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Hackett: Facet Theory and the Mapping Sentence: Evolving Philosophy, Use and Application Irwin Wall: France Votes: The Election of François Hollande DOI: 10.1057/9781137455840.0001 Social Franchising Edited by Ilan Alon Rollins College, United States DOI: 10.1057/9781137455840.0001 Selection and editorial content © Ilan Alon 2014 Individual chapters © the contributors 2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-45582-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saff ron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. Th e authors have asserted their rights to be identifi ed as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fift h Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN: 978–1–137–45584–0 PDF ISBN: 978-1-349-49827-7 Th is book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. www.palgrave.com/pivot doi: 10.1057/9781137455840 Contents List of Illustrations vi Notes on Contributors viii Introduction 1 Ilan Alon 1 Social Franchising as Organizational Format – An Overview 8 Anita du Toit 2 Overcoming Institutional Challenges in Microfranchising 33 Lisa Jones Christensen and David Lehr 3 The Scope for Scaling Up Social Enterprises in China 48 Michael Norton 4 Access Afya: Micro-Clinic Health Franchise Designed for Scale 61 Kevin McKague, Melissa Menke and Ajanthy Arasaratnam 5 World Vision: Catalysing the growth of Microfranchising in Tanzania 80 Andy Hunter and Ashley Wheaton Index 95 DOI: 10.1057/9781137455840.0001 v List of Illustrations Figures 1.1 Social enterprise vs social franchising 11 1.2 Commercial franchising vs social franchising 14 1.3 Conditions promoting social franchising as a suitable strategy 17 1.4 Fractional franchising: an overview 22 1.5 Structure of the Janani social franchise 27 1.6 The contribution of social franchising to addressing social and economic needs 29 2.1 Microfranchising and business creation: a high value-add proposition 38 4.1 A street near one of Access Afya’s clinics in the Mukuru slum, Nairobi 63 4.2 Access Afya micro-clinic 68 5.1 A two-fold development impact every time a unit of product is sold 81 5.2 F lowchart: GCS 86 5.3 Flowchart: World Vision Tanzania 87 Table 5.1 Three ways of engaging in microfranchising 82 vi DOI: 10.1057/9781137455840.0002 List of Illustrations vii Boxes 2.1 Benefits of microfranchising 37 5.1 Case study: GCS Rafiki, Joyce Muwenga 90 5.2 Case study: GCS Customer, Venust Shoush 90 DOI: 10.1057/9781137455840.0002 Notes on Contributors Ilan Alon is Cornell Professor of International Business at Rollins College. His research interests include global franchising, social and microfranchising and international business. He is the author of numerous articles and books on franchising and global marketing. Ajanthy Arasaratnam’s research and work centres on designing and delivering social services to marginalized populations. She has worked in the public and private sec- tor in North America and Africa, and holds an MBA from the Schulich School of Business, York University. Lisa Jones Christensen is Assistant Professor of Strategy and Entrepreneurship at the Kenan-Flagler Business School, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She researches and teaches entrepreneurship, innovation, change management, metrics and leadership. Her sub- specialties focus on microenterprise development includ- ing innovations in microfinance, micro-insurance and microfranchising. Anita du Toit is a senior consultant and partner at Franchi- sing Plus, a franchise consultancy in Johannesburg, South Africa. Her work in social franchising includes a project to develop a government social franchise for the North West province Department of Health and consulting to organi- zations that form part of a Social Franchise Accelerator in partnership with the University of Cape Town and the International Centre for Social Franchising (ICSF). Anita obtained a Master’s in Marketing Management (cum laude) from the University of Pretoria. She has authored viii DOI: 10.1057/9781137455840.0003 Notes on Contributors ix papers published in the Journal of Marketing Channels and Franchising Law and Policy Review. Andy Hunter works in World Visions’ Social Entrepreneurship and Economic Development (SEED) unit, providing technical support to market systems and enterprise development projects around World Vision Partnership. His experience with microfranchising extends to World Vision’s pilot projects in Tanzania and Guatemala. Andy holds a Bachelor of International Business from Swinburne University and is close to completing his Master of International Relations at the University of Melbourne. Andy comes from a private sector background with six years of experience in owning and developing two of his own companies, while working in consulting as a Business Development advisor. David Lehr’s career has spanned the public and private sectors, focusing on the intersection of business, technology, job creation and poverty alle- viation. He is the Senior Director, Strategy and Impact, TechSoup Global and a consultant to organizations leveraging market-based approaches to addressing poverty. David also teaches on entrepreneurship and social innovation in the University of North Carolina’s online MBA program. David has post-graduate training at Stanford University, holds an MPIA from University of California, and a BA in Economics from the State University of New York. He is also a regular contributor to the Stanford Social Innovations Review. Kevin McKague is Assistant Professor of Social Entrepreneurship and Strategy at the Shannon School of Business, Cape Breton University, Canada, and a Senior Research Fellow with the Center for Peace, Democracy and Development at the University of Massachusetts, Boston. Melissa Menke is the CEO of Access Afya, an innovative health care company based in Kenya. The social venture provides primary health through a chain of micro-clinics in Nairobi slums. She co-founded Access Afya and raised financing, hired the clinical and operational team, established a pilot, and is currently focused on leading the tech- nology roadmap and expanding the organization. Her work has been recognized by the William James Foundation’s Sustainable Business Plan Competition, the Cartier Women’s Initiative and Village Capital. Melissa holds a Master’s in Public Service from New York University. She is also a board member for the Young Women Social Entrepreneurs Nairobi, which holds events promoting women in business. DOI: 10.1057/9781137455840.0003