20 Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria: The Niger Delta in Perspective By Jennifer M. Hazen with Jonas Horner An Occasional Paper of the Small Arms Survey Copyright The Small Arms Survey Published in Switzerland by the Small Arms Survey The Small Arms Survey is an independent research project located at the Grad- © Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva 2007 uate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. Established in 1999, the project is supported by the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign First published in December 2007 Affairs, and by sustained contributions from the governments of Belgium, All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in Canada, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the Kingdom. 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The Small Arms Survey Occasional Paper series presents new and substan- Small Arms Survey tial research findings by project staff and commissioned researchers on data, Graduate Institute of International Studies methodological, and conceptual issues related to small arms, or detailed 47 Avenue Blanc, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland country and regional case studies. The series is published periodically and is Copyedited by Alex Potter available in hard copy and on the project’s Web site. Proofread by Donald Strachan Small Arms Survey Typeset in Optima and Palatino by Richard Jones, Exile: Design & Editorial Graduate Institute of International Studies Services ([email protected]) 47 Avenue Blanc, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Printed by coprint in Geneva, Switzerland Phone: +41 22 908 5777 Fax: +41 22 732 2738 ISBN 2-8288-0090-3 Email: [email protected] ISSN 1661-4445 Web site: www.smallarmssurvey.org ii Small Arms Survey Occasional Paper 20 Hazen with Horner Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria iii Occasional Papers 13 Small Arms and Light Weapons Production in Eastern, Central, and Southeast Europe, by Yudit Kiss, October 2004, ISBN 2-8288-0057-1 14 Securing Haiti’s Transition: Reviewing Human Insecurity and the Prospects for Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration, by Robert Muggah, October 2005, updated, ISBN 2-8288-0066-0 1 Re-Armament in Sierra Leone: One Year After the Lomé Peace Agreement, by 15 Silencing Guns: Local Perspectives on Small Arms and Armed Violence in Rural Eric Berman, December 2000 South Pacific Islands Communities, edited by Emile LeBrun and Robert 2 Removing Small Arms from Society: A Review of Weapons Collection and Muggah, June 2005, ISBN 2-8288-0064-4 Destruction Programmes, by Sami Faltas, Glenn McDonald, and Camilla 16 Behind a Veil of Secrecy: Military Small Arms and Light Weapons Production Waszink, July 2001 in Western Europe, by Reinhilde Weidacher, November 2005, 3 Legal Controls on Small Arms and Light Weapons in Southeast Asia, by ISBN 2-8288-0065-2 Katherine Kramer (with Nonviolence International Southeast Asia), July 17 Tajikistan’s Road to Stability: Reduction in Small Arms Proliferation and 2001 Remaining Challenges, by Stina Torjesen, Christina Wille, and S. Neil 4 Shining a Light on Small Arms Exports: The Record of State Transparency, by MacFarlane, November 2005, ISBN 2-8288-0067-9 Maria Haug, Martin Langvandslien, Lora Lumpe, and Nic Marsh (with 18 Demanding Attention: Addressing the Dynamics of Small Arms Demand, by NISAT), January 2002 David Atwood, Anne-Kathrin Glatz, and Robert Muggah, January 2006, 5 Stray Bullets: The Impact of Small Arms Misuse in Central America, by William ISBN 2-8288-0069-5 Godnick, with Robert Muggah and Camilla Waszink, November 2002 19 A Guide to the US Small Arms Market, Industry, and Exports, 1998–2004, 6 Politics from the Barrel of a Gun: Small Arms Proliferation and Conflict in the by Tamar Gabelnick, Maria Haug, and Lora Lumpe, September 2006, Republic of Georgia, by Spyros Demetriou, November 2002 ISBN 2-8288-0071-7 7 Making Global Public Policy: The Case of Small Arms and Light Weapons, by Edward Laurance and Rachel Stohl, December 2002 8 Small Arms in the Pacific, by Philip Alpers and Conor Twyford, March 2003 9 Demand, Stockpiles, and Social Controls: Small Arms in Yemen, by Derek B. Miller, May 2003 10 Beyond the Kalashnikov: Small Arms Production, Exports, and Stockpiles in the Russian Federation, by Maxim Pyadushkin, with Maria Haug and Anna Matveeva, August 2003 11 In the Shadow of a Cease-fire: The Impacts of Small Arms Availability and Misuse in Sri Lanka, by Chris Smith, October 2003 12 Small Arms in Kyrgyzstan: Post-revolutionary Proliferation, by S. Neil MacFarlane and Stina Torjesen, March 2007, ISBN 2-8288-0076-8 (first printed as Kyrgyzstan: A Small Arms Anomaly in Central Asia?, by S. Neil MacFarlane and Stina Torjesen, February 2004) iv Small Arms Survey Occasional Paper 20 Hazen with Horner Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria v Special Reports Book Series 1 Humanitarianism Under Threat: The Humanitarian Impact of Small Arms Armed and Aimless: Armed Groups, Guns, and Human Security in the ECOWAS and Light Weapons, by Robert Muggah and Eric Berman, commissioned Region, edited by Nicolas Florquin and Eric G. Berman, May 2005, by the Reference Group on Small Arms of the UN Inter-Agency Standing ISBN 2-8288-0063-6 Committee, July 2001 Armés mais désoeuvrés: Groupes armés, armes légères et sécurité humaine dans la 2 Small Arms Availability, Trade, and Impacts in the Republic of Congo, by région de la CEDEAO, edited by Nicolas Florquin and Eric Berman, co-published Spyros Demetriou, Robert Muggah, and Ian Biddle, commissioned by with GRIP, March 2006, ISBN 2-87291-023-9 the International Organisation for Migration and the UN Development Programme, April 2002 Targeting Ammunition: A Primer, edited by Stéphanie Pézard and Holger 3 Kosovo and the Gun: A Baseline Assessment of Small Arms and Light Weapons Anders, co-published with CICS, GRIP, SEESAC, and Viva Rio, June 2006, in Kosovo, by Anna Khakee and Nicolas Florquin, commissioned by the ISBN 2-8288-0072-5 United Nations Development Programme, June 2003 No Refuge: The Crisis of Refugee Militarization in Africa, edited by Robert 4 A Fragile Peace: Guns and Security in Post-conflict Macedonia, by Suzette Muggah, co-published with BICC, published by Zed Books, July 2006, R. Grillot, Wolf-Christian Paes, Hans Risser, and Shelly O. Stoneman, ISBN 1-84277-789-0 commissioned by United Nations Development Programme, and co- published by the Bonn International Center for Conversion, SEESAC in Belgrade, and the Small Arms Survey, June 2004, ISBN 2-8288-0056-3 5 Gun-running in Papua New Guinea: From Arrows to Assault Weapons in the Southern Highlands, by Philip Alpers, June 2005, ISBN 2-8288-0062-8 6 La République Centrafricaine: Une étude de cas sur les armes légères et les conflits, by Eric G. Berman, published with financial support from UNDP, July 2006, ISBN 2-8288-0073-3 7 Small Arms in Burundi: Disarming the Civilian Population in Peacetime (Les armes légères au Burundi : après la paix, le défi du désarmement civil), by Stéphanie Pézard and Nicolas Florquin, co-published with Ligue Iteka with support from UNDP–Burundi and Oxfam–NOVIB, in English and French, ISBN 2-8288-0080-6 ISSN 1661-4453 vi Small Arms Survey Occasional Paper 20 Hazen with Horner Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria vii Contents Common tools of armed violence 61 .................................................................................................................................. Primary actors in armed violence 64 .................................................................................................................................. Effects of armed violence 66 ............................................................................................................................................................. Kidnapping: a different type of violence 69 ............................................................................................................ Acronyms and abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................. x V. Armed groups ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 72 About the authors ................................................................................................................................................................................. xii Armed groups in Nigeria ............................................................................................................................................................ 72 Armed groups in the Niger Delta 75 Acknowledgements xiii .................................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................................................ VI. Tackling armed insecurity 88 List of illustrations xiv .......................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................ Politics as a hindrance 88 ....................................................................................................................................................................... Preface 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Limited capacity of the security forces 90 .................................................................................................................. I. Introduction 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................... Legal measures to address small arms 91 ................................................................................................................... Methodology of the study 5 .............................................................................................................................................................. Disarmament efforts in the Niger Delta 94 .............................................................................................................. II. The causes of armed violence ...................................................................................................................................... 6 A split strategy of ‘carrot and stick’ in the Niger Delta ............................................................... 96 The context of elections ...................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Security sector reform: the police force 102 ............................................................................................................. Democracy 9 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... VII. Conclusion 107 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... The shadow of 2003 12 ............................................................................................................................................................................... Annexes: Profiles of armed groups in the Niger Delta 109 Growing unrest in the Niger Delta 15 ....................................................... .............................................................................................................................. Annexe 1: The Bush Boys 109 Religious and ethnic tensions: north and south 18 ......................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................... Strong economy, weak development 22 Annexe 2: Deebam .............................................................................................................................................................................. 113 ....................................................................................................................... Annexe 3: Deewell 117 ............................................................................................................................................................................... III. Small arms in Nigeria 25 ......................................................................................................................................................... Annexe 4: Icelander (also known as Germans and NDVS) 119 Circulation of small arms 25 ............................................. ............................................................................................................................................................ Annexe 5: The Movement for the Emancipation Legal small arms 26 ........................................................................................................................................................................................ of the Niger Delta (MEND) 123 .................................................................................................................................................. Illegal small arms 33 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... Annexe 6: Niger Delta People’s Volunteer Force (NDPVF) 127 .............................................. Demand for small arms 48 .................................................................................................................................................................. Annexe 7: Niger Delta Strike Force (NDSF) 130 .............................................................................................. IV. Armed violence in Nigeria 52 ......................................................................................................................................... Annexe 8: The Outlaws 133 ............................................................................................................................................................... Trends in press reporting 52 ............................................................................................................................................................. Endnotes 136 Common types of violence 56 ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. ....................................................................................................................................................... Electoral violence 59 Bibliography 144 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................................................................ viii Small Arms Survey Occasional Paper 20 Hazen with Horner Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria ix Acronyms and abbreviations NDDC Niger Delta Development Commission NDPVF Niger Delta People’s Volunteer Force NDSF Niger Delta Strike Force NDVS Niger Delta Vigilante Services NGN naira (national currency of Nigeria) (USD 1 = NGN 125) AAPW Academic Associates PeaceWorks OPC O’odua People’s Congress CLEEN Centre for Law Enforcement Education, now the CLEEN PDP People’s Democratic Party Foundation Programme (UN) Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the COMA Coalition for Militant Action in the Niger Delta of Action Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects DDR disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration SVC Supreme Vikings Confraternity DFID Department for International Development (UK) UNDP United Nations Development Programme DICON Defence Industries Corporation of Nigeria USD US dollar ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS ECOWAS Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, Convention Their Ammunition and Other Related Materials ECOWAS ECOWAS Moratorium on the Importation, Exportation and Moratorium Manufacture of Light Weapons EFCC Economic and Financial Crimes Commission FCT Federal Capital Territory FNDIC Federated Niger Delta Ijaw Communities GBP British pound INEC Independent National Electoral Commission IYC Ijaw Youth Council JRC Joint Revolutionary Council JTF Joint Task Force KK Klansmen Konfraternity LGA local government area MEND Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta NAPE Nigeria Alliance for Peaceful Elections x Small Arms Survey Occasional Paper 20 Hazen with Horner Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria xi About the authors Acknowledgements Jennifer M. Hazen is a Senior Researcher at the Small Arms Survey. She has The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to those in Nigeria worked with the Center on International Cooperation, the University for Peace, who provided essential assistance, support, introductions, and detailed infor- International Crisis Group, the UN Peacekeeping Mission in Sierra Leone, mation on a range of issues in their country, but who, for security reasons, have Georgetown University, the US State Department, and the Center for Defense requested that their names not be used. In addition, the authors would like to Information. She holds a PhD in international relations from Georgetown Uni- thank those who wrote background papers on a number of important issues versity. Her areas of interest include armed groups, conflict dynamics, inter- in support of this project, and who also cannot be named here. These are national networks, peacekeeping, and peace-building. marked with an asterisk (*) in the Bibliography. The authors would like to thank the Centre for Democratic Research and Jonas Horner served as a consultant for the Small Arms Survey from Septem- Training and Our Niger Delta, the organizations that assisted in the conduct ber 2006 to May 2007. He was based in Nigeria during much of this time con- of our household surveys in Kano and Rivers states, respectively; Isiaka ducting research and collaborating with partner organizations on the ground. Olarewaju for his data analysis; Innocent Chukwuma, Patrick Naagbanton, He contributed background papers on armed groups and on craft production, Ismaila Zango, and Dickson Orji for their insights and contributions; Academic and numerous comments and insights to this final paper. He is also responsi- Associates PeaceWorks for sharing their research with us; and the CLEEN Foun- ble for developing the armed group profiles in the annexes. dation, which allowed us to add a number of questions about small arms and security to its 2006 victimization survey and provided this data to us. The authors would also like to thank Christina Wille for managing the work on the Taback-Coupland model and conducting the analysis of the data; Ineba Bob-Manuel for her assistance in Nigeria; and Raffaela Schiavello, Sarah Petrino, and Jonah Leff for their enormous contribution to this data-intensive project. In addition, the authors would like to thank Olawale Ismail, Darren Kew, Patrick Naagbanton, and Dimieari Von Kemedi for their very insightful reviews and comments; Savannah de Tessieres for fact-checking the document; and Alex Potter for copy-editing the final version. xii Small Arms Survey Occasional Paper 20 Hazen with Horner Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria xiii List of illustrations Tables Table 2.1 Nigerian heads of state, 1963–2007 Table 2.2 Illustrative incidents of religious and ethnic violence, 1999–2006 Maps Table 3.1 Security agencies in Nigeria Table 3.2 Nigerian military expenditures (NGN millions), 1996–2007 Map 1 Nigeria Table 3.3 Nigeria Police Force small arms and ammunition Map 2 Oil production in the Niger Delta Table 3.4 Craft-produced small arms in Awka Map 3 Small arms entry, fabrication, and distribution points Table 3.5 Reported prices of AK-47 assault rifles in Nigeria, 2003–07 Table 3.6 Nigeria Customs Service seizure data, 1999–2006 Figures Table 3.7 Arms seizure data from newspaper reports, 2002–07 Figure 3.1 Community perceptions of the number of guns in Table 3.8 Small arms seized by police, 2000–03 communities in Kano and Rivers states and Nigeria as a Table 4.1 Reports of violent incidents in the international press, whole, 2006–07 Nov. 2006–March 2007 Figure 4.1 Reports of violent incidents in Nigeria: trends in the Table 4.2 Reports of violent incidents in national newspapers, number of reports, Dec. 2006–March 2007 Dec. 2006–March 2007 Figure 4.2 States with the highest number of violent incidents reported Table 4.3 Nigerian crime statistics, 1999–2006 in the press, including the FCT, Nov. 2006–March 2007 Table 4.4 Kidnapping and sabotage in the Niger Delta, Jan. 2006– Figure 4.3 Perceptions of the frequency of violent incidents in Kano March 2007 and Rivers states, 2007 Table 5.1 Types of armed groups in Nigeria Figure 4.4 Political/electoral violence in Nigeria, Nov. 2006– Table 5.2 Armed group attacks between 21 April 2007 presidential March 2007 elections and 29 May inauguration Figure 4.5 Use of weapons in violent crimes, 2006 Table 6.1 Nigeria’s participation in measures to address small arms Figure 4.6 Reported weapons use in Kano and Rivers states, 2007 proliferation, 1997–2006 Figure 4.7 Groups most feared by the populations of Kano and Rivers states (one group selected), 2007 Figure 4.8 Groups most feared by the populations of Kano and Rivers states (more than one group selected), 2007 Figure 5.1 Evolution of armed groups in the Delta, 1983–2007 Figure 5.2 Configuration of armed groups in the Delta, 2007 xiv Small Arms Survey Occasional Paper 20 Hazen with Horner Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria xv (cid:78)(cid:98)(cid:113)(cid:33)(cid:50)(cid:33)(cid:79)(cid:106)(cid:104)(cid:102)(cid:115)(cid:106)(cid:98) (cid:68)(cid:73)(cid:66)(cid:69) (cid:79) (cid:74) (cid:72) (cid:70) (cid:83) (cid:77)(cid:98)(cid:108)(cid:102) (cid:84)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:85)(cid:80) (cid:84)(cid:112)(cid:108)(cid:112)(cid:117)(cid:112) (cid:68)(cid:105)(cid:98)(cid:101) (cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:98)(cid:98)(cid:117)(cid:117)(cid:116)(cid:116)(cid:106)(cid:106)(cid:111)(cid:111)(cid:98)(cid:98) (cid:75)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:66)(cid:88)(cid:66) (cid:91)(cid:66)(cid:78)(cid:71)(cid:66)(cid:83)(cid:66) (cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:84)(cid:84)(cid:74)(cid:74)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:66)(cid:66) (cid:90)(cid:80)(cid:67)(cid:70) (cid:67)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:80) (cid:76)(cid:98)(cid:111)(cid:112) (cid:78)(cid:78)(cid:98)(cid:98)(cid:106)(cid:106)(cid:101)(cid:101)(cid:118)(cid:118)(cid:104)(cid:104)(cid:118)(cid:118)(cid:115)(cid:115)(cid:106)(cid:106) (cid:76)(cid:66)(cid:79)(cid:80) (cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:67)(cid:67)(cid:67)(cid:67)(cid:74)(cid:74) (cid:67)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:74)(cid:79) (cid:76)(cid:98)(cid:101)(cid:118)(cid:111)(cid:98) (cid:67)(cid:66)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:73)(cid:74) (cid:76)(cid:98)(cid:106)(cid:111)(cid:107)(cid:106) (cid:76)(cid:66)(cid:69)(cid:86)(cid:79)(cid:66) (cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:78)(cid:78)(cid:67)(cid:67)(cid:70)(cid:70) (cid:83)(cid:102)(cid:116)(cid:102)(cid:115)(cid:119)(cid:112)(cid:106)(cid:115) (cid:79)(cid:74)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:83) (cid:75)(cid:112)(cid:116) (cid:71)(cid:71)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:69)(cid:69)(cid:47)(cid:47) (cid:81)(cid:77)(cid:66)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:66)(cid:86) (cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:69)(cid:69)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:78)(cid:78)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:66)(cid:66) (cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:66)(cid:66) (cid:68)(cid:68)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:47)(cid:47) (cid:66)(cid:99)(cid:118)(cid:107)(cid:98) (cid:74)(cid:109)(cid:112)(cid:115)(cid:106)(cid:111) (cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:47)(cid:47)(cid:79)(cid:66)(cid:84)(cid:84)(cid:66)(cid:83)(cid:66)(cid:88)(cid:66) (cid:79)(cid:79) (cid:74)(cid:74) (cid:72)(cid:72) (cid:70)(cid:70) (cid:83)(cid:83) (cid:74)(cid:74) (cid:66)(cid:66) (cid:80)(cid:90)(cid:80) (cid:85)(cid:66)(cid:83)(cid:66)(cid:67)(cid:66) (cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:84)(cid:84)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:79)(cid:79) (cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:85)(cid:74) (cid:76)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:74) (cid:68)(cid:66)(cid:78)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:79) (cid:74)(cid:74)(cid:99)(cid:99)(cid:98)(cid:98)(cid:101)(cid:101)(cid:98)(cid:98)(cid:111)(cid:111) (cid:67)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:70) (cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:79) (cid:80)(cid:79)(cid:69)(cid:80) (cid:77)(cid:98)(cid:104)(cid:112)(cid:116) (cid:67)(cid:67)(cid:102)(cid:102)(cid:111)(cid:111)(cid:106)(cid:106)(cid:111)(cid:111) (cid:70)(cid:69)(cid:80) (cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:111)(cid:111)(cid:118)(cid:118)(cid:104)(cid:104)(cid:118)(cid:118) (cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:86) (cid:68)(cid:68)(cid:106)(cid:106)(cid:117)(cid:117)(cid:122)(cid:122) (cid:70)(cid:67)(cid:80)(cid:79)(cid:90)(cid:74) (cid:49) (cid:108)(cid:110) (cid:51)(cid:49)(cid:49) (cid:77)(cid:66)(cid:72)(cid:80)(cid:84) (cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:111)(cid:111)(cid:106)(cid:106)(cid:117)(cid:117)(cid:116)(cid:116)(cid:105)(cid:105)(cid:98)(cid:98) (cid:66)(cid:79)(cid:66)(cid:78)(cid:67)(cid:83)(cid:66) (cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:80)(cid:84)(cid:84)(cid:33)(cid:83)(cid:74)(cid:87)(cid:70)(cid:83) (cid:69)(cid:69)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:77)(cid:77)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:66)(cid:66) (cid:74)(cid:78)(cid:80) (cid:66)(cid:67)(cid:74)(cid:66) (cid:74)(cid:111)(cid:117)(cid:102)(cid:115)(cid:111)(cid:98)(cid:117)(cid:106)(cid:112)(cid:111)(cid:98)(cid:109) (cid:88)(cid:88)(cid:98)(cid:98)(cid:115)(cid:115)(cid:115)(cid:115)(cid:106)(cid:106) (cid:68)(cid:98)(cid:109)(cid:98)(cid:99)(cid:98)(cid:115) (cid:99)(cid:112)(cid:118)(cid:111)(cid:101)(cid:98)(cid:115)(cid:122) (cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:74)(cid:74)(cid:87)(cid:87)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:84)(cid:84) (cid:67)(cid:67)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:90)(cid:90)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:77)(cid:77)(cid:84)(cid:84)(cid:66)(cid:66) (cid:66)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:66)(cid:33)(cid:74)(cid:67)(cid:80)(cid:78) (cid:84)(cid:117)(cid:98)(cid:117)(cid:102) (cid:81)(cid:112)(cid:115)(cid:117) (cid:73)(cid:98)(cid:115)(cid:100)(cid:112)(cid:118)(cid:115)(cid:117) (cid:99)(cid:112)(cid:118)(cid:111)(cid:101)(cid:98)(cid:115)(cid:122) (cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:82)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:85)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:74)(cid:74)(cid:66)(cid:66)(cid:77)(cid:77) (cid:68)(cid:98)(cid:113)(cid:106)(cid:117)(cid:98)(cid:109)(cid:33)(cid:100)(cid:106)(cid:117)(cid:122) (cid:72) (cid:118) (cid:109) (cid:103) (cid:33) (cid:112) (cid:103) (cid:33) (cid:72) (cid:118) (cid:106) (cid:111) (cid:102) (cid:98) (cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:74)(cid:74)(cid:79)(cid:79)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:66)(cid:66) xvi Small Arms Survey Occasional Paper 20 Preface This report is based on field research that was carried out by the Small Arms Survey and our Nigerian partners from September 2006 to April 2007. Conse- quently, the analysis presented here reflects the situation in Nigeria during this period. While the report does address some key events that took place after April 2007—the inauguration of the new president, Umaru Musa Yar’Adua; the initiation of peace talks in the Niger Delta; and the release of Alhaji Mujahid Dokubo-Asari from prison—these events are covered in far less detail. The findings in the report and the trends identified in terms of small arms proliferation, growing insecurity, and the important role of armed groups in security and politics continued to hold true through October 2007. Hazen with Horner Small Arms, Armed Violence, and Insecurity in Nigeria 1