Atl.aso f HumanA natomy Editedb y R.P utza ndR .P abst In co[[aboratiownit hR enateP utz Translatiobny S .B edoui Volume1 HeadN, eck,U pperL imb 14the ditionn, ewlye dited 727c olourp tatesw ith 1070f igures Bookleltt abl.eosf musctesj,o intsa ndn ervesJ URBAN& FISCHER MUnche.nJ ena Attaso f HumanA natomy VotumeI HeadN, eckU, pperL imb Correspondencea nd feedbacks hould be addressedt o: EtsevieGr mbH,U rban& FischerVertaDg,e partmenfto r MedicaSt tudenItn formationA,t exandeGr attnarzikK,a rlstraB4e5 ,80333M unichG, ermany e-mai[:m edizinstudium@etsedveier Addresseso f the editors: Thisa ttasw asf oundedb yJ ohannesS obottat,f ormerP rofessoor f Anatomy andD irectoro f theA natomicaIIn stituteo f the Universitoyf Bonn,G ermany ProfessorD r med ReinhardP utz Vorstandd esA natomischenln stituts GermanE ditions: der Ludwig-Maximi[ians-Universitbt 1't Edition:1 904-1907J F.L ehmannsV ertag,M unich PettenkoferstraB1e1 2"d-11 thE dition:1 913-19t+J4 F.L ehmannsV ertag,M unich 80336M Unchen 12th-2 0rhE dition: 19 48-1 9 93U rban& Schwarzebne rg,M u nich Germany 13thE dition1: 953e, ditorH Becher '1956, e-mait:r einhard.putz@muendi -muenchedne 14thE dition: editorH .B echer 15 thE dition1:9 57,e ditorH Becher ProfessorD r.m ed. ReinhardP abst 16thE dition;1967e,d itorH Becher Leiterd er Abteitung 17thE dition1: 972e, ditorsH . Fernera ndJ . Staubesand FunktionetLuen dA ngewandteA natomie 18thE dition1: 982e, ditorsH Fernera ndJ Staubesand 19 thE dition1:9 88,e ditorJ Staubesand MedizinischHeo chschu[Hea nnover 20thE dition1:9 93,e ditorsR Putza ndR Pabst Car[-Neuberg-StraB1e 21'tE dition2: 000,e ditorsR Putza nd R Pabst,U rban& FischerV ertag, 30625H annover Munich Germany 22"dE dition2: 006e, ditorsR Putza ndR PabstE, lsevieGr mbH,M unich e-mait:p abstr [email protected] ForeignE ditions: ArabicE dition Bibtiographicin formationp ubtishedb y Die DeutscheB ibtiothek ModernT echnicaCIe nterD, amascus ChineseE ditionI compLecxh aracters) Die DeutscheB ibtiothetki stst his pubticatioinn the DeutscheN ationa[- Ho-ChBi ookP ubtishinCg o,T aiwan bibtiografred;e taitedb ibtiographidca ta is avai[ab[ein the Interneta t ChineseE dition{s imptifieCdh inesee dition} http://dnbd db de ElsevierH, eatthS ciencesA sia,S ingapore CroatianE dition NaktadaS tap,J astrebarsko DutchE dition BohnS tafteuv an Loghum,H outen Att rights reserved EngtishE dition(w ithn omenclaturien Engtish) 14the dition2 006 AtLaso f HumanA natomy LippincotWt ittiams& Witkins O2006E tsevieGr mbH,M unich Urban& FischeVr erlagis a n imprinto f ElsevieGr mbH EngtishE ditionlw ithn omenclaturien Latinl Atlaso f HumanA natomy ELsevieGrm bH,U rban& Fischer 0506070809 51,321 FrenchE dition Attasd 'AnatomiHe umaine AtLr ights,i nctudingt ranstationa, Ter eservedN o part of this pubLication Tec& DocL avoisierP, aris may be reproduced,s tored in a retrievaIs ystem, or transmitted in GreekE ditionlw ithn omenclaturien Greekl anyo therf orm or by anym eans,e lectronicm, echanicap[,h otocopying, MariaG ParissianoAs,t hens recordingo, r otherwisew ithoutt he prior written permissiono f the GreekE ditionl with nomencLaturien Latinl pub l is her. MariaG ParissianoAs,t hens HungarianE dltion az embera nat6mi5j5naaktl asza AttiterK iad5iB, udapest The 14the ditiono f the SobottaA tlasc onsistso f two votumesa nd a lndonesiaEnd ition booklect ontainintga bles( enctoseidn V olume1 l: AtlasA natomiM anusia PenerbitB uku KedokteranE GCJ, akarta VoLume1 :H ead,N eck,U pperL imb Ita[ianE dition Atlanted i AnatomiaU mana Votume2 : Trunk,V isceraL, owerL imb UTETT, orino lanrnoco Fdiiinn lgakuS hoinL td, Tokyo TransLationD:r .m ed SammyB edoui,H annover KoreanE dition ShingHeunMg edSciencSe,e ouI Editoriast taffa t Elsevier:D r med DorotheaH ennessen AlexanderG attnarzik PoLishE dition Attasa natomiic ztowieka Dr.r er.n at AndreaR icharz Urban& Partner,W roclaw ltlustratorsU:l rikeB ruggerM, unichR; ijdigeHr immeLhanH,e idelberg; PortuguesEe dition(w ithn omenclaturien EngtishJ HorstR uB,M unichH; enrietteR intetenV,e tbern At[asd eA natomiaH umana Bookp roductionR:e nateH ausdorfM, unich EditoraG uanabarKao oganR, iod eJ aneiro Composedb y:T ypodataM, unich PortuguesEe ditionlw ithn omenclaturien Latinl Printeda ndb oundb y:A ppt,W emding Atlasd eA natomiaH umana Coverd esignC: arstenT schirnerM, unich EditoraG uanabarKao oganR, iod eJ aneiro Printedo n Nopacoa1t1 5g SpanishE dition At[asd eA natomiaH umana EditoriaMt edicaP anamericanBa,u enosA ires/Madrid Printedin Germany TurklshE dition ISBN-13 : 978-0-4430-13 48-3 lnsanA natomisAi t[asi ISBN-10 :0 -4431-0 348-8 BetaB asimY ayimD agitiml,s tanbuI Currenti nformationb yw ww eLsevier.coamn dw ww etsevier.de Co n ten ts Preface VI Craniabl aseB, asisc ranii. .. 264-265 CranianI ervesN, ervic raniates. .... 266-273 Parasympathetaica ngtiao f the head 274-275 GeneraaI natomy 1- 31 CraniaIn ervest,o pography 276 -277 CraniaIb ase,v essetsa nd neryes 278-279 Partsa nd regionso f the body CraniaId uram ater,D uram aterc raniaLisa,n dc ranial Passivelo comotors ystem 6-10 arachnoidm ater,A rachnoidema aterc rania[is. . . . . 280-283 Active[ ocomotors ystem 11 -13 Structureo f the braina nd braind evetooment 284 Digestivea nd respiratorys ystem 14 TeLencephaton,Tetenceph..a..t.on 285-294 Urinarya ndg enitaIs ystem 15 DiencephalonD,i encepha[on 295-296 Surfacep rojectiono f internalo rgans. 16 -17 MesencephaloMn,e sencephato.n . 297 Cardiovascutasry stem 18-23 BrainstemT, runcuse ncephati 298-299 Centrala nd peripheraln ervouss ystem 24-29 Nucteio f the craniaIn erves . 300-310 Endocrineo rgans. 30 CerebeltumC, erebeLtum 302-305 Skina nda ppendages 31 Associatioann dc ommissuratIr acts 306 InternaIc apsuteC, apsu[ain terna,p yramidatIr act and basalg angtia 307-309 32-117 VentricuLasry stema nds ubarachnoisdp ace 310-317 Regionosf h eada ndn eckR, egionecsa pitis Vessetso f the brain 318-322 etc otli . 32 Magneticre sonanceto mographicim ageso f Boneso ft hes kultO, ssac ranii 33-61 the brain . 323-325 TemporomandibuLjoairn t,A rticulatiote mporo- Frontals ectionst hrought he brain . . . 326-329 mandibu[arisa,n d masticatormy usc[es 62-69 Horizontasl ectionsth rought he brain 330-336 FaciamI usc[es 70-73 SagittasLe ctionsth rought he brain . . 337-339 Vesselsa nd nerveso f heada nd neck 74 -85 Spinacl ord,M edullas pinalis .. . . 340-351 Nose,N asuse xternusa, nd nasaIc avity, Cavitasna.s.i. 86-88 ParanasasIi nusesS, inusp aranasales. . 89-91 Eye,O rganumv isus. 352-378 0raI cavityC, avitaso ris,a ndt eeth,D entes 92-101 EyetidsP,a lpebraaen, do rbit,Orbita. 352-355 PatateP, alatum 102 LacrimaaIp paratuAs,p paratu[sa crima[is . . . 356-357 TongueL, ingua. 103-104 Extra-ocutmaru sc[esM, uscuIeix ternbi uIboi cuIi. . .. 358-361 Hyoidb one,0 s hyoideuma, nd hyoidaml. uscLes. . . . . . 105 EyebaLBtu, lbuso culi 362 Suprahyoimd usc[esM, uscul.siu prahyoideai,n d Vesselos f thee ye 363 externaml uscleosf t het ongue . . . 10 6-10 8 lris,l ris,a ndp upil.P, upil.l.a . 364-365 Majors ativargyt andsG, tanduLsaael ivariamea jores. . j0g-112 LensL, ensa, ndo cu[afru ndus, Arterieas ndn erveos ft heo ralc avity. . 11 3 Funduosc uli. . .. 366-367 Vessetasn dn erveos ft het ongue . . . . j14-1js Opticn erveN, ervuso pticus . 368-369 Frontasle ctiontsh roughth eh ead . . . 116-j17 Optictr act,T ractuso pticus . . 370-371 Musclesv,e sselsa ndn erveso f theo rbit . . . . . 372-376 Sectiontsh roughth eo rbit . . . 377-378 1181 56 Muscleosf t hen eck . jj}-12j LarynxL,a rynx. .... jL2-j3j Ear,A uris .379-400 ThyroigdL andG, l.andutlh.ayr oidea . . . 132-135 0vervrew 379 PharynxP,h arynx ... j36-14j Auric[eA, uricu[a 380 Vessetsandnervesoftheneck ...... iLZ-153 Auricu[arm usctesM, uscu[ai uricutares 381 Sectiontsh roughh eada ndn eck . . . . 15 4-15 5 ExternaaI cousticm eatus,M eatusa custicuse xternus, andt ympanicm embraneM, embranaty mpanica. . . 382 Auditoryo ssic[es0, ssicutaa uditoria 383-384 Uppertimb.. .....157-ZS7Tympanicc avity,C avitast ympani 385-387 Surfacea natomy jS7 Auditorytu be,T ubaa uditiva 388-389 Bones,joints,tigaments .... jig-j77 InternaIe ar,A urisi nterna 390-393 Muscteos f theu pperL imb. . . j7g-2j3 Auditorya nde quil.ibriumor gan 394-396 Vesselsannde rvesotfh eu pperl.imb.. ..... 2j4-ZS1 Auditorya nde qui[ibriump athway 397 Sectionsth rought he arm . . . ZS2-ZS7 Nervesa nd vessetso f the ear 398-399 Computedto mographics ectionsth rought he ear . . . . 400 BrainE, ncephat.o n ...... 2Sg-3S1 Vessetso f the head . 258-261 CraniacIa vityC, avitacsr aniic, raniadI uram ater, lndex. ..... 401-419 Duramatercraniatis .....262-263 Preface It wasj ust overa hundredy earsa got hat JohannesS obottas et - Confusionis keptt o a minimumb y ontyd epicting[i mbso f the out to pubLishth e first editiono f his Attaso f HumanA natomy. rights ideo f the body Sincet hen,t his pieceo f work has evoLvesdt epb y stepa s a re- - "Compassr oses"p oint to adjacentf igures,t hus facititating sutt of the constantin teractionb etweens tudentsL, ecturerasn d fotlowinga givens tructureo vers everalp. ages editors.lt hasn oto nLyb eent he mostm odernb asisf or the com- - ContinuousL eadeIri nesf acilitatefi ndingo f structures plexs ubjecto f macroscopiacn atomyt hroughoumt anyg enera- - CoLoureddo ts at the end of leader[ inesi n topographicd ia- tions of doctors,b ut has aLsod evetopedin to a Lastingw ork of gramsm ark arteriesv, eins,n ervesa, ndm uscles referencefo r bothc tinicatIr aininga nda dvancedm edicaIe duca- - The figuresi n the bookletr etated irectlyt o the figuresi n the tion.A Lti n al.Li.t has becomea bookf or a medicaId octor's[ ife at[as 0ncea gain,i n this new editiont he additionafti guresh aveb een - TheL argedr imensionso f the booki mprovec Larity drawns trictlyo n the basiso f originals pecimens. With the exceptiono f discussionas boutt he generaIc oncepto f The 14the ditionh as beenp articu[artdye signedto meett he de- the attasa nd mutuaLc orrectiont,h e editorsh avew orkeds epa- mandso f a reformedm edicacl urricutume, mphasizintgh e inte- ratetyo n individuacLh aptersw, itht hew ork divideda s fotlows: grationo f cIinicaIm edicinei ntot he precLinicacIu rriculum.F or R.P utz: GeneraIa natomy,u pper [imb, brain,e ye,e ar, back, this purposet,h e new editionh as beene xtendedto inctudet he Lower[i mb; foLtowinfge atures: R Pabst: Head.n eck,t horacica nd abdominawI a[ts,t horacic, - Surface anatomy inctudingp rojectiono f internaI organs abdominaaI nd petvicv iscera. {45c otourp hotos) - Anatomicadl iagramsn extt o imagingf igures The inctusiono f a [argen umbero f new figuresi s the resutto f - Integrationo f imagingt echniquesto a greatere xtentI u[tra- the extraordinarcya pabititoyf thef otlowingm edicaLittustrators: soundX, -rayC, T,M RI;1 19f i gures) ULrikeB rugger,R ijdigerH immethana nd Horst RuB.l t is to - Endoscopicin, traoperativceo Lourim agesa nd figurese xem- their creditt hatt he classic" S0B0TTAs tyte"h as beenr etained. ptifyingte chniqueso f puncturea nde xaminatio[n5 4f iguresl SeveraoI f the diagramsh aveb eeng eneratedo n the computer - lmageso f patientsp resentingw ith typicatp a[sies by HenrietteR inteLenW. e atsog ratefutlya cknowledgoeu r ctini- - Diagramso f the mosti mportanat rteriaIv ariations[9 3f i guresl caI cotteaguefso r makingc tinicaIi Ltustrationasv aitabteto us - Frequenvt ariationsin the Locatioonf internaIo rgans[ 24f ig- {see picturec reditsl.W e owe a debt of gratitudet o our cot- uresi Leaguefsr om the institutesfo r their understandinagn d hetpful. - Integrationo f histotogya t low magnrficatioonf importanti n- suggestionsD. r.N Sokolova nd A. Buchhornh avep ut meticu- ternaIo rgansI intestinel,i ver,k idneye, tc.) louse ffortsi ntog eneratingth e specimenp reparationsS . Fryk andG .H oppmannh aves upportedu s in textp rocessing. In ordert o improvet he presentatioonf the knowtedget,h e fot- lowingf eaturesh aveb eeni ntroduced: Thes taffo f the editoriaot fficeo f Elseviepr ubtishersi,n particu- - Ctear-cuat rrangemenot f the chaptersa ccordingto the differ- LarD r.D . Hennessena ndA . Gattnarzikh, aso ur sinceret hanks. ent regionso f the body Someo f the creatived eveLopmeonft the work is a resu[to f very - Thematica[[cyo rrespondinfgi g uresp resentedo n doubtep ages fruitfuId iscussionsW. ew outda lsot iket o thankR . Hausdorffo r - A concise,s eparateb ooktetI inc[udedin Votume1 Jc ontains tremendouse ffortsi n the productiono f the atlas.R . Putzt o- tabteso f musctesj,o ints and nerves,e nabtingt he readert o getherw ith G.M eierw ere responsibLfeo r the proorf eadinga nd ptacei t nextt o anyf igurei n the attas simp[ificatioonf paged esigna nd Legends.0usrp eciatLh anks go to Dr.U .0sterkamp-Bausfto r generatingth e index,a nd a|L[ 0ne particutara im of the new editioni s to facititatefi ndingo f others invotvedin the correctionsW. ith our joint efforts,t he specifics tructuresT. heS 0B0TTAd epictsa natomicasLt ructures S0B0TTAh asb eeno ncem orem odernizedb othi n contentsa nd preciselyw ithoutt he readerl oosingt he greaterp ictureT. here- design . fore,s peciifc didacticto oLsh aveb eeni mproveda ndn ewa spects in c[ud ed: We havei nctudedm any of the hetpfuts uggestionsm ade over - Eachc hapterh asb eena Ltocatetdo a particutacr otour the yearsb y studentsa nd coL[eagueasn, d wou[dt hereforea sk - A "menu bar" on eachd oubtep agee nsuresp reciseo rienta- al[ readerso f this editiont o passo n to us anyc riticismo r sug- tionw ithina givenc hapter gestionso n the newf ormato f this attas. - Then umbero f outlinesd epictings patiaLo rientattonh asb een signiifc antl.iyn creased(2 70f i gur es) - Overviewosf totaIb odyr egionse nsureg eneraIo rientation - Newd iagramso f particuLamr usctesc tarifyt heir Locatioann d Municha nd HannoverS, eptembe2r 005 course[ 24f iguresl R.P utza nd R.P abst Univ.-ProDf.r .med.R einhardP utz Borni n Innsbruck/Austrra 1962-1968 Studiedm edicinea t the Leopold-Franzens-Univerosfi tIyn nsbruck 19 68 Receivead doctorate 1968-1982 Universitays sistanat t the Instituteo f Anatomya t the Universitoy f Innsbruck 1978 Lectureri n anatomy 1979 ConsuLtanfot r anatomy 1982-1989 Chairo f the AnatomicaIIn stitutea t theA tbert-Ludwigs-Universoitfy F reiburg since1 989 Chairo f the AnatomicaIIn stitutea t the Ludwig-MaximiIians-Univerosfi tMy unich 1992-1994 Presidenot f the EuropeanA ssociatioonf Cl.inicaAln. atomists 19 93 Registratiotno practisem edicine 1998-1999 Chairmano f theA natomicaSLo cietv 1999 Membero f theA kademied er Naturforscheurn dA rzte{ Leopotdina) 2002 Dr.h .c.o f the Universitoy f ConstantaR, omania 2003 ProrectorI of the Ludwig-MaximiLians-Univerosfi Mtyu nich Researcha nd fietds of interest - FunctionaaIn atomyo f the passiveL ocomotosry stem - Evolutioann df unctionaLanatoomfy th ev ertebraLcotumn - Form-function-relatioonfs i oints - AppLieadn atomy{ anatomicabLa sicso f orthopaedicss,u rgeryr, adiotogyl - Questionas boutt he contentsa ndo rganisatioonf the medicatc urricutum - Developmenotf didactictr ainingp rogrammesa t universities Univ.-ProDf.r .m ed.R einhardP abst Borni n Poseng,rownu p In LuneDurg 1965-1970 Studiedm edicinea t the HannoveMr edicaSI choota, ndi n Glasqow/Scottand 1970 Universitdy egreea ndd octorate 1971 Registratiotno practisem edicine 1971-76 Scientifiac ssociatein the Departmenot f CtinicaPI hysiol.ogUyn, iversitoy f Utm 1976 Lecturerf or CLinicaPLh ysiotogyU,n iversitoyf Utm,a nd new[ ectureshiapt the HannoveMr edicaSL chool 1976 -80 Seniora ssistanrtn t he Departmenot f FunctronaaIn dA ppLieAd natomy, HannoveMr edicaSI chooL 1978 Extensiono f theV enial egendtio incLudaen atomy 1980-1992 Heado f the Departmenot f TopographiAcn atomya nd Biomechanics since1 9 92 Heado f the Departmenot f Functionaal.n dA ppl.ieAdn atomyH, annoveMr edicaSI chool. 1986-1990 Prorectofro r studiesa nde ducationH, annoveMr edicaSI chooI 1993-1997 Deano f the HannoveMr edicaSI choo[ 1997-1 998 Chairmano f theA natomicaSI ociety 1999-2003 Prorectoor f Researcho f the HannoveMr edicaSI chooL 2001 Membero f theA kademied er Naturforscheur ndA rzteI LeopoLdina] Researcha nd fietds of interest - FunctionaLanatomofy L ymphatiocr gans - Proliferatioann d migrationo f Lymphocytes - DeveLopmeonft t he intestinaiLm munes ystem - Functiono f the putmonaryim munes ystem - Questionos f a cLinicatLoyri entateda natomyi n the medicaLcurricutum - Eva[uatioonf teachinq Picturec redits Thee ditorss inceretyth anka ttc linicalc olleaguetsh at madeu L- Prof.R avetlti, formerlyIn stituteo fA naiomyU, niversitoyf trasoundc, omputedto mographica nd magneticr esonanceim a- tnnsDruiclK-r 0/.o /J gesa s wetla s endoscopiacn d intraoperativpei cturesa vai[abte: PDD r.R iegerR, adiotogIyn,s titutfeo rD iagnostRica diotogy, Universiotyf M unichtF ig.1 395) Prof.A ttarasC, entref or RadioLogUy,n iversitoyf GieBen ProfR. eichO, rofacisauLr geryU, niversiotyf B onnI Fig.1 13a ,b l IFi9.1009,1031,1032] ProfR. eise&r Dr.W agnerI,n stitutfeo rD iagnostRica diotogy, Dr.B aumeisterD, epartmenot f RadiotogyU,n iversitoyf Freiburg UniversiotyfM u nichIF ig4. 36,4 494, 514, 535, 71 ,5 72 ,5 73, tFis1.1 571 576 ,5 77, 7921 PD Dr.B urgkardt,0rthopaedCicL inicT,e chnicaULn iversitoy f ProfR. udzki-JansoDne,p artmeonft0 rthodonticUsn, iversiotyf MunichIF i9.1431) MuniclhF ig.72,73l Prof.B riickmann& Dr.L inn,N euroradioLogIny,s titutefo r Dr.S cheibeD,e partmeonftS urgeryR, osmaHn ospitaBLr, eisach DiagnostiRc adiol.ogUy,n iversitoy f Munichl Fig.6 62,726a , b, lFi91. 289a -cl 727a ,bl ProfS. cheumanCn[,i nicfo rA bdominaatn dT ransp[antation Prof.D anietD, epartmenot f CardiotogyU,n iversitoy f Ertangen SurgeryH, annoveMre dicaStc hoo(tF ig2. 43,244,2451 tFi9.8 99,9 00,9 01,9 731 ProfS. chil.tingDere,p artmenotf G ynaeco[oUgyn,i versiotyf Prof.D egenhardtB, ieLefeL(Fd ig.1 1 33,1 1 35) Freibur{gF i91. 1 341 Prof.G a[ansk&i Dr.K irchhof,f D epartmenot f DiagnostiRc adioL- ProfS. chtiephak0ero, faciaSIu rgeryG, dttingen ogy,H annoveMr edicaSt choot( Fig.9 62,964,1212,1213) lFig.1 5 2,1 961, 97) Prof.G a[ansk&i Dr.S chiiferD, epartmenot f DiagnostiRc adioL- ProfS. chtdsseCr,e ntrefo rG ynaeco[oHgya,n noveMre dicat ogy,H annoveMr edicaSl chooLlF ig.8 71 a , b, 927,9 71 ,9 91, SchooItF ig.1 1 32a ,b ,1 1 4 0,1 1 1 r11,1 78] 1194 , 1204,1 207, 12091 ProfS. chumacheNre, uroradiotoDgey,p artmenotf R adiotogy, Prof.G ebe[D, epartmenot f Gastroentero[ogHye, patotogayn d UniversiotyfF reiburIgF i9.46a1, b l EndocrinotogHy,a nnoveMr edicaSt choolI Fig.2 42,1 011, Dr.S omme&r PDD r.B auerR, adiologisMtsu, nich 1026,1 027, 10 38, 10 39, 1074 , 10921 IFig6. 62.1290-12921 Dr.G oeiR, adioLogHye, ertenT,h eN etherland{sF ig.1 1501, 151) Prof.S totzP, aediatricUs,n iversitoyf MunichlF ig.1 239Q, a1l lwithp ermissionfr om RadioLog1y7 3;1 37-1411: 9891 PDD r.V ogtR, adioLogUyn,i versiotyf M unichIF ig4. 364, 53, Dr.G reevenS, t.-Etizabeth-HospitNaet,u wiedI Fig 150,1 238] 644,6 451 Prof.H offmann& PD Dr.B ektas,C Linicfo r AbdominaaLn d ProfV. oLtratEha, r-Nose-ThroDaetp artmenMt,i inchengLadbach TranspLantatioSnu rgeryH, annoveMr edicaSI choot{ Fig.1 0 28, lFig.229,230,2311 10 40) ProfW. agnetr, DiagnostRica diotoglly,H annoveMre dicaL Prof.H ohtfeldC, [inicf or PneumotogyH, annoveMr edicaSI chool Schoo{tF ig9. 52,1064,106150,6 91, 072,11521 tFis.929,930) ProfW. enzf,o rmertyD epartmenotf RadioLogUyn, iversitoyf Prof.J onas,U rotogyH, annoveMr edicaSt chooLIF ig.1 1 0 2 a, b, FreiburtgF ig.768l 11 03) ProfW. itt,D epartmenotf NeurosurgeUryn, iversiotyf M unich Prof.K ampik& Prof.M ijLLe0r,p hthatmotogyU,n iversitoy f tFiga. 05l Munich( Fig6. 571 Dr.W itLi.fi hrf,o rmerlCy tinicfo rA bdominaaLn dT ransp[antation Dr.K irchhof&f Dr.W eidemannD, epartmenot f Diagnostic SurgerHy,a nnoveMre dicaSLc hooItF ig1. 051) RadiotogyH,a nnoveMr edicaSt choolI.F ig.1 041,1 093,1102, PDD r.W immerD, epartmeonft RadioLogUyn,i versiotyf 11 96 , 11 98,1 200,1 202,1 20s1 FreiburtgF ig.799l Prof.K remers,D epartmenfto r RestorativDe entistrya nd Periodonto[ogUy,n iversitoy f Municht Fig.1 691 AdditionailLtu strationwse reo btainefdr omt hef otlowintge xt- Prof.K unzev, on HaunerscheCs hiLdren'Hso spitaLU,n iversitoy f books: Municht Fig.3 27-3301 Dr.M eyer,D epartmenot f Gastroentero[ogHye, patotogayn d Benninghoff-DrenckhAanhant:o mieB,a nd1 {DrenckhahDn., EndocrinotogHy,a nnoveMr edicaSL chootI Fig.9 44,987a , b, Hrsg.l1, 6 Auft.U, rban& FischerM, i.inche2n0 03tF ig8. 23, 992,1145,11461 824,8 48,8498,5 01 Prof.M ijtler-VahN[, euroLogyH,a nnoveMr edicaSI chooL WelschU, .:L ehrbucHh istotogiUer, ban& FischerM, iinchen tFig.1 28a , b) 2003( Fig9. 22,1 0201, 0971,1 22,1 1231 Prof.P feiferR, adiol.ogIyn,s titutefo r DiagnostiRc adioLogy, WetschU, .I Hrsg.)S:o bottaA,t [asH istol.og6ie.A , ufL., Universitoy f Mu nichI Fig.2 93,2 94 , 310,3 12,4 49,4 51, Urban& FischerM, ijnchen2 002lF ig.1 0 37,1 0 85,1 1 2 5a , b) 7 69-772,8 07-810,1 255,1 286,1 287,1 317,1 318) WickeL, .:A ttasd erR i5ntgenanato3m.Ai eu, ft., PD Dr.R au,D epartmenot f RadioLogUy,n iversitoy f Freiburg Urban& SchwarzenbeMrqii,n chen-Wien-BaLtim19 o8r5e lFis.912,925,9261 lFiq.94a3) Surface I Locomotosr ystem. .. >G eneraat natomy 1 Sagitlal plane 5 Sagittaal xis 2 Median sagittal plane 6 I ransversea xls 3 Frontal plane 7 Longitudinaaxl is Transverse plane Fig.I a-c P[anesa nda xes. a Sagittapt tane,P [anums agitta[es,a gittaIand[o ngitudinaaIx es b Transversep tane[ = horizontaIp tane),P tanumt ransversatet,r ansversea nd sagittala xes c Frontalp Lane[= c oronaIp tane]P, tanumf rontaleL, ongitudinaant dt ransversea xes Linea mediana anterior Lineam edianao osterior Linea oaravertebralis cranialis Lineas ternalis (= superior) Lineas capularis Lineap arasternalis lateralis Lineaa xillarias nterior Lineaa xillarisp osteriot Lineam edioclavicularis radialis ulnaris palmaris dorsalis msdialis proximalis caudalis (= inferior) fibularis tibialis plantaris Fig.2 a, b Orientatio[ni neso f the humanb odya nd termso f directiona nd oosition. a VentraIv iew [ventralisa, nterior] b DorsaIv iewI dorsa[isp, osterior) > GeneraaI natomy Surface I Locomotosry stem Partso f the humanb ody Fig.3 Surfacea natomyo f the ma[e. Fig,t , Surfacea natomyo f the fema[e. Metabotiscy stems Partso f theh umanb odv Membrum supenus brachium Fig.5 Surfacea natomyo f the mate. Fig.6 Surfacea natomyo f the femate.