Ecological Research Monographs Nisikawa Usio · Tadashi Miyashita Editors Social-Ecological Restoration in Paddy-Dominated Landscapes Ecological Research Monographs Series Editor: Yoh Iwasa More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8852 Nisikawa Usio (cid:129) Tadashi Miyashita Editors Social-Ecological Restoration in Paddy- Dominated Landscapes Editors NisikawaUsio TadashiMiyashita CenterforTokiandEcological GraduateSchoolofAgriculturalandLife Restoration(CTER) Sciences NiigataUniversity TheUniversityofTokyo Sado,Japan Tokyo,Japan InstituteofNatureandEnvironmental Technology(K-INET) KanazawaUniversity Kanazawa,Japan ISSN2191-0707 ISSN2191-0715 (electronic) EcologicalResearchMonographs ISBN978-4-431-55329-8 ISBN978-4-431-55330-4 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-4-431-55330-4 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014958758 SpringerTokyoHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©SpringerJapan2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsorthe editorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrors oromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Frontcover:Afarmerendeavoringtoremoveagriculturalpestinsectsusingabasketinanorganicrice paddyfieldinSadoIsland,Japan(photobyNisikawaUsio).Backcover:Left:Anear-threatenedRana porosaporosa(Tokyodarumapondfrog)foundinaricepaddyfieldadjacenttoanearthenirrigation ditchinSaitamaPrefecture,Japan(photobyAikoFuruya).Center:Nipponianippon(toki)restingona tree branchin Sado Island, Japan(photo by HiromuNakatsu). Right:An endangeredRotalapusilla (mizumatsuba)growinginaricepaddyfieldinTochigiPrefecture,Japan(photobyAikoFuruya). Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerJapanKKispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Anthropogenic activities have led to dramatic loss of biodiversity and ecosystem servicesworldwide.Amongvariousmanagementpracticesundertakentomitigate detrimentalimpactsonbiodiversityandecosystemservices,landsparingandland sharing are two major land management approaches discussed in conservation or restorationscience(Fischeretal.2008;Tscharntkeetal.2012).Traditionally,much attention has been given to land sparing, in which relatively pristine areas are designated as protected areas for biodiversity conservation while human use of natural resources are restricted in such areas. In recent decades, land sharing, in which biodiversity conservation and human use of natural resources are practiced onthesameland,hasgainedequalattention,especiallyinagriculturalecosystems. Landsparingandlandsharinghavecomplementaryrolesinbiodiversityconserva- tion or restoration (Fischer et al. 2008), and both land management approaches complywithashort-term(i.e.,Target7:by2020areasunderagriculture,aquacul- ture, and forestryare managed sustainably, ensuring conservation of biodiversity) andlong-term(2050)visions (i.e.,living inharmony withnature)proposedinthe Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 and the Aichi Targets at the 10th ConferenceoftheParties(COP10)totheConventionofBiodiversity(CBD2010). Japanisamongthedenselypopulatedcountries, wherehumans havehadclose affinity with rural biocultural landscapes, also known as Satoyama. Satoyama comprises paddy fields, cropland, farm ponds, streams/ditches, secondary forests, and grassland around villages, where village people have long managed and maintained natural resources through farming and forestry activities. Many endemic species, including endangered species, inhabit Satoyama, and organisms are adapted to moderate levels of disturbances (Katoh et al. 2009). At the same time, village people have maintained economic activities through farming and forestry activities. Therefore, Satoyama is believed to be an ideal model system forlandsharing. However, Satoyama is facing serious threats from two contrasting types of habitat degradation: agricultural intensification and abandonment of farmland– forestry areas (Katoh et al. 2009; Natuhara 2013). Modernization of agriculture v vi Preface led to the use of strong agrochemicals, the associated non-point pollution from farmland, farmland consolidation, and the associated habitat fragmentation. In contrast, depopulation and aging in rural communities led to abandonment of farmland and secondary forests, which in turn accelerated loss of disturbance- dependent organisms and loss of multifunctionality of such secondary ecosystems. In this book, we focus on ecological restoration of paddy-dominated land- scapes, as rice farming has a major role in Japanese agriculture. To restore multifunctionality of paddy fields and to revitalize depopulating and aging rural communities, both ecosystem and human dimensions of ecological restoration need to be considered. Throughout this book, we have used the term “social- ecological”to put equal weighton thetwodimensions ofecologicalrestoration. The only exception is Chap. 2, where “socio-ecological” is used because of the historyofthatterm’sbeingusedinapoliticalcontext. Ecological restoration of farmland has attracted much attention from scientists andpolicymakersinEurope(e.g.,Kleijnetal.2006;Gabrieletal.2009),probably because farmland accounts for significant proportions of land areas in many Europeancountries.AlthoughEuropeanscientistsfocusonrestorationofdegraded dry lands (e.g., cropland or pasture), ecological restoration of paddy fields differs fundamentally in that it focuses on restoration of quasi-natural wetland habitats. Our book is the first to introduceecological restoration of paddy-dominated land- scapes. We hope that this book stimulates further research on social-ecological restorationinpaddy-dominatedlandscapes. We thank the authors for submitting chapters for this book; reviewers for their constructive criticisms on the chapters; N.Yamamura for his helpful comments on thebook;A.Furuya,H.Nakatsu,M.Nishizawa,andtheSadoMunicipalGovernment forprovidingphotos;andthestaffofSpringer,Japan,fortheirsupport. Kanazawa,Japan NisikawaUsio Tokyo,Japan TadashiMiyashita References CBD (2010)The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020and theAichi biodiversity targets. Availableathttp://www.cbd.int/cop10/doc/default.shtml.Accessed28July2014 FischerJ,BrosiB,DailyGC,EhrlichPR,GoldmanR,GoldsteinJ,LindenmayerDB,Manning AD, Mooney HA, Pejchar L, Ranganathan J, Tallis H (2008) Should agricultural policies encouragelandsparingorwildlife-friendlyfarming?FrontEcolEnviron6:382–387 GabrielD,CarverSJ,DurhamH,KuninWE,PalmerRC,SaitSM,StaglS,BentonTG(2009)The spatialaggregationoforganicfarminginEnglandanditsunderlyingenvironmentalcorrelates. JApplEcol46:323–333 Katoh K, Sakai S, Takahashi T (2009) Factors maintaining species diversity in satoyama, a traditionalagriculturallandscapeofJapan.BiolConserv142:1930–1936 Preface vii Kleijn D, Baquero RA, Clough Y, Diaz M, De Esteban J, Fernandez F, Gabriel D, Herzog F, Holzschuh A, Johl R, Knop E, Kruess A, Marshall EJP, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T, VerhulstJ,WestTM,YelaJL(2006)Mixedbiodiversitybenefitsofagri-environmentschemes infiveEuropeancountries.EcolLett9:243–254 NatuharaY(2013)EcosystemservicesbypaddyfieldsassubstitutesofnaturalwetlandsinJapan. EcolEng56:97–106 TscharntkeT,CloughY,WangerTC,JacksonL,MotzkeI,PerfectoI,VandermeerJ,WhitbreadA (2012)Globalfoodsecurity,biodiversityconservationandthefutureofagriculturalintensifi- cation.BiolConserv151:53–59 Contents PartI UnderstandingAgriculturalSystemsinJapan 1 Japan’sAgriculturalPoliciesAfterWorldWarII: AgriculturalLandUsePoliciesandProblems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 TakuyaHashiguchi 2 Socio-ecologicalSystemsinPaddy-DominatedLandscapes inAsianMonsoon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 OsamuSaitoandKaoruIchikawa 3 Column:PromotingAgriculturewithaRecognition ofBiologicalDiversityintheContextofRice PaddyResolutions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 ShinjiMinami 4 DistributionandAbundanceofOrganisms inPaddy-DominatedLandscapeswithImplications forWildlife-FriendlyFarming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 TadashiMiyashita,MiyuYamanaka,andMasaruH.Tsutsui PartII RestoringtheMultifunctionalityofPaddy-Dominated Landscapes 5 EnvironmentallyFriendlyFarminginJapan: Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 NisikawaUsio 6 Column:EndangeredSpeciesinJapan:ExSituConservation ApproachesandReintroductionintheWild. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 MarikoKato ix