Computer Communications and Networks Zaigham Mahmood Editor Smart Cities Development and Governance Frameworks Computer Communications and Networks Series editors A. J. Sammes, Cyber Security Centre, Faculty of Technology, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK Jacek Rak, Department of Computer Communications, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland The Computer Communications and Networks series is a range of textbooks, monographs and handbooks. It sets out to provide students, researchers, and non-specialists alike with a sure grounding in current knowledge, together with comprehensibleaccesstothelatestdevelopmentsincomputercommunicationsand networking. Emphasis is placed on clear and explanatory styles that support a tutorial approach, so that even the most complex of topics is presented in a lucid and intelligible manner. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4198 Zaigham Mahmood Editor Smart Cities Development and Governance Frameworks 123 Editor ZaighamMahmood Debesis Education Derby UK and ShijiazhuangTiedao University Hebei China ISSN 1617-7975 ISSN 2197-8433 (electronic) Computer Communications andNetworks ISBN978-3-319-76668-3 ISBN978-3-319-76669-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76669-0 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018935867 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG,partofSpringerNature2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerInternationalPublishingAG partofSpringerNature Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland To Eyaad Imran Rashid Khan and Zayb-un-Nisa Khan, the youngest in the family and the most delightful Preface Overview Asmartcityisanewvisionforurbandevelopmentthatbringstogetherthevarious sectors of the society through the deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) and distributed computing technologies. The aim is to integrate and manage a city’s resources and processes relating to transportation, health care, commerce, educa- tion,waterandpower,lawenforcement,etc.aswellascity’svariousdepartmental informationsystems.Thesuggestionisthattheworldcitiesaregrowinglarger;new generationshaveentirelynewpriorities;hyper-globalizationisrevolutionizinghow we build and deliver products and services; and technological innovation is accelerating at an exponential rate. Therefore, the ultimate objective is to develop smart living environments, improve living conditions of citizens, automate city servicesandprocesses,developopenandtransparentsystems,and,ingeneral,build smarter and connected communities. Goal is to ensure that citizens’ needs are met andtheyaretechnologicallyempoweredtoaffectthecity’sfunctioningfollowinga technologically led and citizen-centered-government approach. Apart from the desire to use the technology for the sake of speed, openness, transparency, and effectiveness, there are currently a range of challenges that our citiesfacethatdrivethecitiestourgentlymovetonextlevelsofurbanization.These challenges include factors such as the following: rise in unemployment due to global economic downturn; pressures on housing sector due to growing demand, transportation,andhealthcareduetoincreaseinpopulation;concernsaboutclimate change; paradigm shift toward online entertainment and services; pressures on public finances and city resources due to increased awareness on the part of the general public; and the requirement to empower citizens to affect the working of localandfederalgovernments.Fortunately,relevantcomputingtechnologies,social media offerings, distributed computing paradigms, mobile crowdsourcing, cyber-physical cloud computing, IoT frameworks, communication protocols, and device connectivity approaches are already well established to achieve citizens’ vii viii Preface empowerment to consume e-services provided by smart cities; and to allow city officials to interact directly with the community and monitor digital environments. With this background, there is an urgent need for properly integrated solutions taking into account a number of related aspects including big data analytics and devices security; signaling and device detection; devices and data management; communication protocols and connectivity platforms; network bandwidth and topology; seamless connectivity and interoperability; and worldwide regulations and legal compliance. In this context, this book aims to investigate development, management, gov- ernance, and monitoring approaches to building smart cities; and distributed computingenvironmentstherein.Majorityofcontributionsinthisvolumefocuson various aspects of related methodologies and approaches; device connectivity and communication; and security and interoperability. Thirty-two researchers and practitioners of international repute have presented latest research on frameworks, current trends, case studies, and suggestions for further enhancement of the IoT-based smart cities vision. Hopefully, the current text, Smart Cities—Development and Governance Frameworks, will fillagapwithrespecttosmart living insmart environments and extend the existing body of knowledge in this field. Objectives The aim of this volume is to present and discuss the state of the art in terms of frameworks,methodologies,challenges,andsolutionsforIOT-basedsmarterliving environments. The core objectives include the following: (cid:129) Capturing the state-of-the-art research and practice with respect to the issues and limitation of smart city environments; (cid:129) Presenting case studies illustrating approaches, best practices, examples, and practical solutions; (cid:129) Discussing corporate analysis and a balanced view of benefits and inherent barriers to smart city developments and management; (cid:129) Developing a complete reference for students, researchers, and practitioners of distributed computing systems and environments; (cid:129) Identifying further research directions and technological innovations in the context of distributed computing environments and IoT. Organization Thereare13chaptersinthisvolume:SmartCities—DevelopmentandGovernance Frameworks. These are organized in three parts, as follows: Preface ix Part I: Frameworks and Models Thissectionhasafocusonapproachesandmethodologies,relatingtothenextmore advanced levels of urbanization. There are four chapters. In the first contribution, the authors present a recursive and layered approach to model large-scale resource management systems for self-sustainable cities. The second chapter discusses the security and privacy issues in relation to social, management, economy, and legal aspects of a smart city. The third contribution presents a novel architecture for hybridvehicular wireless sensor networks,VANET-WSN,asacore component of smartercities.Thenextchapterproposesapricingmechanismforthemanagement ofnaturalresources,withparticularemphasisontheenergysector,inthecontextof smarter living environments; case studies are also presented. Part II: Challenges and Opportunities Thispartofthebookcomprisesfivechaptersthatfocusonissuesandsolutions.The first chapter discusses generic challenges of building intelligent distribute systems for smart cities. The next contribution focuses on building blocks for data and citizen-centric knowledge-based governance of smart cities and looks into the relatedIoTchallenges.Thethirdchapterinthesectionprovidesaholisticvisionof smart city surveillance and fog computing paradigms including challenges and opportunities;acasestudyofurbantrafficsurveillanceisalsopresented.Thefourth contribution discusses issues and challenges relating to big data management and analyticsrelevanttosmartgrids.Thefinalchapterconsidersrisksandopportunities of electric vehicles adoption in smart city environments. Part III: Examples and Case Studies Therearefourchaptersinthissectionthatfocusonongoingresearchinrelationto sustainability, illustrating several case studies. The first chapter looks at thedesign and sustainability approaches for building smart cities; the contribution explores smart city projects in four of the Japanese cities. The next chapter proposes a sustainable business model to implement smart city digital services in relation to smartcityinitiativesinIndiancities.Thethirdcontributionexploresthechallenges and opportunities in relation to smart city projects in Brazil; the authors discuss related factors such as collaboration, communication, sustainability, and automa- tion.Thefinalcontributionofthebookdiscussesthesustainabilityrequirementsfor the provision of healthcare services, presenting several smart city scenarios. Target Audiences The current volume is a reference text aimed at supporting a number of potential audiences, including the following: (cid:129) Communication Engineers, Software Developers, and Network Security Specialists who wish to adopt the newer approaches to ensure the security of data and devices for seamless connectivity in the smarter cities environments. x Preface (cid:129) StudentsandLecturerswhohaveaninterestinfurtherenhancingtheknowledge of technologies, mechanisms, and frameworks relevant to the smarter living environments from a distributed computing perspective. (cid:129) Researchers and Practitioners in this field who require up to date knowledge ofthecurrentpractices,mechanisms,frameworks,andlimitationsrelevanttothe smart cities and Internet of Things vision. Derby, UK Zaigham Mahmood Hebei, China