Atlaso f HumanA natomy Editedb y R.P utza ndR .P abst inc ollaboratwiointh R enatPeu tz 13thr,e viseEdd ition TranslatbeydD r.M .L utzK, .K opsieker Witht hea ssistanocfe M ichaeBlu dowicSka, raDh ietz, Dr.D orotheHae nnessen 768c olourepdla tes 76t ables URBAN& FISCHERM UNiCh. JCNA Addresseso f the editors: This atlas was founded by Iohannes Sobottat , former Professoro f Anatomy ProfessorD r. med. R. Putz and Director of the Anatomical Institute of the University of Bonn, Germany. Vorstandd es AnatomischenI nstituts Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitet PettenkoferstraBe1 1 80336 Miinchen, Germany German Editions: l. Edition: 1904-1907I . F. LehmannsV erlag,M unich ProfessorD r. med. R. Pabst 2.-11.E dition:1 913-19441F. .L ehmannsV erlag,M unich Leiter der Abteilung fiir Funktionelle und 12. Edition: 1948a nd following editions Urban & SchwarzenbergM, unich AngewandteA natomie 13.E dition:1 953 MedizinischeH ochschule,H annover 14.E dition:1 956 Carl-Neuberg-StraBIe 15.E dition:1 957 30625 Hannover,G ermany 16.E dition:1 967( ISBN3 -541-02816-5) 17.E dition:1 972( ISBN3 -541-02817-3) 18.E dition:1 982I SBN 3-541-02818-1) 19.E dition:1 988( ISBN3 -541-02819-X) This atlas consistso f two volumes: 20. Edition:1 993( ISBN3 -541-1736GX) Vol. 1: Head,n eck, upper limb 21. Edition: 2000 (ISBN 3-437-4194041 Vol. 2: Thorax, abdomen,p elvis, lower limb Foreign Editiors: Arabic Edition Translation: Dr. M. Lutz Modern TechnicalC enter,D amascus K. Kopsieker ChineseE dition Editorial staffat Dr. med. DorotheaH ennessen HoChi Book Publishing,T aiwan Urban & Fischer: AlexanderG attnarzik CroatianE dition Producer: RenateH ausdorf NakladaS lap,l astrebarsko Coverd esign: CarstenT schirner Coverillustration: MichaelBudowick Dutch Edition Bohn Stafleuv an Loghum,H outen English Edition (with nomenclaturei n English) Lea & Iebiger previousE nglish Edition (with nomenclaturei n latin) Urban & SchwarzenbergM, unich French Edition Atlasd AnatomieH umaine Tec& Doc Lavoisier,P aris Greek Edition GregoryP arissianos,A thens Hungarian Edition az ember anat6mi6jiinaka tlasza SemmelweisK iad6 IndonesianE dition Nomenclaturei n latin Atlas Anatomi Manusia Vol. 1 Head,N eck, Upperlimb. - 13th End. ed. - 2001 Penerbit Buku KedokteranE GC,I akarta Vol. 2 Thorax, Abdomen,P elvis,L ower Limb. - l3th Engl. ed. - 2001 ItalianE dition Atlante di Anatomia Umana UTEI Torino lapaneseE dition Igaku Shoin Ltd., Tokyo KoreanE dition Panmun Book Company,S eoul Polish Edition Atlas anatomii cztowieka Urban & Partner PortugueseE dition (with nomenclaturei n PortuSuese) Atlasd e AnatomieH umana Editoria GuanabaraK oogan,R io de Janeiro All rights, including that of translation, reserved.N o part of this publication PortugueseE dition (with nomenclaturei n Latin) may be reproduced,s tored in a retrieval system,o r transmitted in any other Atlas de Anatomie Humana form or by any means,e lectronic,m echanical,r ecording,o r otherwise without Editoria GuanabaraK oogan,R io de Janeiro the prior written permission of the publisher. SpanishE dition Atlas de Anatomia Humana Typesetting:T ypodata,M unich Editorial Medica PanamericanaB. uenosA ires/Madrid Repmduction:T ypodata,M unich Turkish Edition Printed in Germanyb y Appl, Wemding Insan Anatomisi Atlasi @ Urban & Fischer 2001 Beta Basim Yayim Dagitim, Istanbul UFtcdate information you find under: Urban & Fischer:h ttp'.//www.urbanfischer.de Preface Followingth e extremelyg oodi llustrationsin the laste ditiono f R. Pabst: Head, neck, thoracic wall, abdominal wall, thorax, the Atlasw hichw asb roughti ntob eingb yl. Sobottain 1903t,h e abdomen,p elvis. editorsa ndp ublishersa skedth emselvews hatc ouldb ei mproved upon in such a classicw ork. It becamec lear from the many Thef ollowinga rtistsh avee arnedo ur thanksf or the manyn ew lettersa nd discussionws ith studentsa nd colleaguetsh at the drawings which they have producedi n their already proven concepot bviouslys till fits into the panoramao f study,a nd that manner:U lrike BruggerR, iidigerH immelhanS, onjaK lebe,a nd the macroscopiacn atomyr emainsw ithout question,t ogether Horst RuB.I t is due to their effortst hat the tried and tested with otherb asics cienceso, ne of the fundamentso f medicine. "sobottaS tyle"h asb eenm aintainedT. hef reee lectronicp rocess- Althought he Atlasi s primarilyd irecteda t thoses tudyingp re- ing of thep hotographass w ella st hep roductiono f thep rintsw as clinicalm edicinei,t hasn everthelesass "TheB ookf or life as a carriedo ut by MichaelB udowickW. e are alsog ratefult o our doctor"a ll that is necessaryto be a companionth rought he colleagueisn the variousc linicsw ho put the illustrationsa t our clinical studiesa nd a referenceb ook during working life. In disposaflo r this editiona sw ell (seeA cknowledgements). accordancwe ith the most importanyurgenwt ishes,t he new editionh asa serieso f alterations. Wew ouldl ike to thank the colleaguefsr om the institutesw ho were involvedm ost sincerelyf or their understandinga nd for In the newe ditionw e have the very importants timulus.D r. N. Sokolova nd A. Buchhorn - a total of 133 new illustrationsd rawn basedo n original preparedd issectionms eticulouslyto servea s a basisf or many dissectionse,. g.t he series0 f sectionso f the braina ndt horax, newi llustrationsS; .F ryk andG .H oppmanna ssistedu s with our - replacedth e blacka ndw hitei llustrations, wordp rocessing. - broughtil lustrationso f clinicala pplicatiounp to datea ccording to the developmenotf the techniquee,. g.e ndoscopoyr X-ray, Thee ditorsw ouldf inally like to thank explicitlyt he colleagues - introducedth e schematioc fjoint straina nd of the editorialo ffice,e speciallyD r. DorotheaH ennessena nd - revisedth e tableso f musclesc ompletely. A. Gattnarzik,w .hod espitee xternal turbulencec onsistently accompanietdh e productiono f the newe dition.T hep roduction As the secondim portantg oalw e havei mprovedth e readability was lookeda fter in the initial stagesb y P. Mazzettia nd finally by carriedo ut with greatc ommitmenbt y R. HausdorfR. enateP utz - the introductiono fconspicioucso loursfo r the chapters, was responsiblefo r the conversiono f the NominaA natomica - colourc odingt he labellingo f topographiicll ustrations, and for the standardisatioonf the referenceas nd the texts.A - the consistenat dditiono f orientations ketchesto the cross speciatl hankst o all the peoplew ho devotedth emselvetso the sectionsa ndl ine of vision, nerve-rackingp roof readinga nd the putting togethero f the - the revisiona nd new arransemenot f the tried and tested index.I f "Sobotta"is able to appearw ith new contentsa nd tablesa ndb y in new splendourt hen it is due to the entirely constructive - the introductiono f small" wind mills" drawingy our attention collaboratioonf all concernedW. ew oulda lsol ike to thank our to the surroundingil lustrations. familiesf or their understandinosf the lack of time we had for them. Of course,t he new nomenclatirre(T erminologiaA natomica), whichh asb eenv alids inceO ctobe1r 998h, asb eeni ncludedT. he Many innovationsin this atlas are basedo n the critic and glossarya idst hosei nteresteidn theb ackgrounodf ours pecialist suggestionsm ade by studentsa nd colleaguesT. he editors languagc. werea nd are extremelyt hankfulf or thesea nd would ask the users of this edition not to shy away from sendingu s their The divisiono f the revisiono f the chaptersa, part from the comments. commond iscussionosv ert hec oncepat ndt hem utualc orrection, wasr etaineda ndi s asf ollows: R.P utz: Generala natom)lu pper limb, brain, eye,e ar, back, Municha ndH annoverS, eptembe1r9 99 lowerl imb; R.P utza ndR .P abst Contents( volumI e) Generalt erms of directiona nd positioni n the body VII Cranial Cavity,C avitasc ranii, and Dura Mater Referencesto the colouredi llustration of the Brain, Dura mater cranialis 258-259 plates . VII Vesselso f the Head 260-266 Acknowledgemen.t.s. VIII Nerveso f the Brain, Nervi craniales 267-2 77 Dura Mater of the Brain, Dura mater cranialis,a nd ArachnoidA, rachnoidema atercranialis. ........ 278-281 Vesselso f the Brain 282-285 BrainC, erebrum. ... 286-293 Diencephalon 294-295 Parts and Regionso f the Body Midbrain,M esencephalo.n. ... 296-298 PassiveL ocomotorS ystem 6-l 0 Brain Stem,T runcus encephali 299-300 Active LocomotorS ystem |-12 Nuclei of the Cranial Nerves . 301 Digestivea nd RespiratoryS ystem l3 Cerebellum 302-305 Urinary Tract and Genital Organs 14 Ventricular Systema nd SubarachnoidS pace 306-315 EndocrineS ystem l5 DeepV esselso f the Brain 316-317 VascularS ystem t6-21 Fornix . 318-319 SurfaceP rojectiono f the Internal Organs 22-23 Associationa nd CommissuralF ibres 320 Central and PeripheralN ervousS ystem 24-27 Internal Capsule,C apsulai nterna, PyramidalT ract, Skin and Appendages 28-29 Tractus pyramidalis,a nd BasalN uclei . 321-323 Frontal Sectionso f the Brain 324-327 Horizontal Sectionso f the Brain 328-334 Head, Caput, and Neck, Collum 30-I 63 SagittalS ectionso f the Brain 335-338 MagnetR esonanceT omographyS ectionso f the Regionso f the Head and Neck, Regiones Brain. . .. 339-340 capitis et colli . . . 30-31 SpinalCord,Medullaspinalis ...... 341-355 Skull, Ossac ranii, and TemporomandibularIo int, Articulatio temporomandibularis . 32-7| Muscles,V esselsa nd Nerveso f the Head 72-88 Eye,Organumvis.u s ..... 35G380 Nose,N asuse xternus,a nd NasalC avity, Cavitasn asi ... 89-91 EyelidP, alpebraea,n dO rbitalC avityO, rbita 356-360 ParanasaSl inusesS, inusp aranasales. . 92-94 LacrimaAl pparatus 361 Oral Cavity,C avitaso ris . . . 95-96 ExtraocularMuscMleuss,c ubliu lbi. . ...... 362-365 Maxilla and Mandible,M andibula 97- 98 EyeballB, ulbuso culi 366 Teeth,D entes 99-106 Vesselos f the Eye 367 Palate,P alatum 107 Irisa ndP upil. . 368 Tongug,L ingua 1081- 12 Lensea ndO culaFr undusF, unduso culi . 368-371 SuprahyoidM uscles,M m. suprahyoidei, OpticNerve,N.opticus ..... 372-373 and Hyoid Bone,O s hyoideum 113 VisuaPl athway.. ... 374-375 Large Salivary Glands,G landulaes alivariae MusclesV,e sselasn dN erveso f theO rbital majores 114-117 Cavity. 376-379 Arteriesa nd Nerveso fthe Tonguea nd Palate 118 Sectionos f the OrbitalC avity . 380 Baseo fthe Skull,B asisc ranii . 119 Vesselsa nd Nerveso f the Tongue l2O-121 Frontal Sectionso fthe Head 122-123 Larynx 124-133 Overview 381 ThyroidG land,G landulat hyroidea 134-1 35 Auricre ..:::::::,:::::::::::::.. 382 Pharynx 136-140 AuricularM usclesM, usculia uriculares 383 MusclesV, esselsa nd Nerveso fthe Neck 141-159 ExternaAl cousticM eatusM, eatusa custicues xternus, Sectionso fthe Heada nd Neck 160-163 andT ympanicM embraneM, embranaty mpani. . . . 384 AuditoryO ssiclesO, ssiculaa uditoria 385-386 TympanicC avityC, avitasty mpani . . 387-389 AuditoryTube,Tubaauditiva ...... 390-391 InternalE ar,A urisi nterna .. 392-396 Auditorya ndV estibulaPr athways 397 TemporaBl oneO, st emporale 398 SurfaceA natomy 164 NervesoflnternalEar.... .. 399-400 Bonesl,o ints,L igaments 165-1 85 Muscleso f the UpperL imb . 186-222 Vesselas ndN erveso f the UpperL imb . . . . . . 223-250 Appendix 4Ol-417 CrossS ectionosf theU pperL imb . . 251-256 Areaso f Distributiono f the CervicaPl lexusa nd Index.. 4Ol-417 the BrachiaPl lexus. 25- ContentS( vrlurnIeI) PleuraCl avityC, avitaps leuralisa,n d Generatl ermso f directiona nd positioni n Mediastinum 1141- 15 the body VII Aorta. . 116-117 Referencetso the colouredi llustrationp lates . . . . . .. VII PosterioMr ediastinum 118-119 Acknowledgement.s . . VIII AutonomNice rvouSsy stem,Parsautonomica....1..2. 0-121 Sectiontsh rought heT horax 122-131 . Back l-47 SurfaceA natomy I VertebralC olumn,C olumnav ertebralis 2 26 StomachG,a ste.r 132-136 Muscleso f the Back,M m. dorsi,M uscleso f the Nape SmalIl ntestineIn, testinumte nue. 137-139 of the Neck,M m suboccipitaleasn, dN eckM uscles, Colon.. 140-141 Mm. colli 27- 40 Liver, Hepar,G allbladder,V esicab iliaris, and Sectionsth rought he VertebralC olumn 41 Bitiary Ducts 142-149 Vesselsa nd Nerveso f the Backa nd of the Occioital Pancreas ls0-1 52 Region 42-45 Spleen,S plen[ Lien] 153 Vesselsa nd Nerveso f the VertebralC anal. 46-47 PeritonealC avity,C avitasp eritonealis,D evelopment. 1541- 55 Positiono f the Abdominal Viscera,S itus viscerum . . 156-167 Truncus coeliacusa nd Aa. & Vv. mesentericae Thoracic and Abdominal Walls 48-75 superiora ndi nferior 168-177 Portavl ein,V .p ortae 178-179 SurfaceAnatomy.... 4B KidneyR, en[ Nephros] 180-lB6 Ribs,C ostae 49-50 SuprarenGall andG, landulsau prarenali.s.. .... .. . 187 Sternum 5t- 52 UrinaryBladder,Vesicaurinaria..... 187-188 ThoracicC age,C aveat horacis MaleU rogenitaOl rgans lB9-1 93 MammarGy landM, amma. .... 54-5 5 FemaleU rogenitaOl rgans 194-204 Vesselsa nd Nerveso f the Thoracica nd Abdominal Rectum ... 205-207 Walls . . 56 A. renalis 208 SegmentaSl ensoryI nnervation 57 Vesselas ndN erveso fthe RetroperitoneSapl ace. . . . 209-221 Muscleso f the Thorax,M m. thoracis,a nd Abdominal Pelvisa ndP erineumE, xteriorM alea ndF emale MusclesM, m.a bdominis.. ... 58-66 GenitaOl rgans ... 222-239 lnguinal Canal,C analisi nguinalis 67 Sectiontsh rought heA bdomena ndP elvis 240-261 Diaphragm,D iaphragma 68-70 LumbosacrPaIle xusP, lexuslu mbosacralis 71 AnteriorA bdominalW all 72-73 Sectionsth rought he AbdominalW all 74-75 SurfaceA natomy 262 Thorax 76-t3l BonesJ, ointsa ndL igaments 263-307 Muscleso f the LowerL imb . 308-347 HeartC, or 76-91 BloodV esselasn dN erves . . . 348-378 Trachea 92-93 Sectiontsh rought he LowerL imb . . 379-386 LungsP, ulmone.s . .. 94-102 Distributiono f the Nerveso f the Plexus OutlineS ilhouettoef theH eart 103 lumbosacralis .... 387-388 Projectiono f the Tracheaa ndB orderso f the Lungs andP leura 104-1 05 Appendix 389-405 Oesophagus 106-110 Thymus ll1-113 Index.. .... 389-40 Generatl ermso f directiona nd positioni n the body longitudinali=s runningl engthways(e .g.M usculuslo ngitudina- The following terms indicate the relative location of organs lis superioro f the tongue) and parts of the body to each other, partly without taking sagittalis= lying on a sagittalp lane into considerationt he position of the body in space as well transversali=s lying on a transversalr/transverpslea ne as the location and direction to the extremities.T his concept transversu=s r unningt ransversel(ye .g .P rocessutsra nsversuosf is not only acceptable for human anatomy but also for the thoracicv ertebrae) practical medicine and the comparativea natomy. General terms Terms of direction and position for the extremities anterior - posterior = from the front - from the back (e.g. proximalis - distalis = at the base of the extremity - at the end of Arteriae tibiales anterior et posterior) ventralis - dorsalis = lying ventral - dorsal the extremity (e.g. Articulationes radioulnares proximalis et superior - inferior = above - below (e.g . Conchaen asales superior distalis) et inferior) For the upper limbs: cranialis - caudalis = lying cranial - caudal radialis - ulnaris = relating to the radial - relating to the ulnar dexter - sinister= right - left (e.g. Arteriae iliacae communes side (e.g . Arteriae radialis et ulnaris) dextra et sinistra) internus - externus = internal - external For the hand: superficialis - profundus = superficial - deep palmaris - dorsalis = relating to the palm - relating to the back of medius, intermedius= lying in the middle between two other the hand (e.g. Aponeurosis palmaris, Musculus interosseus dorsalis) things (the Conchan asalis media lies in the middle between the Conchan asalis superior and inferior) For the lower limbs: medianus= lying on the middle line (Fissuram edianaa nterior of tibialis - fibularis = relating to the tibial side - relating to the the spinal cord).B y making a median sagittal sectiont he body fibular side (Arteria tibialis anterior) is dividedi nto two mirror images. medialis - Iateralis = lying towards the middle of the body, lying For the foot: towardst he side (e.g.F ossaei nguinalesm edialis et lateralis) plantaris - dorsalis= relating to the sole of the foot - relating to frontalis = relating to the plane of the forehead (frontal plane), the back of the foot (instep)( e.g . Arteriae plantaresl ateralise t (e.g.P rocessusf rontalis of the maxilla) medialis,A rteria dorsalisp edis) Referencetos the colouredil lustrationp lates The multi-colouredi llustrations of this book are basedo n didactic Thef ollowingp laten umbersin dicaten ewlyd evelopepdl atesa s observations:T he contrasts should be emphasized.W here it is well asd rawingsd uet o fundamentaclo rrections: difficult to differentiateb etweens tructures,t hey should be made U. Brugger easily recognizable.T he colours used for the different kinds of 36-38,5 2,5 3,6 1,1 36,1 37,235-237,284,396-398,443301,, tissue (such as tendons, cartilage, bone and muscles) and the 532-534,5 37,5 39- 541,5 51,5 70-5775, 98 tracts (such as arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels,n erves) are M. Budowick different from those found in a living, dead or preservedb ody. 449,4 52,4 74,4 86,4 98,5 48 Here, arteries are red, veins are blue, nerves yellow, lymphatic R. Himmelhan vesselsa nd glands are generallyr epresenteda s green. 437 In addition to the artists who createdt he basis for the complete S. Klebe collection of illustrations with Prof. Sobotta and the following 1384, 60,5 075, 08,5 11-5 14 editorsP rof. Becher,P rof.F erner and Prof. Staubesand( K. Hajek, H. Rintelen Prof.E . Lepier,F . Batke,H . v. Eickstedt,K . EndtresserI,. Kosanke, 604-606 I. v. Marchtaler,I . Dimes,U . Brugger,N . LechenbauerL, . Schnell- H. RuJS biicher, and K. Schuhmacher),t he following also drew for the 22 (insert)1, 44,3 38- 340,4 44,4 45,4 47,4 49,4 714, 72 , 545,6 87 current edition: Ulrike Brugger, Riidiger Himmelhan, Sonja Klebe, and Horst RuB. A series of original photographs were worked over electronically by Michael Budowick. A number of computer diagramsw ere producedb y Henriette Rintelen. Generatle rmso f directiona ndp ositionin the body tongitudinalis= running lengthways( e.g . Musculusl ongitudina- The following terms indicate the relative location of organs Iis superioro f the tongue) and parts of the body to each other, partly without taking sagittalis= lying on a sagittalp lane into considerationt he position of the body in space as well transversali=s l ying on a transversapl lane as the location and direction to the extremities.T his concept transversu=s r unningt ransversall(ye .g.P rocessutsra nsversus is not only acceptable for human anatomy but also for of the thoracicv ertebrae) practical medicine and the comparativea natomy. General terms Terms of direction and position for the extremities anterior - postertor = from the front - from the back (e.g. proximalis - distalis = at the base of the extremity - at the end of Arteriae tibiales anterior et posterior) the extremity (e.g. Articulationes radioulnares proximalis et ventralis - dorsalis = lying ventral - dorsal distalis) superior- inferior = above- below (e.g . Conchaen asaless uperior et inferior) For the upper limbs: cranialis - caudalis = lying cranid - caudal radialis - ulnaris = relatinS to the radial - relating to the ulnar dexter - stnister= right - left (e.g. Arteriae iliacae communes side (e.g.A rteriae radialis et ulnaris) dextra et sinistra) For the hand: internus- externus= internal - external palmaris - dorsalis= relating t0 the palm - relating to the back of superficialis - profundus = superficial - deep the hand (e.g. Aponeurosis palmaris, Musculus interosseus medius, intermedius = lying in the middle between two other dorsalis) things (the Conchan asalis media Iies in the middle between the Conchan asalis superior and inferior) For the lower limbs: medianus= lying on the middle line (Fissuram edianaa nterior of tibtalis - fibularis = relating to the tibial side / relating to the the spinal cord).B y making a median sagittal sectiont he body fibular side (Arteria tibialis anterior) is divided into two mirror images. medialis - lateralis = lying towards the middle of the body, lying For the foot: towardst he side (e.g.F ossaei nguinales medialis et lateralis) plantaris - dorsalis = relating to the sole of the foot - relating t0 frontalis = relating to the plane of the forehead (frontal plane), the back of the foot (instep)( e.g . Arteriae plantaresl ateralis et (e.g.P rocessusf rontalis of the maxilla) medialis,A rteria dorsalisP edis) Referencetos the colouredil lustrationp lates The multi-colouredi llustrations of this book are basedo n didactic Thef ollowingp laten umbersin dicaten ewlyd evelopepdl atesa s observations:T he contrasts should be emphasized'W here it is well asd rawingsd uet o fundamentaclo rrections: difficult to differentiateb etweens tructures,t hey should be made U.B rugger easily recognizable.T he colours used for the different kinds of 707,9 23,9 24,9 27- 932,9 34,9 36,9 37,1 366l,3 7B tissue (such as tendons, cartilage, bone and muscles) and the R. Himmelhan tracts (such as arteries, veins, lymphatic vessels, nerves) are 13671, 368,1 370,1 372 , 13741, 375 different from those found in a living, dead or preserved body. S.K lebe Here, arteries are red, veins are blue, nerves yellow, lymphatic 11621, 1741, 175 , 12181, 222,1 223,1 250,1 349 vesselsa nd glands are generally representeda s green' H. Rul3 In addition to the artists who createdt he basis for the complete 7B B7, 9 8,1 281- 1 2841, 302-1 304 collection of illustrations with Prof. Sobotta and the following editors Prof.B echer,P rof.F erner and Prof. Staubesand( K. Hajek, Prof.E . Lepier,F . Batke,H . v. Eickstedt,K . EndtresserI,' Kosanke, I. v. Marchtaler,K . Dimes,U . Brugger,N . LechenbauerL, . Schnell- biicher, and K. Schuhmacher),t he following also drew for the current edition: Ulrike Brugger, Rtidiger Himmelhan, Sonja Klebe, und Horst RuB. A series of original photographs were worked over electronically by Michael Budowick. A number of computerd iagrams were producedb y Henriette Rintelen. Acknowledgements The editors would like to thank the following colleaguesf or Prof. Reiser & Dr. Glaser, Institute of Clinical Radiology, providing the pictures of ultrasound,c omputedt omography, Universityo f Munich magneticr esonanceto mographya s well as endoscopica nd (figs.3 07,5 78-582,705ab, , 771,1369,1371,1373,13771 colourp hotographso f operationapl ractice: Prof. Rudzki-IansonP, olyclinicf or Orthodontics,U niversity of Munich (figs.8 0,8 l) Prof.A ltaras,R adiologyC entre,G ieBenU niversity Dr. ScheibeD, epartmenot fSurgery,R osmanH ospital,B reisach (figs.964,979,9801 (figs1. 233a-c) Dr. BaumeisterD, epartmenot f RadiologyF, reiburgU niversity Prof.S chillingerG, ynaecologicaCll inic,U niversityo f Freiburg (fig. 109s) (figs.1 072-10741 Prof.D aniel,D epartmento f CardiologyU, niversityo f Medicine, Dr. Dr. Schliephake,F acio-MaxillaryS urgery, University of Hannover Medicine,H annover (figs.862-864,935) (figs.1 67,212,2131 Prof. Galanski & Dr. Kirchoff, Department I of Diagnostic Prof. SchlijBer,G ynaecologyC entre, University of Medicine, RadiologyU, niversityo f Medicine,H annover Hannover (figs.9241, 144a,b,115141, 55) (figs.1 071ab,, 10801, 0821, 0831, 130) Prof. Galanski & Dr. Schiifer, Department I of Diagnostic Prof. SchuhmacherN, euroradiologyD, epartmento f Radiology, RadiologyU, niversityo f Medicine,H annover Universityo f Freiburg (figs.B 3Bab, , 888,9 33,9 58,1 1391, 147,1150,11521 (figs4. 48ab, ) Prof. Gebel Departmento f Gastroenterologay nd Hepatology, Dr. Sommer& AssistentP rof.B auer,R adiologistsM, unich Universityo fMedicineH, annover (figs.6 50,1 234-12361 (figs.2 53a,b ,966,975,976,981,990,9911,0 26,1 043) Prof.S totzO, rthopaediPco lyclinicU, niversityo f Munich Dr.G oeiR, adiologyH,e erlenT, heN etherlands (fig.1 193) (figs.1 0101, 011) Prof.V ogl,P olyclinicfo r RadiologyU,n iversityo f Munich (withp ermissionfr omR adiology1 73:137-141,19891 (figs.4 40, 442,631,632) Dr.G reevenS, t.E lizabethH ospitalN, euwied Prof.V ollrathE, NTC linic,M iinchengladbach (figs.166,1182) (tigs.246-2481 Prof. von der Hardt, PaediatricC linic, Universityo f Medicine, Prof. Wagner (dec.),D iagnosticalR adiologyI I, University of Hannover Medicine,H annover (figs.893) (figs.9141,0 14,101120 201, 0231, 090) Dr. Hennig,D epartmenot f RadiologyU, niversityo f Freiburg Prof.W enz,D epartmenot f RadiologyU, niversityo f Freiburg (fig.5 29) (tig.7a7) Prof.I onas,Urology,UniversityofMedicine,Hannover Dr. Willfiihr, Departmenfto r Abdominala nd Transplantation (figs.1 050ab, , 1051) SurgeryU, niversityo fMedicineH, annover Prof.K remersP, olyclinicfo r DehtalP reservatioann d Periodon- (fig.1 001) tics, Universityo f Munich AssistentP rof.W immer,D epartmento f RadiologyU, niversityo f (fig.182) Freiburg Prof.K unzeP, aediatriCc linic,U niversityo f Munich (tig.778\ (figs.15-18) Dr. Meyer, Department of Gastroenterologya nd Hepatology, Universityo f MedicineH, annover Additionaill lustrationsw eret akenf romt he followingb ooks: (figs.9 06.9 49a,b9, 59,1 086) Prof. Pfeifer,R adiologyD epartmento f the SurgicalC linic, Uni- Birkner, R: The typical X-ray of the skeleton, Urban & versityo f Munich SchwarzenberMg,u nich-Vienna-Baltimor1e9 90 (figs3. 06,3 19,321,748-751,789-792,1199,1230,1231,126(0fi,g .1 200) 12611 Welsch,U . (Editor):S obotta- Histology5, th Edition,U rban& AssistentP rof. Rau, Departmento f RadiologyU, niversityo f SchwarzenberMg,u nich-Vienna-Baltimor1e9 85 Freiburg (figs.635,646) (figs.8 75,8 86,8 87) Wicke, L.: Atlas of X-ray Anatomy,3 rd Edition, Urban & Prof.R avelliI,n stituteo f AnatomyU, niversityo f Innsbruck, SchwarzenberMg,u nich-Vienna-Baltimor1e9 85 Itig.746l (figs.905ab, , 1076) Prof. Reich, Clinic for FacioMaxillary Surgery,U niversity of Wilhelm,K .,R .P utz,R .H ierner,R .E.G iunta:P lastics urgeryo f the Bonn hand,U rban& SchwarzenbeMrgu, nich-Vienna-Baltimo1r9e9 7 (figs.1 33,1 34) (fig.s8)