7 1 0 2 e n u J 6 0 6 3 : 0 0 t a ] l a v a L e t i s r e v i n U [ y b d e d a o l n w o D Slum Tourism Slum tourism is a globalizing trend and a controversial form of tourism. Impoverished 7 urban areas have always enticed the popular imagination, considered to be places of 1 0 ‘otherness’, ‘moral decay’, ‘deviant liberty’ or ‘authenticity’. ‘Slumming’ has a long 2 e tradition in the Global North, for example in Victorian London when the upper classes n toured the East End. What is new, however, is its development dynamics and its u J rapidly spreading popularity across the globe. Township tourism and favela tourism 6 0 have currently reached mass tourism characteristics in South Africa and in Rio de 6 Janeiro, Brazil. In other countries of the Global South, slum tourism now also occurs, 3 : and providers see huge growth potential. 0 0 While the morally controversial practice of slum tourism has raised much attention at and opinionated debates in the media for several years, academic research has only ] recently started addressing it as a global phenomenon. This book provides the first l a v systematic overview of the field and the diverse issues connected to slum tourism. This a L multidisciplinary collection is unique in both its conceptual and empirical breadth. Its e chapters indicate that ‘global slumming’ is not merely a controversial and challenging t si topic in itself, but also offers an apt lens through which to discuss core concepts in r e critical tourism studies in a global perspective, in particular ‘poverty’, ‘power’ and v i ‘ethics’. n U Building on research by prolific researchers from ten different countries, the book [ y provides a comprehensive and unique insight into the current empirical, practical and b theoretical knowledge on the subject. It takes a thorough and critical review of issues d e associated with slum tourism, asking why slums are visited, whether they should be d a visited, how they are represented, who is benefiting from it and in what way. It offers o l new insights into tourism’s role in poverty alleviation and urban regeneration, power n w relations in contact zones and tourism’s cultural and political implications. o Drawing on research from four continents and seven different countries, and from D multidisciplinary perspectives, this ground-breaking volume will be valuable reading for students, researchers and academics interested in this contemporary form of tourism. Fabian Frenzelis Lecturer at the School of Management, University of Leicester. Ko Koensis a postgraduate researcher and part-time lecturer at the International Centre for Research in Events, Tourism and Hospitality, Leeds Metropolitan University. Malte Steinbrinkis Senior Lecturer of Social and Cultural Geography at the Institute of Geography and the Institute of Migration Research and Intercultural Studies (IMIS), University of Osnabrück, Germany. Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobility Series Editor: C. Michael Hall Professor at the Department of Management, College of Business & Economics, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand The aim of this series is to explore and communicate the intersections and relationships between leisure, tourism and human mobility within the social sciences. It will incorporate both traditional and new perspectives on leisure and tourism from contemporary geography, e.g. notions of identity, representation and culture, while also 7 providing for perspectives from cognate areas such as anthropology, cultural studies, 1 0 gastronomy and food studies, marketing, policy studies and political economy, regional 2 e and urban planning, and sociology, within the development of an integrated field of leisure n and tourism studies. u J Also, increasingly, tourism and leisure are regarded as steps in a continuum of human 6 mobility. Inclusion of mobility in the series offers the prospect to examine the relationship 0 6 between tourism and migration, the sojourner, educational travel, and second home and 3 : retirement travel phenomena. 0 0 t The series comprises two strands: a ] Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobilityaims to address the needs l a v of students and academics, and the titles will be published in hardback and paperback. Titles La include: te 1. The Moralisation of Tourism 6. Tourism and Global Environmental i s Sun, sand . . . and saving the Change r e v world? Ecological, social, economic and ni Jim Butcher political interrelationships U Edited by Stefan Gössling and [ 2. The Ethics of Tourism y C. Michael Hall b Development d Mick Smith and Rosaleen Duffy 7. Cultural Heritage of Tourism in the de Developing World a 3. Tourism in the Caribbean Edited by Dallen J. Timothy and o nl Trends, development, prospects Gyan Nyaupane w Edited by David Timothy Duval 8. Understanding and Managing o D 4. Qualitative Research in Tourism Impacts Tourism An integrated approach Ontologies, epistemologies and C. Michael Hall and Alan Lew methodologies 9. An Introduction to Visual Research Edited by Jenny Phillimore and Methods in Tourism Lisa Goodson Edited by Tijana Rakic and 5. The Media and the Tourist Donna Chambers Imagination 10. Tourism and Climate Change Converging cultures Impacts, adaptation and mitigation Edited by David Crouch, Rhona C. Michael Hall, Stefan Gössling and Jackson and Felix Thompson Daniel Scott Routledge Studies in Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobility is a forum for innovative new research intended for research students and academics, and the titles will be available in hardback only. Titles include: 1. Living with Tourism 12. Tourism and Innovation Negotiating identities in a Turkish Michael Hall and Allan Williams village 13. World Tourism Cities Hazel Tucker Developing tourism off the beaten 2. Tourism, Diasporas and Space track Edited by Tim Coles and Edited by Robert Maitland and Dallen J. Timothy Peter Newman 3. Tourism and Postcolonialism 14. Tourism and National Parks Contested discourses, identities International perspectives on 17 and representations development, histories and change 0 Edited by C. Michael Hall and Edited by Warwick Frost and 2 e Hazel Tucker C. Michael Hall n u 4. Tourism, Religion and Spiritual 15. Tourism, Performance and the J 6 Journeys Everyday 0 6 Edited by Dallen J. Timothy and Consuming the Orient 3 Daniel H. Olsen Michael Haldrup and Jonas Larsen : 0 0 5. China’s Outbound Tourism 16. Tourism and Change in Polar t a Wolfgang Georg Arlt Regions al] 6. Tourism, Power and Space Climate, environments and v experiences a Edited by Andrew Church and L Edited by C. Michael Hall and e Tim Coles Jarkko Saarinen t si 7. Tourism, Ethnic Diversity and the r 17. Fieldwork in Tourism e City v Methods, issues and reflections ni Edited by Jan Rath U Edited by C. Michael Hall [ 8. Ecotourism, NGOs and y Development 18. Tourism and India b d A critical analysis A critical introduction e Kevin Hannam and Anya Diekmann d Jim Butcher a o 9. Tourism and the Consumption of 19. Political Economy of Tourism nl A critical perspective w Wildlife Edited by Jan Mosedale o Hunting, shooting and sport fishing D Edited by Brent Lovelock 20. Volunteer Tourism Theoretical frameworks and 10. Tourism, Creativity and practical applications Development Edited by Angela Benson Edited by Greg Richards and Julie Wilson 21. The Study of Tourism Past trends and future directions 11. Tourism at the Grassroots Richard Sharpley Villagers and visitors in the Asia-Pacific 22. Children’s and Families’ Holiday Edited by John Connell and Experience Barbara Rugendyke Neil Carr 23. Tourism and National Identity 28. Tourism and Animal Ethics An international perspective David A. Fennell Edited by Elspeth Frew and 29. Actor Network Theory and Leanne White Tourism 24. Tourism and Agriculture Ontologies, methodologies and New geographies of consumption, performances production and rural restructuring Edited by René van der Duim, Edited by Rebecca Torres and Gunnar Thór Jóhannesson and Janet Momsen Carina Ren 25. Tourism in China 30. Liminal Landscapes Policy and development since 1949 Travel, experience and spaces David Airey and King Chong in-between 7 26. Real Tourism Edited by Hazel Andrews and 1 Les Roberts 0 Practice, care, and politics in 2 e contemporary travel culture 31. Tourism in Brazil n Edited by Claudio Minca and Environment, management and u J Tim Oakes segments 6 Edited by Gui Lohmann and 0 27. Last Chance Tourism 6 Adapting tourism opportunities in a Dianne Dredge 3 0: changing world 32. Slum Tourism 0 t Edited by Raynald Harvey Lemelin, Edited by Fabian Frenzel, Ko Koens a Jackie Dawson and Emma Stewart and Malte Steinbrink ] l a v a L Forthcoming: e it Tourism and War s er Edited by Richard Butler and Wantanee Suntikul v ni Sexuality, Women and Tourism U Susan Frohlick [ y b Gender and Tourism d Social, cultural and spatial perspectives e d Cara Atchinson a o Backpacker Tourism and Economic Development l n w in the Less Developed World o Mark Hampton D Adventure Tourism Steve Taylor, Peter Varley and Tony Johnson Slum Tourism Poverty, power and ethics Edited by 7 1 0 Fabian Frenzel, 2 e n Ko Koens and u J 6 Malte Steinbrink 0 6 3 : 0 0 t a ] l a v a L e t i s r e v i n U [ y b d e d a o l n w o D First published 2012 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2012 Fabian Frenzel, Ko Koens and Malte Steinbrink The right of the editors to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the contributors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, 7 Designs and Patents Act 1988. 1 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or 0 2 reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, e or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including n photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or u J retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. 6 0 Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or 6 registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and 3 explanation without intent to infringe. : 0 0 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data t A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library a ] Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data l a Frenzel, Fabian, 1975– v a Slum tourism : poverty, power and ethics / Fabian Frenzel, L Malte Steinbrink, Ko Koens. e p. cm. t si Includes bibliographical references and index. er 1. Tourism–Environmental aspects. 2. Tourism–Moral and ethical v aspects. 3. Slums. I. Steinbrink, Malte. II. Koens, Ko. III. Title. i n G156.5.E58F74 2012 U 338.4’791–dc23 [ y 2011046944 b d ISBN: 978–0–415–69878–8 (hbk) e d ISBN: 978–0–203–13675–1 (ebk) a o l Typeset in Times New Roman n w by Florence Production Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon o D Contents 7 List of illustrations ix 1 0 List of contributors xi 2 e Preface xiii n u Acknowledgements xvii J 6 0 6 1 Development and globalization of a new trend in tourism 1 3 : MALTE STEINBRINK, FABIAN FRENZEL AND KO KOENS 0 0 t a ] PART I l a Situating slum tourism 19 v a L e 2 Wanting to live with common people . . .? The literary t i s evolution of slumming 21 r e v TONY SEATON i n U [ 3 Beyond ‘Othering’: the political roots of slum tourism 49 y b FABIAN FRENZEL d e d 4 Slum tourism: for the poor, by the poor 66 a o l KANIKA BASU n w o 5 Competition, cooperation and collaboration: business D relations and power in township tourism 83 KO KOENS PART II Representation of poverty 101 6 A forgotten place to remember: reflections on the attempt to turn a favela into a museum 103 PALLOMA MENEZES viii Contents 7 Tourism of poverty: the value of being poor in the non-governmental order 125 JOÃO AFONSO BAPTISTA 8 Negotiating poverty: the interplay between Dharavi’s production and consumption as a tourist destination 144 JULIA MESCHKANK 9 Reading the Bangkok slum 159 ROSS KING AND KIM DOVEY 7 1 PART III 0 2 Slum tourism and empowerment 173 e n u J 10 Favela tourism: listening to local voices 175 6 0 BIANCA FREIRE-MEDEIROS 6 3 0: 11 Slum tourism and inclusive urban development: reflections 0 t on China 193 a ] YANNAN DING l a v a L 12 Poverty tourism as advocacy: a case in Bangkok 207 e t KISNAPHOL WATTANAWANYOO i s r e v 13 Curatorial interventions in township tours: two trajectories 215 i n U SHELLEY RUTH BUTLER [ y b d 14 Keep on slumming? 232 e d KO KOENS, FABIAN FRENZEL AND MALTE STEINBRINK a o l n w o D Illustrations 7 1 Figures 0 2 e 1.1 Times and places of slum tourism in the Global South 6 n 1.2 Slum tourism: poverty, power and ethics 9 u 6 J 2.1 Percy Cruikshank’s ‘Sunday Scenes in London’, 1853–1854 33 0 2.2 G.R. Sims’ ‘How the poor live’, 1883: Sleeping rough 35 6 3 2.3 G.R. Sims’ ‘How the poor live’, 1883: Street fight between : 0 women 35 0 t 2.4 Gavarni’s ‘Le diable à Paris’, 1845 38 a ] 2.5 Gavarni’s ‘Le diable à Paris’, 1845: The tramp 39 l va 2.6 The author as a tramp: a roadside rest 42 a L 6.1 Map of the Providência Museum 109 e 6.2 The Nossa Senhora da Penha Church 110 t si 6.3 The Cruzeiro Chapel 110 r ve 6.4 Water reservoir that Mayor’s Office planned to turn i n ‘bank memory’ 111 U [ 6.5 House ‘frozen’ by the Mayor’s Office 112 y 6.6 Outlook with view of Port Zone 113 b d 6.7 Bar renovated by the city government 114 e d 6.8 Sign indicating the Capela do Cruzeiro 114 a o 6.9 Tracks indicating the open-air corridors of the museum 115 l n w 9.1 Wat Pho in all its spendour 160 o 9.2 Khlong Bangkok Noi tourist route 161 D 9.3 Khlong San Saeb water taxi route 162 9.4 Khlong San Saeb 163 9.5 Khlong Toei 164 9.6 Khlong Toei slums 165 9.7 Sukhumvit soi 71 166 9.8 Khlong Phrakhanong from Thanon Sukhumvit 167 9.9 Ban Panthom 168 9.10 A soi off Thanon Sukhumvit 169 10.1 Residents’ perceptions of tourists’ presence in Rocinha 181 12.1 Existing Pom Mahakan community and the old city wall 208