SMALL ANTENNA HANDBOOK SMALL ANTENNA HANDBOOK ROBERT C. HANSEN ROBERT E. COLLIN Copyright(cid:1)2011byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinany formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,except aspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteitherthe priorwrittenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copy feetotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,(978)750-8400, fax(978)750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermission shouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken, NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permission. 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Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmay notbeavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsite atwww.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: Hansen,RobertC. Smallantennahandbook/R.C.HansenandR.E.Collin. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-470-89083-7 1. Antennas(Electronics) 2. Miniatureelectronicequipment. I. Collin, RobertE. II. Title. TK7871.6.H351572011 621.38204–dc23 2011013601 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica oBookISBN:9781118106860 ePDFISBN:9781118106839 ePubISBN:9781118106853 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is dedicated to these intrepid warriors against nut-house antennas Dick Adler Jack Belrose Ben Dawson Jim Hatfield Larry Hurzon Rick Ridgley IN MEMORIUM BobCollinwasborninAlberta,Canada.Hereceivedthe B.Sc.degreeinengineeringphysicsfromtheUniversityof Saskatchewan in 1951. He attended Imperial College in EnglandforgraduateworkandobtainedthePh.D.degree inelectricalengineeringfromtheUniversityofLondonin 1954.From1954to1958,hewasaScientificOfficeratthe Canadian Armament Research and Development Estab- lishment, where he worked on guided missile antenna, randome, and radar system evaluations. He joined the RobertEmanuelCollin Electrical Engineering Department at Case Institute of 1928–2010 Technologyin1958,nowCase Western ReserveUniver- sity.Duringhistenurethere,heservedasChairmanofthe Department of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics for five years and as Interim Dean of Engineering for two years. He has been an Invited Professor at Catholic University in Rio de Janeiro, at Telebras Research Center, Campinas, Brazil, and at Beijing University, People’s Republic of China. Hewas also Distin- guishedVisitingProfessorattheGraduateSchool,TheOhioStateUniversity,during the 1982–1983 academic year. Professor Collin authored more than 150 technical papers and 5 books. Two books, Field Theory of Guided Waves and Foundation of Microwave Engineering, became classics and were republished by IEEE Press. HewasafellowofIEEE,amemberofURSICommissionB,andamemberofthe GeophysicalSociety.OtherhonorsincludetheDickmanAwardfromCaseWestern ReserveUniversityfordistinguishedgraduateteaching,theIEEEAPSDistinguished CareerAward(1992),theIEEESchelkunoffPrizePaperAward(1992),andtheIEEE Electromagnetics Award (1998). In 1990, Professor Collin was elected to the National Academy of Engineering. His insight into the mathematics of electro- magnetics was unparalleled. Books by R. C. Hansen Microwave Scanning Antennas (3 volumes) Significant Phased Array Papers Geometric Theory of Diffraction Moment Methods in Antennas and Scattering Phased Array Antennas, second edition Electrically Small, Superdirective, and Superconducting Antennas Books by R. E. Collin Antenna Theory, with F. J. Zucker (2 volumes) Field Theory of Guided Waves, second edition Foundations of Microwave Engineering, second edition Antennas and Radiowave Propagation Principles and Applications of Electromagnetic Fields, with R. Plonsey CONTENTS PREFACE xiii 1. QUALITY FACTORS OF ESA 1 1.1 Introduction / 1 1.2 Chu Antenna Q / 4 1.3 Collin and Rothschild Q Analysis / 8 1.4 Thal Antenna Q / 14 1.5 Radian Sphere with Mu and/or Epsilon: TE Modes / 16 1.6 Radian Sphere with Mu and/or Epsilon: TM Modes / 22 1.7 Effects of Core Losses / 28 1.8 Q for Spheroidal Enclosures / 34 References / 36 2. BANDWIDTH AND MATCHING 39 2.1 Introduction / 39 2.2 Foster’s Reactance Theorem and Smith Chart / 39 2.3 Fano’s Matching Limitations / 41 2.4 Matching Circuit Loss Magnification / 46 2.5 Network and Z Matching / 48 0 2.6 Non-Foster Matching Circuits / 50 2.7 Matched and High-Z Preamp Monopoles / 51 ix x CONTENTS 2.7.1 A Short Monopole Matched at One Frequency / 52 2.7.2 Short Monopole with High-Impedance Amplifier / 54 References / 55 3. ELECTRICALLY SMALL ANTENNAS: CANONICAL TYPES 59 3.1 Introduction / 59 3.2 Dipole Basic Characteristics / 59 3.2.1 Dipole Impedance and Bandwidth / 59 3.2.2 Resistive and Reactive Loading / 67 3.2.3 Other Loading Configurations / 76 3.2.4 Short Flat Resonant Dipoles / 78 3.2.5 Spherical Helix Antennas / 82 3.2.6 Multiple Resonance Antennas / 84 3.2.6.1 Spherical Dipole; Arc Antennas / 84 3.2.6.2 Multiple Mode Antennas / 86 3.2.6.3 Q Comparisons / 87 3.2.7 Evaluation of Moment Method Codes for Electrically Small Antennas / 88 3.3 Partial Sleeve, PIFA, and Patch / 93 3.3.1 Partial Sleeve / 93 3.3.2 PIFA Designs / 94 3.3.3 Patch with Permeable Substrate / 98 3.4 Loops / 101 3.4.1 Air Core Loops, Single and Multiple Turns / 101 3.4.2 Permeable Core Loops / 107 3.4.3 Receiving Loops / 114 3.4.4 Vector Sensor / 116 3.5 Dielectric Resonator Antennas / 120 References / 127 4. CLEVER PHYSICS, BUT BAD NUMBERS 135 4.1 Contrawound Toroidal Helix Antenna / 135 4.2 Transmission Line Antennas / 138 4.3 Halo, Hula Hoop, and DDRR Antennas / 138 4.4 Dielectric-Loaded Antennas / 140 4.5 Meanderline Antennas / 141 4.6 Cage Monopole / 142 References / 143 CONTENTS xi 5. PATHOLOGICAL ANTENNAS 147 5.1 Crossed-Field Antenna / 147 5.2 Infinite Efficiency Antenna / 149 5.3 E–H Antenna / 150 5.4 TE–TM Antenna / 150 5.5 Crossed Dipoles / 151 5.6 Snyder Dipole / 152 5.7 Loop-Coupled Loop / 155 5.8 Multiarm Dipole / 158 5.9 Complementary Pair Antenna / 158 5.10 Integrated Antenna / 159 5.11 Q¼0 Antenna / 160 5.12 Antenna in a NIM Shell / 161 5.13 Fractal Antennas / 162 5.14 Antenna on a Chip / 170 5.15 Random Segment Antennas / 171 5.16 Multiple Multipoles / 171 5.17 Switched Loop Antennas / 173 5.18 Electrically Small Focal Spots / 174 5.19 ESA Summary / 174 References / 175 6. SUPERDIRECTIVE ANTENNAS 181 6.1 History and Motivation / 181 6.2 Maximum Directivity / 182 6.2.1 Apertures / 182 6.2.2 Arrays / 183 6.2.2.1 Broadside Arrays of Fixed Spacing / 183 6.2.2.2 Endfire Arrays / 186 6.2.2.3 Minimization Codes / 192 6.2.2.4 Resonant Endfire Arrays / 192 6.3 Constrained Superdirectivity / 194 6.3.1 Dolph–Chebyshev Superdirectivity / 194 6.3.2 Superdirective Ratio Constraint / 198 6.3.3 Bandwidth or Q Constraint / 200 6.3.4 Phase or Position Adjustment / 200 6.3.5 Tolerance Constraint / 201 xii CONTENTS 6.4 Bandwidth, Efficiency, and Tolerances / 201 6.4.1 Bandwidth / 201 6.4.2 Efficiency / 205 6.4.3 Tolerances / 208 6.5 Miscellaneous Superdirectivity / 209 6.6 Superdirective Antenna Summary / 210 References / 210 7. SUPERCONDUCTING ANTENNAS 215 7.1 Introduction / 215 7.2 Superconductivity Concepts for Antenna Engineers / 215 7.3 Dipole, Loop, and Patch Antennas / 221 7.3.1 Loop and Dipole Antennas / 222 7.3.2 Microstrip Antennas / 223 7.3.3 Array Antennas / 225 7.3.4 Millimeter-Wave Antennas / 229 7.3.4.1 Waveguide Flat Plane Array / 229 7.3.4.2 Microstrip Planar Array / 230 7.3.5 Submillimeter Antennas / 232 7.3.6 Low-Temperature Superconducting Antennas / 232 7.4 Phasers and Delay Lines / 233 7.5 Superconducting Antenna Summary / 236 References / 236 APPENDIX A A WORLD HISTORY OF ELECTRICALLY SMALL ANTENNAS 243 APPENDIX B DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USEFUL TO ESA 277 APPENDIX C SPHERICAL SHELL OF ENG METAMATERIAL SURROUNDING A DIPOLE ANTENNA 279 APPENDIX D FREQUENCY DISPERSION LIMITS RESOLUTION IN VESELAGO LENS 307 AUTHOR INDEX 335 SUBJECT INDEX 343