Green Energy and Technology Adriano Bisello Daniele Vettorato Richard Stephens Pietro Elisei Editors Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions Results of SSPCR 2015 Green Energy and Technology More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8059 Adriano Bisello Daniele Vettorato (cid:129) Richard Stephens Pietro Elisei (cid:129) Editors Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions Results of SSPCR 2015 123 Editors Adriano Bisello Richard Stephens EURACResearch ISOCARP Bolzano/Bozen TheHague Italy TheNetherlands Daniele Vettorato Pietro Elisei EURACResearch ISOCARP Bolzano/Bozen TheHague Italy TheNetherlands ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic) Green Energy andTechnology ISBN978-3-319-44898-5 ISBN978-3-319-44899-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-44899-2 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016950404 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Foreword Beyond Urban Liveabilty: Terrestrial Habitability and the Rise of Intelligent Environments Cities are lived-in technology. Like swallows, termites, and other fellow species of the global fauna, the human animal Homo sapiens, too, constructs her own habitat. The original Paleolithic caves and Neolithic huts evolved into ubiquitous productsofamassiveglobalindustry,andmergedintooneofthemostfascinating phenomena of this planet: cities. Throughout their histories, cities have morphed from communal shelter clusters into time-management machines, sources and objects of war, mass work houses, places of despair and suffering for some, and settings of liberation and liberty for others. The medieval adage‚ Stadtluft macht frei meant that the city offered hope to liberatedserfsbutalsoservedasagreatequalizer,strippingawaypreviouspersonal burdens. But the liberating city air soon also emerged as a focus of medical con- cern: cities were also massive waste machines, air polluters, and cesspools, dead endsforthepoor,burgeoningsquats,and,consequently,placesofoften-misguided ideasaboutsocial,ethnic,spatial,andenvironmentalcleansing,ofpoliticalreform, and of revolution. But cities also evolved into complex and connected systems of movement, communication, culture, control, and command—their political economies are inseparably intertwined with technological change. Over the ages and across dif- ferentlevelsofwealth,citiesepitomizedGordonMcGranahan’sthesisofthecycles of environmental stress: from escaping local pollution hot spots to becoming trappedinaglobalcarbonbubble,inthegreatestFaustiandilemmaofalltimes,i.e., heavenlyprogressboughtthroughhellishenergysourcessuchasuraniumandcoal, oil, and gas. The global fossil fuel supply chains and hydrocarbon-combustion- based development helped turbocharge rising megacities and global urbanization worldwide. Eachyear,urbanliveabilityindicesrankcitiesandtheirlifestylevaluations.This important conference and its wonderful documentation begin pointing in the v vi Foreword direction that is so desperately needed to avoid the rise of an urban habitability index, as cities, one by one, become uninhabitable, due to heat, drought, and inundation. Unthinkable? Think again. Fossil fuel and climate wars, historically interlinked with religious strife, political domination, and state terror, have already led to the elimination of urban communities across entire nations from the list of habitable,letalone,liveablecities:Aleppo,Bagdad,Basra,Benghazi,Erbil,Falluja, Gaza City, Damascus, Homs, Mosul, Sirte, and Tripoli. The list goes on. Cities are both our own worst enemies and greatest hope for redemption. Buckminster Fuller’s Spaceship Earth referred to the only habitable place we have ever known and yet the so-called smart money—the founders of Tesla, Amazon, and Virgin—has joined the growing ranks of governments (from China, France, Germany, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, and Russia to the United States) as well as the brilliant European Space Agency in the grotesque paradox of seeking to escape Spaceship Earth by investing massive capital extracted from its demolition, into deep-space exploration for the purpose of building extraterrestrial colonies, pre- sumably to flee the very rampage that funded the escape, to fulfill the madcap destiny prescribed for humankind in the science fiction genre. However, the actual task at hand is more immediate, more urgent, less glam- orous, but equally heroic. The most important challenge of space exploration and planetaryhabitabilityisrighthereunderourfeet:tobuildcitiesasspatial,technical, financial,andsocietalsystemssothattheynotonlysustainthemselvesintheshort term,but,moreimportantly,theyprotectandhealnaturalplanetarysystemsthrough the very acts of smart and sustainable building, undoing harm and regenerating environments. Nurturing civil harmony, health, access, prosperity, and community vitality by: strengthening the existential essentials of renewable energy prolifera- tion; greenhouse-gas sequestration in soils, wetlands, wood, and biochar; biodi- versity protection; and organic food production. In this way, we pursue the most essentialcriterionforgoodurbandesign—specifiedbyChristopherAlexander—but with a far more profound meaning for species’ resilience and survival: to leave places better off than we found them. This important conference volume brings together leading scientific minds and practitioners from around the world, all working today on the “smart and sustain- able” cities of tomorrow, experts in renewable energy, information technology, water, urban agriculture, climate change mitigation, community health, social and cultural connectedness, peace, demilitarization, the political economy of sustain- ability, and regenerative infrastructure. Together, their messages provide the tools to help build intelligent cities: intelligent enough to halt and reverse the dramatic decline in terrestrial habitability. Prof. Peter Droege Liechtenstein Institute for Strategic Development Berlin, Vaduz Preface Why do We Need a Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions? Inanincreasinglyurbanizedworld,withover50%oftheglobalpopulationliving in cities, smart and sustainable city planning represents an emerging topic both in the scientific and in the more general cultural debate. The need for smart planning arises from our constant acceleration towards an information-mediatedworldexperienceandisdrivenbyfactorssuchasthecurrent globalfinancialcrisis,globalclimatechange,globalpopulationgrowth,andcultural globalization. Smart and sustainable planning makes our cities and regions more liveable and competitive places, consistent with both our inspirations and our aspirations. Transforming existing settlements into smart cities, de facto, means to couple their ICT potential with human factors—innovation in building and energy tech- nology, people’s engagement in participatory processes, environmental resources preservation, and the exploitation of new business models. A uniquely coherent definition of the meaning of smart city has still to be established: academics, decision makers, and industries approach this topic from different perspectives, delivering multiple solutions often hard to replicate. Nonetheless, smart city projects are currently spreading worldwide, comprising a more diverse, and so far relatively unexplored, galaxy. Therefore, a discussion on smart and sustainable cities and regional planning should,firstofall,havetheeffectofprovidingguidancetoallexperts—researchers, politicians, public officials, and managers—entering into this innovative field. Spatialplanningistraditionallyacomplexdiscipline,foundedonmultidisciplinary knowledge,requiringvariousskills,andpursuingmulti-objectivegoals.Nowadays, it is clear that for tackling “smart and sustainable planning” challenges a holistic approach—going beyond solutions to single technicalities—is required. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive outlook on the latest research paths taken by various branches of science in the field of smart and vii viii Preface sustainable planning, stimulating a proactive dialogue and engendering a broad knowledgeexchange.Somerelevanttheoreticalfindingsaregatheredhere,together withalreadyimplementedlighthouseprojects,toshowhowresearchresultsmaybe translated into real-word applications. Lessons from pioneering practicalimplementationsoffer agreat opportunityfor followercitiesandregionstoimprovetheirforthcomingplansandtoresearchersto definenew technical procedures andmethods. Inthese works,thevariousresearch themesareexploredbyadoptingacrosscuttingapproach,mixingthecontributions of authors from various fields under a few selected umbrella topics, trying to establish a shared baseline onto which to graft innovative development ideas. The opportunity to gather a wide number of scientists and practitioners in the field of urban planning was offered by the first occurrence of the international conference on Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions. This con- ference, shortly SSPCR 2015, took place during November 19–20, 2015, in Bolzano (Italy), organized by the Institute for Renewable Energy of the European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC), with the support of the International Society of City and Regional Planners (ISOCARP). The SSPCR 2015 (http:// sspcr2015.eurac.edu) focused on innovative planning methodologies, tools, and experiences aimed at supporting the transition of our cities and regions towards smarter and more sustainable dimensions, by touching on diverse scales, environ- ments, and perspectives. EURAC and ISOCARP decided to couple the two words “smart” and“sustainable”intheconference title specificallytohighlightthat,only through the combination of the two concepts, is would be possible to achieve a better quality of life and well-balanced low-carbon development. To offer a com- prehensive overview of this topic, the SSPCR 2015 was designed around four thematic sessions, flanked by a fifth session on real and practical experiences, as well as some plenary sessions introducing and synthesizing the debate. Among our keynote speakers, we hosted: Prof. Peter Droge (University of Lichtenstein)withhiscontributiononintelligentandregenerativecityregions;Prof. JürgenBreuste(Paris,Lodron,UniversityofSalzburg)discussingurbangreenareas and climate change; Prof. Ezio Micelli (University IUAV of Venice) suggesting innovative ways to recycle the cities’ building stocks; Dr. Nora Mzavanadze (University of Manchester) presenting the EC Horizon 2020 project COMBI on operationalizing the multiple benefits of energy efficiency in Europe; Pietro Elisei (ISOCARP) presenting participatory governance approaches for urban decision-making; and, finally, former ISOCARP President Milica Bajic Brkovic asking delegates the question “will planning save the cities?”. BothEURACandISOCARP representatives provided productivetopics for the discussions: Dr. Wolfram Sparber, Head of the EURAC Institute for Renewable Energy,introducedparticipantstonewheatingandcoolingsystemsforsmartcities, and Dr. Richard Stephens, ISOCARP President, discussed megatrends, black swans, and game changers, employing examples also from U.S. planning approaches. Preface ix The volume replicates the structure of SSPCR 2015: Part I presents the papers discussedunderthetopic“EnergyandClimate”,PartIIthoseunder“Governance”, PartIIIconcerns“CostsandBenefits”,whilePartIVtreats“Technologies”.Thelast part,PartV,takesacloserlookat“Demonstrationandcooperationprojects”inthe field of smart and sustainable planning. PartIconcerns“energyplanningforcitiesandregions”andinvestigatesinfour papers how to couple energy–climate goals with the development or renovation of energy infrastructures and how to tackle vulnerabilities due to climate change. An integrated approach beyond sectorial infrastructure management is suggested, as wellastheintegrationofrenewablesourcesinexistingnetworks.Therelevanceof energyissuesalsoemergesindevelopingarenovationscenarioontheurbanscale, as well as a collaboration scheme to undertake energy efficiency development at regional scale. In Part II, three meaningful examples are given on how “smart and sustainable technologies”involvechallengesandopportunitiesforurbanandregionalplanning. Applications are broad: buildings and other architectural features may act as environmental displays; mobility management may become more on-demand; and geospatial tools may help predict and prevent sprawl phenomena. WithinPartIII,“benefits,costs,andopportunitiesofurbantransition”,towarda more smart and sustainable dimension, are explored and discussed. Four different contributionsreportcasestudiesormethodologicalapproachestoassessvaluesand trade-offs within decision-making processes. The topic is investigated looking at co-benefits of large-scale smart-district projects, urban-regeneration experiences, urban-transport projects, and spatial-planning methods. This section also includes an invited paper by Prof. Ezio Micelli (University IUAV of Venice) on innovative financial schemes in the construction sector to facilitate the refurbishment of existing buildings. Part IV explores new ways to deal with an effective “governance for smart and sustainable growth” with five contributions fostering place-based policy-making, active and effective stakeholders’ participation, collaboration in development-path design,and public-private partnerships.Thissectionalso includesaninvitedpaper by Prof. Ekaterina Domorenok (University of Padua) focusing on new governance tools for innovation and sustainable development in EU cities. PartVembraces“cooperationanddemonstrationprojects”thatplayanessential role in enabling the adoption of new approaches and technologies towards the development of win-win solutions. Six different reports on cutting-edge smart energy initiatives, currently under development or already achieving outstanding results, are presented. The section provides examples at various scales, from small rural villages to large urban communities. It also analyzes various contexts, from industrial clusters and SMEs to a metropolitan aviation hub. Finally, this section offerssomerelevantfiguresonEuropeanfundingallocationonthesmartcitytopic. WewouldliketothankalltheSSPCR2015speakersfortheirbrilliantresearch contributions,inspiringamultidisciplinarydebateamongdelegates.Duringthetwo conferencedays,wehad42oralpresentationsandapostersessionfromacademics, researchers, and experts coming from various countries such as Austria, Egypt,