. ^ SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTRY-LEVEL EMPLOYEES: HOW TO INCREASE TAKE-HOME PAY AND KEEP AMERICA WORKING Y4.SM 1:104-79 Snail Business and EntrrLevel Enpl. . HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED FOURTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION WASHINGTON, DC, MAY 15, 1996 Printed for the use of the Committee on Small Business Serial No. 104-79 NOV ms 2 9 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 24-773CC WASHINGTON : 1996 ForsalebytheU.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice SuperintendentofDocuments,CongressionalSalesOffice,Washington,DC 20402 ISBN 0-16-053594-8 SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTRY-LEVEL EMPLOYEES: HOW TO INCREASE TAKE-HOME PAY AND KEEP AMERICA WORKING 4,3111:104-79 Y Snail Business and EntrrLevel Enpl... HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATrVES ONE HUNDRED FOURTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION WASHINGTON, DC, MAY 15, 1996 Printed for the use of the Committee on Small Business Serial No. 104-79 OEPasmny NOV ms 2 9 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1996 ForsalebytheU.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice SuperintendentofDocuments,CongressionalSalesOffice,Washington,DC 20402 ISBN 0-16-053594-8 COMMITTEE ON SMALL BUSINESS JAN MEYERS, Kansas. Chair JOEL HEFLEY, Colorado JOHNJ. LaFALCE, New York WILLIAM H. ZELIFF, JR., New Hampshire IKE SKELTON, Missouri JAMES M. TALENT, Missouri NORMAN SISISKY, Viiginia DONALD A. MANZULLO, Illinois FLOYD H. FLAKE, New York PETERG. TORKILDSEN, Massachusetts GLENN POSHARD, Illinois ROSCOE G. BARTLETT, Maryland EVA M. CLAYTON, North Carolina LINDA SMITH, Washington MARTIN T. MEEHAN, Massachusetts FRANK A. LoBIONDO, New Jersey NYDIA M. VELAZQUEZ, New York ZACH WAMP, Tennessee CLEO FIELDS, Louisiana SUE W. KELLY, New York EARL F. HILLIARD, Alabama DICK CHRYSLER, Michigan DOUGLAS "PETE" PETERSON, Florida JAMES B. LONGLEY, Jr., Maine BENNIE G. THOMPSON, Mississippi WALTER B. JONES, JR., North Carolina KEN BENTSEN, Texas MATT SALMON, Arizona WILLIAM P. LUTHER, Minnesota VAN HILLEARY, Tennessee JOHN ELIAS BALDACCI, Maine MARK E. SOUDER, Indiana SAM BROWNBACK, Kansas STEVENJ. CHABOT. Ohio SUE MYRICK. North Carolina DAVID FUNDERBURK. North Carolina JACK METCALF, Washington STEVEN C. LaTOURETTE, Ohio Jenifer Loon, StaffDirector Jeanne M. Roslanowick, Minority StaffDirector (II) CONTENTS Page HearingheldonMay 15, 1996 1 WITNESSES Wednesday, May 15, 1996 Bartlett, Bruce,SeniorFellow, National CenterforPolicyAnalysis 11 Haynes, Audrey Tayse, Executive Director, Business and Professional Women USA 13 Regalia, Martin, Vice President and ChiefEconomist, U.S. Chamber ofCom- merce 6 Thomas, Duncan, President, Q-Markets, Inc 17 Uqdah, TaaUb-Din, Co-Owner, Comrows & Co 9 APPENDDC Openingstatements: Baldacci, Hon.John E 39 LaFalce, Hon.JohnJ 40 ManzuUo, Hon. Donald,A 47 Meyers, Hon.Jan 55 Poshard, Hon. Glenn 58 Prepared statements: Bartlett, Bruce 59 Haynes,AudreyTayse 66 Regalia, Martin 72 Thomas, Duncan 78 Uqdah, Taalib-Din 84 (III) SMALL BUSINESS AND ENTRY-LEVEL EM- PLOYEES: HOW TO INCREASE TAKE-HOME PAY AND KEEP AMERICA WORKING WEDNESDAY, MAY 15, 1996 House of REPRESEhfTATivES, Committee on Small Business, Washington, DC. The Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10 a.m., in room 2359, Raybum House Office Building, Hon. Jan Meyers (Chair of the Committee) presiding. Chair Meyers. The meeting will come to order. Grood morning. According to statistics from the Small Business Administration s Office of Advocacy, small businesses provide 67 percent of all first time employment opportunities. Most Americans get their start in the work world because a small business owner agrees to take a chance on an inexperienced and often low-skilled employee. It is an important first step in building the skills needed to climb the eco- nomic ladder. A portion ofthese newly hired employees begin theirjobs earning the minimum wage. Who are these employees, and who are their employers? How is this important alliance affected when the start- ing wage is increased through a Federal mandate? Is increasing the minimum wage the best way to increase take-home pay for entry-level employees? Are there alternatives to an increase in the minimum wage that would boost take-home pay and encourage em- ployers to offer more job opportunities for those who need it the most? Today, the Committee will explore, from an economic point-of- view and from a small business owner's point of view, how a pro- posed increase in the Federal minimum wage would affect small businesses' ability to provide jobs. In addition, we will hear from Members of Congress who have developed innovative proposals de- signed to help working families increase their take-home pay. This hearing is very timely, in that a package oftax incentives titled the "Small Business Job Protection Act" was marked up in the Ways and Means Committee yesterday, and may be considered by the full House of Representatives in the near future. This important group of provisions is designed to help increase the productivity of small businesses and promote opportunities for expansion. Incen- tives, such as the Small Business Job Protection Act, are vital if an increase in the Federal minimum wage is enacted. The bill includes an increase in the expensing allowance from the current $17,500 to $25,000 for small businesses who purchase new (1) equipment; a modification of the FICIA Tip credit; an extension of the deduction for employer-provided educational assistance; S-Cor- poration reform; pension reform, which includes a new simplified tax-favored retirement plan for small businesses known as the SIMPLE Plan; and a new work opportunity tax credit, which is a reform of the targeted Jobs Tax Credit to give employers a credit equal to 35 percent ofan employee's wages for young high-risk em- ployees or other qualified people. That is the package so far. Proponents ofan increase in the minimum wage are fond of say- ing that a rising tide lifts all boats. However, a rolling tide, while lifting some boats, may sink others. Most of the small business owners I have talked to, who are pretty good navigators to stay afloat on the sea of Federal tax and regulatory burdens that we create, see this proposal as a rolling tide. A minimum wage in- crease could sink the life-raft of opportunity offered to millions of workers by jeopardizing small business-based entry level jobs. Thesejobs offer not only a wage, but the chance to learn vital skills that prepare people for a lifetime ofemployment. As I have noted numerous times in speeches and statements, small business is America's economic engine. But intrusive Federal policies exemplified by our tax and regulatory structure continue to place roadblocks in front of small businesses, diverting them from a direct path of economic growth. These diversions result in fewer jobs for their communities, as small businesses struggle to make the ledger balance every month. Federal policies which support small businesses, not strangle them in red tape and Federal man- dates, will allow them to create more jobs and increase earning po- tential. The best way to give America a raise is to give small busi- ness a break. At this time I'd like to recognize our Ranking Member, John La- Falce. Mr. LaFalce. I thank you very much. Madam Chair, before I begin addressing the subject of today's hearing. Once again, I have the honor of introducing a new member of the Small Business Committee. The new member is Representative Juanita Millender- McDonald, from the great State of California. I think based upon my knowledge of her record, the conversations that I've had with her, she is going to contribute mightily to the deliberations of this Commi—ttee and also be one of the outstanding Members of Con- gress we welcome you. Ms. MiLLENDER-McDoNALD. Thank you, good morning. Chair Meyers. CJood morning. May I join you in welcoming you to the Committee, Juanita, were very pleased to have you here, and I think you'll enjoy this Committee. Mr. LaFalce. Madam Chair, increasing the minimum wage is one ofthe most important issues confronting our Congress, and we have heard a lot ofeconomic theory bandied about in regard to this issue, we should, but it's not simply an economic issue. The issue raises serious questions about our fundamental values as a society. Increasingly it's harder and harder in the United States for aver- age working Americans to bring home enough money to put food on the table, to send their children to school, and simply to make ends meet. These are people who are willing to work and work hard. But for a large percentage ofour population, the reward they get for their efforts to contribute to our society is the minimum wage, which gives them an income below poverty level. Yet, the f)resent House majority generally opposes a modest increase in the evel of minimum wage. I must say that in the State of New York the House majority favors an increase. If the full House majority in this institution can find money for corporate tax breaks and spe- cial interest provisions, surely we can find the resources to give working families a break. Now, because of the importance of this issue, I'm very glad that the Small Business Committee is having a hearing on it, but I do object to the way the full House majority is generally proceeding. There is a Committee of legislative jurisdiction on this matter, the Committee on Economic and Educational Opportunities. Yet de- spite repeated requests by that Committee's minority, that Com- mittee has held no hearing, undertaken no inquiry, and reviewed no legislation. I believe that Representative Pat Williams would wish to speak to this issue further. In terms of our own hearing, I certain—ly appreciate your inviting one of the five private sector witnesses incidentally the only one that had to travel from ou—tside the DC area, the other four I had suggested were right here and certainly the two Members we re- quested. But I still find that the witness list does not provide a real balance of views on the minimum wage and related issues. After repeated requests, we only learned of the roster of private sector witnesses on Monday afternoon. It was only at noon yesterday that we were told that two Republican Members would be testifying on plans for the Earned Income Tax Credit reform and a proposed paj^oll tax deduction. I mean, two very important issues, but dif- ferent from the minimum wage; and this gave the minority only a few hours to prepare for these issues and very little time to suggest appropriate witnesses to give a balanced perspective. Now let me turn to the economics of this issue. Substantial mis- information has been disseminated by opponents of a minimum wage increase under the g^ise ofeconomic theory. Much ofthe con- cern expressed about the economic impact of an increase, particu- larly the impact on small business, I do not believe stands up to objective analysis. Let me address four of the concerns commonly put forward. First, those who argue that an increase in the minimum wage will devastate their businesses have in the past already coped with much higher minimum wage levels in real terms. Economic data clearly demonstrate that time has long passed for an increase in the minimum wage. Indeed, 11 States plus the District ofColumbia already have legislated minimum wage levels above the current $4.25 per hour. There are several reasons an increase is overdue. A full-time 40- hour-a-week employee earning the minimum wage will draw an an- nual income of $8,500. The 1996 poverty line for a family of four is $16,000. The proposed 90-cent increase would add only $1,800 annually, keeping the minimum wage worker still well below the poverty level for a family offour. Since enactment of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, Con- gress has raised the minimum wage 17 times and has sought to maintain the minimum wage at roughly equal to 50 percent of av- erage hourly earning. Over the last 14 years Congress has adjusted the minimum wage only twice. As a proportion ofthe average hour- ly wage, the minimum wage is at its lowest level ever. If Congress were to meet its objective of 50 percent ofthe average hourly earn- ings, today's minimum wage would be $5.69 per hour. The minimum wage has also lost g^rounds in terms ofits histori- cal purchasing power. If Congress raises the minimum wage by 90 cents, to $5.15 per hour, the minimum wage would still be 14 per- cent below its 1979 level ofpurchasing power. If Congress does not act to raise the minimum wage by 1997, the minimum wage will drop to its lowest purchasing power in over 40 years. I submit for the record a chart and table to illustrate these two points on purchasing power and average hourly earning. Second, opponents of raising the minimum wage contend that such action would primarily hurt teenagers who would lose jobs and be denied entry-level employment opportunities. In truth, min- imum wage earners are primarily adults age 20 and older. Accord- ing to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, nearly 70 percent of mini- mum-wage workers are in this age category. Ifyoung adults age 18 to 19 are included, BLS reports that 87 percent of minimum-wage earners would be in that group. Further, a study admittedly by the Democratic staff ofthe Joint Economic Committee did find that raising the minimum wage does not cost jobs amongst teenagers. What may be occurring is that teenagers are earning more money with the raised minimum wage and are able to cut back the number of hours worked to spend more time studying in school, yet they're still earning more. Third, those opposing a minimum wage increase often cite a re- cent study done by two economists, David Neumark of Michigan State University and William Wascher of the Federal Reserve. That study critiqued an earlier Princeton University study by David Card and Alan Krueger who had compared employment ef- fects in fast-food restaurants in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, when New Jersey raised the minimum wage and Pennsylvania had not. The Princeton study found that employment actually in- creased. Neumark and Wascher found that unemployment in- creased when they used payroll data that had been submitted to them by the restaurant association. However, when Neumark and Wascher conducted a second study using their own independent data, they too found that employment went up in New Jersey. A separate study co-authored by Wascher in 1995 concluded that in- creases in the minimum wage had no adverse impact on teenage employment: "A striking feature of most of these studies, including ours, is that they do not reveal disemployment effects of minimum wages for teenagers." As for further concerns amongst professional economists, I fre- quently hear the statement that all economists oppose an increase in minimum wage. Well, I wish to submit for the record a state- ment by over 100 prominent economists, including three Nobel Laureates who support an increase in the minimum wage. Their statement in part says, "We believe that the Federal minimum wage can be increased by a moderate amount without significantly jeopardizing employment opportunities."