edited by editeeddei tdbeiytde bdy by Toyoko Imae ““TThhii“ss Tbb“hooTisooh kkib sogg obuukoiidd ogeekssu iguudussei sdtt eoous s kk unntsooo wwtko n wwokhhwnaao ttww ii hsswa hhth aaaisppt ppihseea nnphiinnpaggepn piiiennnn giaa nnnigndd ianwwn hhdaee nrrwdee hwtteoorh eell eertaaeo rr tnnloe affloorerrna rfno rf or ToyTooTkyoooy koImok oaIm eImaeae the cutting edge of skin science and technologies relating to the stratum the cthuettt hicneu gtc tuientdtggi nege d ogef ed gskoei fn o sfsk cisnike innscc eise cnaicenend c aet necdah nndteo clthoengcohielnsoo glrioeeglsai etrsien lgrae tlitanotg i nthgtoe tostht reta htseut mrsa ttruamtu m corneum, the indispensable outermost layer of our skin that protects us from cornceourcmno,er unthmeeu, mitnh,d eti hsipen edininssdpaiebsnplese anobsulaetbe lroemu tooeusrttm elroamsyteo rsla t oylfea ryo euorrf osofku iron u strkh iasnkt itnph ratotht aepctr topst reuocstte sfc rtuossm uf sro fmro m tthhee eetnnhvvetii hrreooen nnvemminrveeoinnnrttmo..””nemnte.n”t.” SSSSSSSSkkkkkkkkiiiiinninniinnnn Prof. Kazutami Sakamoto ProfP. KroPafrz.o uKft.a aKzmuazti auSmtaakim aSmia Skoaatkmoaomtooto Chiba Institute of Science, Japan ChibCah ICnibhsatibi Itnau stIteni tsoutfitt eSu ctoieef noSccf eiSe,c nJieacepn,ca Jena, pJaapnan A Molecular Approach A MAA oM lMeoclouelcleaucrlu aAlrap rAp Apropparpocrhaocahch S SSS SSkkiinnS bbkiiiSoonkss ibccniiiee obnnsicccoeeise cniissiec aaen ccciseoo rraiees c appo aarcerrott r pooea ffpr ddta eeorrrtfmm odfaae ttdroomellooramggtoyyal toaaognnloyddg abbynrr aiidnnn ggbdssr ibniimmrginpps gooimsrr ttipaamnnopttr toggaruuntiiatdd ngiinntu gggid uiindgin g kkkk BBBBBBBBiiiiiooiooiioooosssssssccscccccciiiiieeieeiieeeennnnnnnnccccccceeceeeeee principles to skin care and dermatological therapy. Although the investigation i princpirpipnlercisin ptcolie psskl etions stcoka irsnek c ianan rcdea darene adrmn ddae tdromeloramgtoiacltoaolg ltoihcgeailrc atahpl eythr. aAeplrtayh.p oAyul.t Aghlhoth uthogeuh gi tnhhv eteh isnetiv gineasvtteiiogsntai gtiaotnio n niii of human skin bioscience is not necessarily easy because of the limitations nnn of huomf ohafun hm sukaminna snbk iisonks ibcniie obnsiccoeise cnisiec nen ociest nniseo nct eonstes nacereisclysea sersaialsyry iel yba eseyca asbyue sbceae oucafs eut hsoeef oltihmf etih tlaeimt iloiimtnasitt iaotnios ns on the use of native human skin, many academic scientists and industrial B on tohneo utnhs eeth uoesf eun saoetf i ovnefa nthiavutemi vheau nhm usakmnina ,sn km isnak,n inmy, aamncayan dayec maadcicae dmseciimce nisctc iissetcnsi etainsnttsdis taisnn dadnu idsnt driinuadsl tursiatrl ial BBB engineers have been involved in this labored research with their creative i engienneegenirnsg eihnearesve erhs ab hveeae vnbe e inbevneoe ilnnv evinodvl vionel dvte hidnis itnlha bitsho lirase bdlao brreeodsree arder csrehea swrecaihtrh cwh t ihtwhei itrth hc etrehirae tcirirv ecear teiavtei ve oiii ingenuity. ooo ingeinnugiinetygn.eunituy.ity. s sss c ccc IInn tthhIniiss I tnbbh ooitshoo kkibs,, o bssokkokiio,nn k s,bbk iiisnook ssibnccii ieeobnnsicccoeeise cniiissec enii nnciettsrr ooiisndd tuuirnccoeetdrddou dcwweudiictte hhdw aaitw hssi pptahee ccsaiipff iicces pcffieooficccciuu fifssco coofuonnsc uttohhsn eeo tnh eth e ieiii molecular approach. Following the description of the fundamental structure eee molemcuomllaeorcl ueaplcauprl raaorpa apcprhop. arFocohall.co Fhwo. liFlnooglwl otihnwegi n dtghe estch dreiep dstceiorsincpr toiipof tntiho oenf fotuhfn etdh fauem nfudenandmtaaelm nstetranult csattlur surtecr tuucrteu re n and unique functionality of the skin, the response of the skin to exterior nnn and aunnadinq udun eui qnfuuiqneu cfteui onfnucantilcoittnyioa onlifta ylti htoyef otshfk eitnh ,s ekt hisnek, i ntrhe, setph roeen srspeeos pnoosf ent shoeef otshfk eitnh setko isn ke itxnot e teroixo tere xrtieorri or c stimulation is described. Furthermore, attention is paid to the beautification ccc stimsutliamsttiiuomlnau tilisao tdnioe isnsc dirsieb dsecedrsi.cb Freuibdre.t hFdue. rrFmtuhroethrreme, roamtrteoe,r naett,i toaetnnt etiisno tpnioa iinsd p itsao pi dtah itdeo bttohe eath ubetei fbaicueaattiufioitcinafi tciaotnio n e and regeneration of the skin. This book provides molecular knowledge of the eee and arengaden rndeeg rreeagntieeonrnae toriaof tntiho oenf sotkhfi enth .s Tekh isniks. i Tnbh.o Tiosh kbi sop borookvo pikdr oepvsr oimdveoidsl eemcs uomllaeorcl ukenlcauorl wkanrle kodnwgoleew dolegf dtehg oeef othf eth e skin and stimulates interest in further investigation and development of skin skin saknisndk aisntni amdn sudtli amstteiumsl aiuntletaest reiensst iten ritnee sfrtue isrntth finue rrf tuihnrevthre eisntriv gineasvtteiiogsntai gtaiaontndio adnne advn eddloe dvpeemlvoeepnlomtp oemfn setk nointf oskf isnk in bioscience. biosbciieobnsiccoeise.cniecen.ce. Toyoko Imae was born in Japan. She joined the National ToyoTkooTy ooIykmooak eoIm wIamaesa web aowsr anbs oinbrn oJ raninp ainJna .p JSaaphnea. n Sj.ho Seinh ejeod i jnotehindee dtNh aetth ioNen aNatilao tnioanl al Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, as TaiwTaaniTw aUaiwnna ivnUe nrsUiivtneyir vseoitrfys i tSyoc fi eonSf cceiSe cniaecnend c eaT neadcn hdTne ocTlheoncghoynl,o oTglaoyi,gw yTa,a niTw, aaiawns a, na, s as honorary chair professor in April 2009, immediately after honohroahnroyo nracorhryaa rircy h pacrhiroa fieprs rsopofrero sfsienos rs Aoirpn r iinlA p2Ar0ipl0 r92il, 0 20im090,m 9iem, dimimaetmedleiyad tiaeafltytee lray ftaefrt er retiring from Keio University, Japan. She is also professor retirirnegtri eriftnriroginm gf r oKfmeroi omK eUKinoei vioUe nrsUiivtneyi,rv seJitraysp,i tayJn,a .p JaaSpnha.e n S.ih s Seah liess o i aspl sraool sfoeps rsopofrero sfseosrs or emeritus at Nagoya University since 2006. Her major emeerimtueemsr ietauritst usNa ta gatoN yaaNg aogUyaon yivaUe nrsUiivtneyir vseistriysni tcyes ins2cien0 c0e62 .0 20H06e0. r6 H. meHra ejorm r amjoarj or research areas are the fabrication, functionalization, and researercsrehea sreacarher cahas reaaarrsee a sat rheae r etfh aetbh reifca abftarioibcnrai,tc iaoftunion, ncft,u ionfnucantilcoiztnaioatinloizanali,tz iaoatnnio,d n a, nadn d physicochemical investigation of nanomaterials, including polymers, I physpichopycshhiycesomicchoicecahml eimcianilcv aelis ntivgineasvtteiiogsntai gtiaootnfio nno af noofn mannaaotenmroiaamtlesa,r tieairlnsia,c llsu,i ndciinlnugcd luindpgion lgypm oeplyrosm,l yemrse, rs, mIm ImIm nanoparticles, and molecular assemblies, in solutions and at interfaces. Her rnreeassneeoaanreprraccsanrnehheraoa tsnffipreciicoeeaalhellprrdd ctsafiss,hci r ea tleeeflindcxxisedltts,el ee damsennns,x dd oadte nel eexemndtvvced eeuomn nnlleaed ovrctt l ooeueea nvlcsaaaesu pprtenl oappam rtslla iiobsccape laasiapmsettpiilesooibpcm, nnlailinissbetc i slaoaasi,eto nnniisonlsddu, n iatsccnsionooo ladsnmmuon stclmmd iuooa teennmcirroodsccm nm iiaaaasentmll ii radzzicnenaa iaartdttcetiil ooi iraziannfnatlai ttzcibbeinaoereettsnfeyyia.o oorcHbnfnneaee sddcbyr.e oeHsny.e odHrn edr aeae aeae basic science. Prof. Imae has published more than 290 peer-reviewed journal basicb ascbsiiaecs nsiccc eise.c nPiecroen.fc .P eIrm. oPfar.o eIm fh. Iaames apheua hbs alpissu hpbeuldibs hmliesohdre emd t ohmraeon rt eh2 a9thn0a 2pn9e 20e9 rp-0ree pevrei-eerwer-vreiedevw jioeewudre njdoau lj ornuarnl al articles, 25 reviews, and 25 book chapters; edited Advanced Chemistry of articalertsai,c r2tlei5csl ,e r2se,v5 i2 er5we vrsie,e vawineswd, as2,n 5ad n b2do5 o2 kb5 o cbohokao pckth eacrhsp;at eeprdtsei;t resed;d eitAdedidtve aAdnd cAveaddnv acCenhdce emCdhi sCetrmhye imsotfri syt royf of Monolayers at Interfaces: Trends in Methodology and Technology (2007); and MonMoloaMnyoeornlsao yaleatr ysIen artset raIfnat tcIenertsfea: rTcferaescn:e dTsrs: e Tinnrde nMs dienst hiMno edMtoheloothdgooyd loaognloyd g aTyne cadhn Tndeo cTlhoencghoyn lo(o2gl0oy0 g(7y2) 0;( 20a07n0)d; 7 a);n adn d co-edited Neutrons in Soft Matter (2011). She has received several awards. co-ecdoit-ceeodd- eitNdeeidtue tNdroe nNuste ruiontnr osS noinsft iSnMo afStto tMfetr a Mt(2tae0tr1t e(12r) 0.( 21S01h1)e. 1 S)h.h aSesh hreea chse arivse ecrdeei cvseeeidvvee sdrea vls eearvwaelar aradlw saa. wrdasr.d s. She also contributes to the academic advancement as typified by an editorial She aSlhsSeoh acelos anolt scrooib ncuottrneibtsru itboteu tsth eteos attocha etdh aeecm aadcicae damdeivmca aincdc avedamnvaceennmct eaemsn tety napsti fatiyesp dtyi fbpieyifd aie nbd ye b daynit a oenrdi aeitldo irtioarl ial advisory board of scientific journals. Prof. Imae was an executive member of adviasodravydis bvoiorsyao rrbdyo obafor dsac roidef nostcfi ifseiccni etjoinfuitcir fnjioca uljsor.n uParrnlosa.f .lP sIr.m oPfar.o eImf w. Iamaes a waena w se aaxsen ca eunxt eeivcxeue tcmiuveteim vmeb eemmr eobmfe br eorf of the Council for Science and Technology Policy in Japan and a member of the the Cthoeuth nCeco iCul ofnoucrin lS cfcoili erf onSrcc eiSe caninecedn c aTeen cadhn Tndeo cTlheoncghoynl oPogololyigc Pyyo iPlnioc Jylia cipnya Jinna paJanapnda aann m adn eadm m ab eemmr eobmfe tbrh eoerf othf eth e Science Council of Japan. ScienScceiSe cCnieocenu cnCeco iCul oonufc Jinla copifla oJnaf. pJaapna.n. V331 V331V33V1331 ISBN 978-981-4364-95-9 ISBN I9S7B8INS-9 B98N71- 849-39768841-9--4983516--4943-9654--995-9 Skin Bioscience (cid:49)(cid:66)(cid:79)(cid:1)(cid:52)(cid:85)(cid:66)(cid:79)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:69)(cid:1)(cid:52)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:74)(cid:70)(cid:84)(cid:1)(cid:80)(cid:79)(cid:1)(cid:51)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:66)(cid:67)(cid:77)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:38)(cid:79)(cid:70)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:90)(cid:1)(cid:137)(cid:1)(cid:55)(cid:80)(cid:77)(cid:86)(cid:78)(cid:70)(cid:1)(cid:19) edited by Toyoko Imae Skin A Molecular Approach Bioscience editors Preben Maegaard Anna Krenz Wolfgang Palz The Rise of Modern Wind Energy Wind Power for the World CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2013 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20131219 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-981-4364-96-6 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organiza- tion that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents 1. Structure and Functionality of the Skin 1 Ichiro Hatta 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Structural Study on the Stratum Corneum by X-Ray Diffraction 4 1.2.1 Small- and Wide-Angle X-Ray Diffraction 4 1.2.2 Temperature-Scanning Measurements 7 1.2.3 Sensitive Detection of Minute Structural Change by Applying Chemical Agents 7 1.3 Domains in the Stratum Corneum 7 1.3.1 Background 7 1.3.2 Domains Formed in the Intercellular Lipid Matrix 9 1.3.2.1 Thermal analysis of phase transitions in the hairless mouse stratum corneum 9 1.3.2.2 Temperature change of small- and wide-angle X-ray diffraction of the hairless mouse stratum corneum 11 1.3.2.3 Phase transition at 39°C 15 1.3.2.4 Quantitative analysis for coexistence of two domains 17 1.4 Penetration Routes in the Stratum Corneum 20 1.4.1 Background 20 1.4.2 Penetration Route of Hydrophilic Molecules in the Stratum Corneum 22 1.4.3 Penetration Route of Hydrophobic Molecules in the Stratum Corneum 28 1.4.4 Schematic View of Penetration Routes 29 1.5 Water in the Stratum Corneum 30 1.5.1 Background 30 vi Contents 1.5.2 Water Regulation Mechanism in the 2. Response for ExStetrrantaul mSti Cmourlnaetiuomn on the Skin 3433 Masaki Ujihara and Toyoko Imae 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Structures and Evaluation of the Stratum Corneum 44 2.2.1 Structures of the Stratum Corneum 45 2.2.2 Evaluation of the Stratum Corneum 48 2.2.2.1 Natural stratum corneum 49 2.2.2.2 Mimicked stratum corneum 53 2.3 External Stimulations 57 2.3.1 Water and Aqueous Solutions 57 2.3.2 Hydrophobic Compounds (Oils) 59 2.3.3 Amphiphilic Compounds (Surfactants) 62 2.3.4 Nanomaterials 68 2.3.5 Physical Stimulations 70 3. 2B.e4a utifiCcaotinocnlu osifo tnhse Skin 7813 Satoshi Amano, Tomonobu Ezure, and Toshii Iida 3.1 Introduction 83 3.2 Skin Surface Texture 84 3.2.1 Involvement of the Epidermis and the Dermis in the Skin Surface Texture 85 3.2.1.1 Recovery of the skin surface texture after grafting CEAs 85 3.2.1.2 Keratinocyte differentiation in the epidermis of the CEA-grafted skin 85 3.2.1.3 Fibrillin and elastin expressions in the dermis of the CEA-grafted skin 87 3.3 Facial Pores 89 3.3.1 Facial Pore Size Influenced a Great Deal by Skin Condition 90 3.3.2 Possible Role of Oleic Acid in Enlargement of Facial Pores 90 Contents vii 3.3.3 Glycine Receptor Agonist as the Controller of Enlargement of Facial Pores 91 3.3.4 Involvement of IGF-1 in the Conspicuousness of Facial Pores 92 3.4 Sagging 94 3.4.1 Sagging of the Cheek related to Skin Elasticity, Fat Mass, and Mimetic Muscle Function 94 3.4.1.1 Photograph-based grading criteria for sagging severity of the cheek 94 3.4.1.2 Evaluation of the sagging grading procedure 96 3.4.1.3 Sagging associated negatively with skin elasticity and facial muscular function and positively with body fat mass 97 3.4.2 Influence of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Mass on Dermal Elasticity and Sagging Severity in the Lower Cheek 99 3.4.2.1 Influence of subcutaneous adipose tissue on dermal elasticity 99 3.4.2.2 Relationship between facial sagging and subcutaneous adipose layer thickness 100 3.5 Wrinkles 102 3.5.1 Severity of Wrinkling at the Forehead Related to the Degree of Ptosis of the Upper Eyelid 102 3.5.1.1 Photograph-based grading criteria for transiently formed wrinkles at the forehead 103 3.5.1.2 No relationship between dermal elasticity and the severity of transient wrinkles at the forehead 105 viii Contents 3.5.1.3 Severity of transient wrinkle formation correlating with frontalis muscle activity in upward gazing 105 3.5.1.4 Ptosis of the upper eyelid affecting transient wrinkle formation 106 3.5.1.5 Severity of fixed wrinkles correlating with ptosis of the upper eyelid 108 3.6 Skin Aging 110 3.6.1 Acute UVB Irradiation Inducing Dermal Angiogenesis and Elastin Degradation 111 3.6.2 Imbalance between TSP-1 and VEGF in the Epidermis after Acute UVB Irradiation 112 3.6.3 Increased TSP-1 Reducing Angiogenesis and Wrinkle Formation 112 3.6.4 Ultrastructural Alteration of Epidermal Basement Membrane in Sun-Exposed Skin 113 3.6.5 Involvement of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Plasminogen Activator/Plasmin in Damage to Epidermal Basement Membrane in Sun-Exposed Skin 115 3.6.6 Enhanced Basement Membrane Formation in the Presence of Laminin 332 and in Response to Increased Synthesis of Basement Membrane Components in a Skin-Equivalent Model 117 3.6.7 Fibulin-5 Deposition in Human Skin: Decreasing with Aging and Ultraviolet B Exposure and Increasing in Solar Elastosis 118 3.6.8 Fibulin-5 Accelerating Elastic Fiber Assembly in Human Skin Fibroblasts 119 3.7 Conclusion 120