SSMMAARRTT CCOOMMPPOOSSIITTEESS MMeecchhaanniiccss aanndd DDeessiiggnn EEddiitteedd bbyy RRaannii EEllhhaajjjjaarr VVaalleerriiaa LLaa SSaappoonnaarraa AAnnaassttaassiiaa MMuulliiaannaa SMART COMPOSITES Mechanics and Design Composite Materials: Analysis and Design Series Editor Ever J. Barbero PUBLISHED Finite Element Analysis of Composite Materials Using ANSYS,® Second Edition, Ever J. Barbero Smart Composites: Mechanics and Design, Rani Elhajjar, Valeria La Saponara, and Anastasia Muliana Finite Element Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus, Ever J. Barbero FRP Deck and Steel Girder Bridge Systems: Analysis and Design, Julio F. Davalos, An Chen, Bin Zou, and Pizhong Qiao Introduction to Composite Materials Design, Second Edition, Ever J. Barbero Finite Element Analysis of Composite Materials, Ever J. Barbero SMART COMPOSITES Mechanics and Design Edited by Rani Elhajjar Valeria La Saponara Anastasia Muliana Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MAT- LAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Series Preface ........................................................................................................vii Preface ......................................................................................................................ix Editors ......................................................................................................................xi Contributors .........................................................................................................xiii Section I Materials 1. Field Coupling Analysis in Electrically Conductive Composites ........3 Amir Barakati and Olesya I. Zhupanska 2. Design and Characterization of Magnetostrictive Composites ..........55 Rani Elhajjar, Chiu Law, and Anastasia Muliana 3. Graphitic Carbon Nanomaterials for Multifunctional Nanocomposites ............................................................................................77 Mohammad Naraghi 4. Active Fiber Composites: Modeling, Fabrication, and Characterization ............................................................................................99 Yirong Lin and Henry A. Sodano Section II Structures 5. Mechanics and Design of Smart Composites: Modeling and Characterization of Piezoelectrically Actuated Bistable Composites ...................................................................................................131 Chris Bowen and H. Alicia Kim 6. Wing Morphing Design Using Macro-Fiber Composites ..................169 Onur Bilgen, Kevin B. Kochersberger, and Daniel J. Inman 7. Analyses of Multifunctional Layered Composite Beams ..................213 Sukanya Doshi, Amir Sohrabi, Anastasia Muliana, and J. N. Reddy v vi Contents Section III Sensing 8. Wireless Health Monitoring and Sensing of Smart Structures ........245 R. Andrew Swartz 9. Acoustic Emission of Composites: A Compilation of Different Techniques and Analyses .........................................................................273 Piervincenzo Rizzo 10. Neural Network Nondestructive Evaluation of Composite Structures from Acoustic Emission Data ...............................................299 Eric v. K. Hill, Michele D. Dorfman, and John A. Capriolo II 11. Prediction of Ultimate Compression after Impact Loads in Graphite-Epoxy Coupons from Ultrasonic C-Scan Images Using Neural Networks ........................................................................................329 Eric v. K. Hill and Nikolas L. Geiselman 12. Distributed In Situ Health Monitoring of Nanocomposite- Enhanced Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites ...............................359 Bryan R. Loyola, Valeria La Saponara, and Kenneth J. Loh Section I Exercises .............................................................................................385 Section II Exercises ............................................................................................389 Section III Exercises ..........................................................................................393 Series Preface Half a century after their commercial introduction, composite materials are of widespread use in many industries. Applications such as aerospace, windmill blades, highway bridge retroit, and many more require designs that assure safe and reliable operation for 20 years or more. Using composite materials, virtually any property, such as stiffness, strength, thermal con- ductivity, and ire resistance, can be tailored to the user’s needs by selecting the constituent material, their proportion and geometrical arrangement, and so on. In other words, the engineer is able to design the material concur- rently with the structure. Also, modes of failure are much more complex in composites than in classical materials.  Such demands for performance, safety, and reliability require that engineers consider a variety of phenom- ena during the design. Therefore, the aim of the Composite Materials: Design and Analysis book series is to bring to the design engineer a collection of works written by experts on every aspect of composite materials that is rel- evant to their design.  Variety and sophistication of material systems and processing techniques have grown exponentially in response to an ever-increasing number and type of applications. Given the variety of composite materials available as well as their continuous change and improvement, understanding of com- posite materials is by no means complete. Therefore, this book series serves not only the practicing engineer but also the researcher and student who are looking to advance the state of the art in understanding material and structural response and developing new engineering tools for modeling and predicting such responses.  Thus, the series is focused on bringing to the public existing and devel- oping knowledge about the material–property relationships, processing– property relationships, and structural response of composite materials and structures. The series scope includes analytical, experimental, and numeri- cal methods that have a clear impact on the design of composite structures. Ever J. Barbero West Virginia University, Morgantown vii Preface Smart composites as we now know them are increasingly a key factor in scientiic and technological achievement of materials. Recent advances in design and optimization of composite structures have played a signiicant role in the current development of smart materials and structures. Working with smart materials requires going beyond mechanics. Researchers and engineers ind themselves needing to have an interdisciplinary knowledge to understand, predict, and model the properties of smart materials hav- ing unique structural, processing, and sensing abilities. The new genera- tion of smart materials will consist of not only interacting components and microstructural morphologies but also materials that respond differently under combined external inluence. The ability to then combine mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic, and other responses becomes critical not only at the material level but also at the structural scale. The materials are not only expected to bear mechanical loadings but also are designed with inherent capability lending itself for structural health monitoring or nondestructive sensing capabilities. At the same time, these new technologies have to sup- port one another in a symbiotic way. With this book, we have attempted to present a selection of the latest research in the ield of smart materials. In the irst section of the book, we discuss composites topics in smart materials related to design of electri- cally conductive, magnetostrictive nanocomposites and active iber compos- ites. These discussions include assessment of techniques and challenges in manu facturing smart composites and characterizing their coupled proper- ties; we also present the latest research in analysis of composite structures at various length and time scales undergoing coupled mechanical and non- mechanical stimuli considering elastic, viscoelastic (and/or viscoplastic), fatigue, and damage behaviors. The second section of the book is dedicated to a higher-level analysis of smart structures with topics related to piezoelec- trically actuated bistable composites, wing morphing, and multifunctional layered composite beams. Finally, the third section examines topics related to sensing and structural health monitoring, recognizing that multifunc- tional materials can be designed to both improve and enhance the health- monitoring capabilities and also enable effective nondestructive evaluation. The main point being that sensing abilities can be integrated within the material and provide continuous sensing. Considering the various new directions, ideas, and methods, in this book we present a unique selection of current topics related to the understanding and design of smart composites from experts across the range of disciplines in smart or multifunctional materials. The editors are thankful for the sup- port of the contributing authors in performing this task. It is clear that in the ix