladeshi migrant social entrepreneurs. – 2.4.1 Export-import business. – 2.4.2 Small and medium enterprise. – 2.4.3 Money transaction as an informal business. – 3. Accomplishment of the migrant entrepreneurs’ mission. – 4. Bibliography. 1. Contextualization of Bangladeshi Migrant Social Entrepreneurs in Iran Nearly, two thousand Bangladeshis are living in Iran. A small segment of Bangladeshi diaspora, and illegal migrants here have become entrepreneurs i.e. owned export-import business, established factories, and departmental stores, and other businesses. The condition of Bangladeshi migrant entrepreneurs in Iran, presently, can be contextualized by underpinning two important phenom- ena, i.e. a) economic sanctions on Iran by external factors like states and organ- izations and b) a sudden global attack of COVID-19 pandemic, both of which have abysmal effects on the economy of Iran consequently ambivalent to the migrant’s stability. Migrants want to be socially incorporated and included in the desired host country which is their cognitive schemata with the aim of being secured in an unstable setting. Social entrepreneurship is a safeguard for social inclusion. The present study explores the struggle and stories of Bangladeshi migrant entrepreneurs, who have been living in Iran for long years, and have established themselves successfully in a foreign land. However, economic sanctions and the pandemic are now affecting every part of Iranian lives including Bangladeshi migrants. The present empirical * Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Tehran, Iran, E-mail: [email protected] ** PhD Student, Department of Anthropology, University of Tehran, Iran, E-mail: [email protected]