University of Pardubice Faculty of Arts and Philosophy Department of English and American Studies Slavery in Alex Haley’s Roots and Toni Morrison’s Beloved Bachelor Paper Author: Lucie Janů Supervisor: Mgr. Šárka Bubíková, Ph.D. 2007 Univerzita Pardubice Fakulta filozofická Katedra anglistiky a amerikanistiky Slavery in Alex Haley’s Roots and Toni Morrison’s Beloved Obraz otroctví v dílech Kořeny od Alexe Haleyho a Milovaná od Toni Morrison Bakalářská práce Autor: Lucie Janů Vedoucí: Mgr. Šárka Bubíková, Ph.D. 2007 Prohlašuji: Tuto práci jsem vypracovala samostatně. Veškeré literární prameny a informace, které jsem v práci využila, jsou uvedeny v seznamu použité literatury. Byla jsem seznámena s tím, že se na moji práci vztahují práva a povinnosti vyplývající ze zákona č. 121/2000 Sb., autorský zákon, zejména se skutečností, že Univerzita Pardubice má právo na uzavření licenční smlouvy o užití této práce jako školního díla podle § 60 odst. 1 autorského zákona, a s tím, že pokud dojde k užití této práce mnou nebo bude poskytnuta licence o užití jinému subjektu, je Univerzita Pardubice oprávněna ode mne požadovat přiměřený příspěvek na úhradu nákladů, které na vytvoření díla vynaložila, a to podle okolností až do jejich skutečné výše. Souhlasím s prezenčním zpřístupněním své práce v Univerzitní knihovně Univerzity Pardubice. V Olomouci dne 28. 3. 2007 Lucie Janů Abstract This bachelor paper deals with a significant part of American history. It analyzes slavery as it is seen in novels of two African American writers who felt a need to express to the story of their ancestors. First part of this paper briefly discusses slavery from a historical point of view including first talented black authors and after that a digest of African American literature ensues. The body of the paper consists in the analysis of selected novels that is divided into three following parts – life of slaves, attitude of slave owners and interpersonal relationships. Each chapter covers with feelings and thoughts of people held in bondage and with their psyche weakened by the institution of slavery. Final part concerns a literary style of both authors and the importance of selected works. Abstrakt Tato bakalářská práce pojednává o významné etapě amerických dějin. Analyzuje otroctví tak, jak je viděno v románech dvou afroamerických spisovatelů, kteří cítili potřebu vyjádřit se k osudu svých předků. První část práce popisuje otroctví z hlediska historického včetně prvních nadaných černošských autorů. Poté následuje stručný přehled afroamerické literatury. Hlavní část práce je založena na analýze zvolených románů, která je rozdělena do tří částí – život otroků, postoj otrokářů a mezilidské vztahy. Každá kapitola se zabývá smýšlením a pocity otroků a také tím, jak byla narušována jejich psychika. Závěr práce je věnován literárnímu stylu obou autorů a významu zvolených děl. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................1 2. SLAVERY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON LITERATURE .......................................2 2.1. From captivity to victory.....................................................................................2 2.2. African American literature................................................................................4 2.3. Toni Morrison......................................................................................................6 2.4. Alex Haley.............................................................................................................6 3. LIFE OF SLAVES......................................................................................................8 3.1. African-born slaves..............................................................................................8 3.2. Motherhood........................................................................................................10 3.3. Manhood.............................................................................................................13 3.4. Skilfulness as a way to freedom........................................................................15 3.5. Powers of language.............................................................................................17 3.6. Religion...............................................................................................................19 4. ATTITUDE OF SLAVE OWNERS........................................................................21 5. INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS................................................................26 5.1. Importance of community.................................................................................26 5.2. Family relationships...........................................................................................29 5.3. Status of (former) slaves towards environment...............................................31 6. LITERARY PERSPECTIVE...................................................................................33 7. CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................35 RESUME........................................................................................................................36 BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................................38 1. INTRODUCTION Right to life, right to liberty, right to education, right to work, right to freedom of speech, right to worship, equality before the law and non-discrimination – these are the basic human rights of every single person. Be able to travel, to choose a job, to freely make decisions and live life to the full – that is only a fraction of people’s possibilities. How long, however, have we had these choices? The United Nations adopted the first Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 followed by several other treaties regarding racial discrimination, discrimination against women or rights of a child (Encyclopaedia Britannica). Nevertheless, what rights did a person have before 1948? Was it the law of the jungle? Did powerful people subjugate the poor? History is filled with violence perpetrated to human beings. History’s greatest crimes, such as the Holocaust, will never be forgotten. Slavery is one of them as well. Africans, and not only them, enslaved by Europeans settling in America and needing labour, had to undergo a long way to reach their freedom. Their way was not easy at all. For 250 years slaves were forced to live without any human rights, they worked from sunset to sundown, could not form a proper family or even live a real life. When freed, a lot of them struggled with poverty and racism. Moreover, it took them another 100 years to achieve their civil rights and to be treated as equal people. Let us look at their lives. 1 2. SLAVERY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON LITERATURE 2.1. From captivity to victory Slavery dates back to ancient times. It existed in ancient Greece, Rome or Egypt but in 17th century it expanded enormously in America. First slaves were brought by a Dutch ship in 1619 but they were not slaves in a legal sense. Some blacks gained their freedom after serving a term of years and they were assigned land like white servants. However, as plantations in the South enlarged, their owners started to recognize that they needed more field workers. In consequence of this, slave trade became a profitable business and southern colonies revised its laws to establish that blacks could be kept in slavery permanently, generation after generation. Slaves were transported mostly from Africa where Americans organized raiding parties to satisfy the high demand for labour. Captive Africans were shipped to American coasts in terrible conditions and many of them did not survive. The rest was sold at slave-markets. John Simkin describes that slaves worked at plantations eighteen hours a day, they lived in huts without any furniture and slept on a pile of straw. They were allowed to form families but there was no law to protect a slave family against separation. Slave owners had a right to sell their bond servants at will. In addition, slave marriage was advanced because of child-bearing. Plantation owners thus obtained more field workers for free (USA History: Slavery in the United States). Slaves were treated as a property, not as human beings. Jindra Ondryášová mentions: Although the Declaration of Independence, adopted on the 4th of July, 1776, proclaims that the function of government is to guarantee the unalienable rights with which men are endowed, including ‘Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness’, the Negroes were excluded from these rights. (148) After all, the approach to slavery divided America into two parts. As the North was mainly industrial, it needed more skilful workers to labour as shipbuilders, fishermen or craftsmen. The South, on the other hand, developed to vast plantations and thus required plenty of slaves, no matter if skilled or unskilled. Therefore, slaves import 2 to northern states was not as huge as to southern states. Moreover, abolitionist parties started to form in the North and they grew rapidly. All northern states abolished slavery around 1780’s and Southerners began to fear revolts of blacks. As a result, they tightened up domestic rules for slaves. The slave trade was officially prohibited in 1808. Many people thought that this would lead to the end of slavery. The reality was different. Because a cotton-growing industry was extending more and more, the demand for slaves was increasing as well. At that time, a lot of slaves tried to run away. The secret network of cooperation among slaves, free blacks and also whites that helped slaves escape from the South to the North was known under a term “Underground Railroad” (John Simkin). The differences between the South and the North, especially the abolition of slavery in the northern states, separated the United States into the slave South and the free North. After Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860, southern states formed the Confederate States of America because they did not agree with Lincoln’s anti-slavery policy. They wanted to preserve slavery and their independence, so in 1861 the American Civil War began. It was the most important war for black people because it ended slavery forever. In 1862 Abraham Lincoln, the President of the United States, issued The Emancipation Proclamation which declared: That on the 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free, and the executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such person and will do not act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom. (Franklin and Moss 617) Slavery came to an end definitely in 1865 when the 13th Amendment was ratified. Nevertheless, the situation of blacks did not get any better. As they did not own any land, had a little personal property, they were forced to stay on plantations and worked as paid labourers. Furthermore, Anton Pokrivčák comments that “as a ‘second- class citizens’, they faced racial segregation in schools, hospitals and other public 3 facilities” (91). Jindra Ondryášová continues to remark that secret organizations, such as the Ku-Klux-Klan, arose in the South in order to forestall the equality of whites and blacks. Negroes therefore concentrated in places where black communities dwelled and started to found schools, colleges and churches (148). Desegregation is dated to the second half of 20th century when black citizens of United States fought for voting rights and racial integration. This Civil Rights era lead by Martin Luther King terminated the discrimination of black people, yet not completely. Even though the equality of whites and blacks became a reality of today’s world, some people are still steep in prejudice. Hopefully, it is just a matter of time. 2.2. African American literature Before the actual recognition of African American literature, traditions and stories of enslaved people had been passed orally from generation to generation. When African writers started to penetrate the literature, themes like freedom, equality or racial segregation counted among the most mentioned ones. Generally speaking, Black literature depicts stories and events that concern blacks in terms of slavery, life within American society, racism or disparagement of their qualities (Encyclopaedia Britannica Online). Talented writers of African ancestry appeared on American literary field as early as late 18th century. Among the first authors belongs Phillis Wheatley, a poetess who was determined to prove that “a black poet was as capable of artistic expression as a white poet” (Encyclopaedia Britannica Online). As she was the first woman to show that black people are intelligent enough to write poetry as well as white people, many whites refused to believe that she wrote the poetry by herself. In the middle of the 19th century, before the American Civil War, slave narratives as a subgenre of African American literature emerged. Slave narratives written by former slaves such as Frederick Douglass or Harriet Jacobs bolstered the abolitionist movement. These tales are assumed to be highly autobiographical as they capture a true life of slaves and events of that time likewise. Uncle Tom’s Cabin written by Harriet Beecher Stowe is presumably the most known book worldwide describing a 4 harsh life in servitude. The novel pictures a period before American Civil War and it made a great contribution to the abolition of slavery (Encyclopaedia Britannica Online). The end of slavery brought new opportunities to black people. They could attend educational as well as other institutions, which resulted in flowering of black culture. Between 1920’s and 1930’s, a period known under the term ‘Harlem Renaissance’, African American literature reached one of the highest points. Encyclopedia Wikipedia explains the significance of this era: The Harlem Renaissance marked a turning point for African American literature. Prior to this time, books by African Americans were primarily read by other Black people. With the renaissance, though, African American literature – as well as black fine art and performance art – began to be absorbed into mainstream American culture. Following years were dedicated to Civil Rights Movement with the aim of desegregation of African Americans. Black authors thus concentrated on issues regarding human rights in order to end the superiority of whites leading to the discrimination of blacks. Worth mentioning are names like Amiri Baraka, Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison or even the leader of this movement Martin Luther King, Jr. who, along with other protesters, wrote books and essays related to the Civil Rights Movement (Encyclopaedia Britannica Online). Black literature of 1970’s termed as ‘the black women’s literary renaissance’ brought black authors the desired appreciation. Their works reached the mainstream of American literature; most of their books became best seller and were awarded. In addition, academia acknowledged African American writings as a proper and regular genre and their writers began to be accepted worldwide. Women authors such as Alice Walker, Toni Morrison or Maya Angelou greatly contributed to the renaissance in 1970’s and today, together with Alex Haley or playwright August Wilson, range themselves with the top American writers (Encyclopaedia Britannica Online). 5