social difference and constitutionalism in pan-asia In many countries, social differences, such as religion or race and ethnicity, threatenthestabilityofthesocialandlegalorder.Thisbookaddressestherole ofconstitutionsandconstitutionalismindealingwiththechallengeofdifference. Thebookbringstogetherlawyers,politicalscientists,historians,religiousstudies scholars, and area studies experts to consider how constitutions address issues of difference across “Pan-Asia,” a wide swath of the world that runs from the MiddleEast,throughAsia,andintoOceania.Thebook’smultidisciplinaryand comparative approach makes it unique. The book is organized into five parts, each devoted to constitutional approaches to a particular type of difference – religion, ethnicity/race, urban/rural divisions, language, and gender and sexual orientation – in two or more countries in Pan-Asia. The introduction offers a frameworkforthinkingcomprehensivelyaboutthemanywaysconstitutionalism interactswithdifference. Susan H. Williams is the Walter W. Foskett Professor of Law and the Director of the Center for Constitutional Democracy at the Indiana University Maurer School of Law. She is the author of Truth, Autonomy, and Speech: Feminist TheoryandtheFirstAmendment(2004),whichwontheOutstandingAcademic TitleAwardfromChoicemagazine,aswellasmanyarticlesandbookchapters. She is the editor of Constituting Equality: Gender Equality and Comparative Constitutional Law (2011). Her scholarship focuses on issues related to gender equality,constitutionaldesign,andfeministtheory. comparative constitutional law and policy SeriesEditors: TomGinsburg UniversityofChicago ZacharyElkins UniversityofTexasatAustin RanHirschl UniversityofToronto Comparativeconstitutionallawisanintellectuallyvibrantfieldthatencom- passes an increasingly broad array of approaches and methodologies. This series collects analytically innovative and empirically grounded work from scholarsofcomparativeconstitutionalismacrossacademicdisciplines.Books in the series include theoretically informed studies of single constitutional jurisdictions,comparativestudiesofconstitutionallawandinstitutions,and edited collections of original essays that respond to challenging theoretical andempiricalquestionsinthefield. VolumesintheSeries: ComparativeConstitutionalDesigneditedbyTomGinsburg(2012) ConsequentialCourts:JudicialRolesinGlobalPerspectiveeditedbyDiana Kapiszewski,GordonSilverstein,andRobertA.Kagan(2013) Social and Political Foundations of Constitutions edited by Denis Galligan andMilaVersteeg(2013) ConstitutionsinAuthoritarianRegimeseditedbyTomGinsburgandAlberto Simpser(2014) Presidential Legislation in India: The Law and Practice of Ordinances by ShubhankarDam(2014) Social Difference and Constitutionalism in Pan-Asia edited by Susan H.Williams(2014) Social Difference and Constitutionalism in Pan-Asia Editedby Susan H. Williams Indiana University, Maurer School of Law 32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,ny10013-2473,usa CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107036277 (cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2014 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2014 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData SocialdifferenceandconstitutionalisminPan-Asia/SusanH.Williams,Indiana University,SchoolofLaw. pagescm.–(Comparativeconstitutionallawandpolicy) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. isbn978-1-107-03627-7(hardback) 1.Constitutionallaw–Socialaspects–Asia–Congresses. I.Williams,SusanHoffman, 1960–editorofcompilation. knc524.s65 2014 342.5–dc23 2013028339 isbn978-1-107-03627-7Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyofurls forexternalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublicationanddoesnot guaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents ListofContributors pageix Introduction:ConstitutionsandDifference:Ideology andInstitutions 1 SusanH.Williams part i. language 1. NegotiatingDifferences:India’sLanguagePolicy 27 BenjaminB.Cohen 2. ConstitutionandLanguageinPost-Independence CentralAsia 53 WilliamFierman part ii. urban/rural 3. DreamsofRedemption:LocalistStrategiesofPolitical ReforminthePhilippines 75 PaulD.Hutchcroft 4. ConstitutionalRightsandDialogicProcessinSocialist Vietnam:ProtectingRural-to-UrbanMigrants’Rights withoutaConstitutionalCourt 109 HuongThiNguyen part iii. ethnicity and race 5. AsymmetricalFederalisminBurma 137 DavidC.Williams vii viii Contents 6. HuWantsSomethingNew:DiscourseandtheDeep StructureofMinzuPoliciesinChina 165 GardnerBovingdon part iv. religion 7. SectarianVisionsoftheIraqiState:Irreconcilable Differences? 195 FeisalAminRasoulal-Istrabadi 8. ConstitutionalismandReligiousDifferenceinIsrael (andaBriefPassagetoMalaysia) 230 RanHirschl part v. gender and sexuality 9. Australia’sGenderedConstitutionalHistoryandFuture 261 KimRubensteinandChristabelRichards-Neville 10. IslamicFeminism(s):PromotingGenderEgalitarianismand ChallengingConstitutionalConstraints 292 AsmaAfsaruddin 11. India,Nepal,andPakistan:AUniqueSouthAsian ConstitutionalDiscourseonSexualOrientation andGenderIdentity 316 SeanDicksonandSteveSanders Index 349 List of Contributors AsmaAfsaruddinisprofessorofIslamicstudiesandchairoftheDepart- ment of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures at Indiana University, Bloomington. She is the author and/or editor of six books and has published numerous articles on many aspects of premodern and mod- ern Islamic thought and intellectual history. Her publications include Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought (2013); The First Muslims: History and Memory (2008); and the edited volume Hermeneutics and Honor: Negotiating Female “Public” Space in Islamic/ate Societies (2000). She was named a Carnegie Scholar in 2005 and has also won research grants from the Harry Frank Guggen- heimFoundationandtheAmericanResearchInstituteinTurkey,among others. Gardner Bovingdon is an associate professor of central Eurasian stud- ies and international studies at Indiana University. He has conducted research in China, Taiwan, and Central Asia on the topics of nation- alism, autonomy regimes, and historiography. His book The Uyghurs: StrangersinTheirOwnLandwaspublishedin2010.Heisnowconduct- ingresearchcomparingnationbuildinginCentralAsiaandChina. Benjamin B.Cohen isan associate professorof historyat theUniversity of Utah. He received his PhD in history from the University of Wiscon- sin, Madison. His first book, Kingship and Colonialism in India’s Dec- can (2007), won wide acclaim. Cohen has also published several peer- reviewed articles on such topics as environmental history, institutional history,andgenderhistory. Sean Dickson is a Washington, DC–based associate with Sidley Austin LLP, practicing in health care and government strategies. He received his JD from the University of Michigan Law School, cum laude, where he also received his MPH in health management and policy. Prior to graduate study, Sean worked extensively in international public health, ix