vives - xx - 3 - index 16/10/2017 16:49 Page i SMART CITY Barcelona The Catalan Quest to Improve Future Urban Living vives - xx - 3 - index 16/10/2017 16:49 Page ii The Cañada Blanch / Sussex Academic Studies on Contemporary Spain General Editor: Professor Paul Preston, London School of Economics A list of all published titles in the series is available on the Press website. More recently published works are presented below. Peter Anderson, Friend or Foe?: Occupation, Collaboration and Selective Violence in the Spanish Civil War. Margaret Joan Anstee, JB – An Unlikely Spanish Don: The Life and Times of Professor John Brande Trend. Richard Barker, Skeletons in the Closet, Skeletons in the Ground: Repression, Victimization and Humiliation in a Small Andalusian Town – The Human Consequences of the Spanish Civil War. Germà Bel,Infrastructure and the Political Economy of Nation Building in Spain, 1720–2010. Germà Bel, Disdain, Distrust, and Dissolution: The Surge of Support for Independence in Catalonia. Carl-Henrik Bjerström, Josep Renau and the Politics of Culture in Republican Spain, 1931–1939: Re-imagining the Nation. Kathryn Crameri,‘Goodbye, Spain?’: The Question of Independence for Catalonia. Pol Dalmau, Press, Politics and National Identities in Catalonia: The Transformation of La Vanguardia, 1881–1931. Mark Derby, Petals and Bullets: Dorothy Morris – A New Zealand Nurse in the Spanish Civil War. Francisco Espinosa-Maestre, Shoot the Messenger?: Spanish Democracy and the Crimes of Francoism – From the Pact of Silence to the Trial of Baltasar Garzón. María Jesús González,Raymond Carr: The Curiosity of the Fox. Helen Graham,The War and its Shadow: Spain’s Civil War in Europe’s Long Twentieth Century. Angela Jackson, ‘For us it was Heaven’: The Passion, Grief and Fortitude of Patience Darton – From the Spanish Civil War to Mao’s China. Gabriel Jackson, Juan Negrín: Physiologist, Socialist, and Spanish Republican War Leader. vives - xx - 3 - index 16/10/2017 16:49 Page iii Nathan Jones, The Adoption of a Pro-US Foreign Policy by Spain and the United Kingdom: José María Aznar and Tony Blair’s Personal Motivations and their Global Impact. Xavier Moreno Juliá,The Blue Division: Spanish Blood in Russia, 1941–1945. David Lethbridge, Norman Bethune in Spain: Commitment, Crisis, and Conspiracy. Antonio Miguez Macho, The Genocidal Genealogy of Francoism: Violence, Memory and Impunity. Carles Manera, The Great Recession: A Subversive View. Nicholas Manganas,Las dos Españas: Terror and Crisis in Contemporary Spain. Jorge Marco, Guerrilleros and Neighbours in Arms: Identities and Cultures of Antifascist Resistance in Spain. Emily Mason,Democracy, Deeds and Dilemmas: Support for the Spanish Republic within British Civil Society, 1936–1939. Soledad Fox Maura, Jorge Semprún: The Spaniard who Survived the Nazis and Conquered Paris. Martin Minchom, Spain’s Martyred Cities: From the Battle of Madrid to Picasso’s Guernica. Olivia Muñoz-Rojas, Ashes and Granite: Destruction and Reconstruction in the Spanish Civil War and Its Aftermath. Linda Palfreeman, Spain Bleeds: The Development of Battlefield Blood Transfusion during the Civil War. Isabelle Rohr, The Spanish Right and the Jews, 1898–1945: Antisemitism and Opportunism. Rúben Serém, Conspiracy, Coup d'état and Civil War in Seville, 1936–1939: History and Myth in Francoist Spain. Gareth Stockey, Gibraltar: “A Dagger in the Spine of Spain?” Maria Thomas, The Faith and the Fury: Popular Anticlerical Violence and Iconoclasm in Spain, 1931–1936. Dacia Viejo-Rose, Reconstructing Spain: Cultural Heritage and Memory after Civil War. Antoni Vives, SMART City Barcelona: The Catalan Quest to Improve Future Urban Living. vives - xx - 3 - index 16/10/2017 16:49 Page iv vives - xx - 3 - index 16/10/2017 16:49 Page v Antoni Vives SMART CITY Barcelona The Catalan Quest to Improve Future Urban Living Translated from the Spanish by David Thomas Clark sussex A C A D E M I C P R E S S Brighton•Portland•Toronto vives - xx - 3a - index 17/10/2017 10:14 Page vi Copyright © Antoni Vives 2018. The right of Antoni Vives to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. ISBN 9781845199180 (Paper) ISBN 9781782845324 (PDF) ISBN 9781782845300 (EPUB) ISBN 9781782845317 (Kindle) First published in Spanish: SMART. Las ideas que convirtieron a Barcelona en una ciudad líder en el mundo, by Arpa y Alfil Editores, S.L., 2017. First published in Great Britain in 2018 by SUSSEX ACADEMIC PRESS PO Box 139, Eastbourne BN24 9BP Distributed in North America by SUSSEX ACADEMIC PRESS ISBS Publisher Services 920 NE 58th Ave #300, Portland, OR 97213, USA All rights reserved.Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Published in collaboration with the Cañada Blanch Centre for Contemporary Spanish Studies and the Catalan Observatory, London School of Economics. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Applied for. Paperback ISBN 978-1-84519-918-0 Typeset & designed by Sussex Academic Press, Brighton & Eastbourne. Printed by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall. vives - xx - 3 - index 16/10/2017 16:49 Page vii Contents The Cañada Blanch Centre for Contemporary Spanish Studies viii Series Editor’s Preface xi Author’s Acknowledgments xiv Prologue, by Abha Joshi-Ghani (World Bank Institute) 1 1 What I’ve Learned 5 2 Why Smart 9 3 Barcelona: A Mantra, A Plan 23 4 Opening the City Up for Works 43 5 City-Os, Big Data and High-Resolution Diagnosis 63 6 Innovation, Manufacturing Associations and More 92 Social Big Data 7 How To Organise the Smart City? 113 8 Participating, Experimenting, and Superblocks 126 (Or the City is Anything but Simple) 9 Transforming for the Next Three Generations, 147 Counting on Early Victories 10 Energy Through the Internet 175 11 Smart Up City: Productive, Hyper-Connected, 187 Re-Naturised 12 What is Technology? 208 A Final Comment – Looking towards India 219 Epilogue,by Adam Austerfield (London School of Economics) 229 Index 232 About the Author 245 vives - xx - 3 - index 16/10/2017 16:49 Page viii The Cañada Blanch Centre for Contemporary Spanish Studies In the 1960s, the most important initiative in the cultural and aca- demic relations between Spain and the United Kingdom was launched by a Valencian fruit importer in London. The creation by Vicente Cañada Blanch of the Anglo-Spanish Cultural Foundation has subsequently benefited large numbers of Spanish and British scholars at various levels. Thanks to the generosity of Vicente Cañada Blanch, thousands of Spanish schoolchildren have been educated at the secondary school in West London that bears his name. At the same time, many British and Spanish university students have benefited from the exchange scholarships which fostered cultural and scientific exchanges between the two countries. Some of the most important historical, artistic and literary work on Spanish topics to be produced in Great Britain was initially made possible by Cañada Blanch scholarships. Vicente Cañada Blanch was, by inclination, a conservative. When his Foundation was created, the Franco regime was still in the pleni- tude of its power. Nevertheless, the keynote of the Foundation’s activities was always a complete open-mindedness on political issues. This was reflected in the diversity of research projects supported by the Foundation, many of which, in Francoist Spain, would have been regarded as subversive. When the Dictator died, Don Vicente was in his seventy-fifth year. In the two decades following the death of the Dictator, although apparently indestructible, Don Vicente was obliged to husband his energies. Increasingly, the work of the Foundation was carried forward by Miguel Dols whose tireless and imaginative work in London was matched in Spain by that of José María Coll Comín. They were united in the Foundation’s spirit of open-minded commitment to fostering research of high quality in pursuit of better Anglo-Spanish cultural relations. Throughout the 1990s, thanks to them, the role of the Foundation grew considerably. vives - xx - 3 - index 16/10/2017 16:49 Page ix The Cañada Blanch Centre ix In 1994, in collaboration with the London School of Economics, the Foundation established the Príncipe de Asturias Chair of Contemporary Spanish History and the Cañada Blanch Centre for Contemporary Spanish Studies. It is the particular task of the Cañada Blanch Centre for Contemporary Spanish Studies to promote the understanding of twentieth-century Spain through research and teaching of contemporary Spanish history, politics, economy, soci- ology and culture. The Centre possesses a valuable library and archival centre for specialists in contemporary Spain. This work is carried on through the publications of the doctoral and post-doctoral researchers at the Centre itself and through the many seminars and lectures held at the London School of Economics. While the seminars are the province of the researchers, the lecture cycles have been the forum in which Spanish politicians have been able to address audiences in the United Kingdom. Since 1998, the Cañada Blanch Centre has published a substantial number of books in collaboration with several different publishers on the subject of contemporary Spanish history and politics. An extremely fruitful partnership with Sussex Academic Press began in 2004. Full details and descriptions of the published works can be found on the Press website. A constant interest of the series has been the historical roots of the present relationship between Catalonia and the political establishment in Madrid. In 2010, there was the study of the economic future of Catalonia and of the role being played in that future by the region’s ports by Ramon Tremosa i Balcells, Catalonia, An Emerging Economy. In 2011, Olivia Muñoz-Rojas cast startling light on post-war recon- struction in Ashes and Granite. In 2012, Germà Bel’s startlingly original Infrastructure and the Political Economy of Nation Building in Spain, 1720–2010 exposed the damage done to the Catalan and also the Spanish economies by the country’s asymmetrical and dysfunc- tional transport and communications model. In 2013, Andrew Dowling’s Catalonia since the Spanish Civil War: Reconstructing the Nation examined the reconstruction of national consciousness in Catalonia since the Civil War. In 2014, in the run-up to the referendum on Catalan independence, bitterly opposed by Madrid, Kathryn Crameri’s GOODBYE, SPAIN? The Question of Independence for Cataloniaprovided a key contribution to the debate. In 2015, in his Disdain, Distrust and Dissolution: The Surge of Support for Independence in Catalonia, Germà Bel