sketches from an unquiet country McGill-Queen’s/Beaverbrook Canadian Foundation Studies in Art History Martha Langford and Sandra Paikowsky, series editors Recognizing the need for a better understanding of Canada’s artistic culture both at home and abroad, the Beaverbrook Canadian Foundation, through its generous support, makes possible the publication of innovative books that advance our understanding of Canadian art and Canada’s visual and material culture. This series supports and stimulates such scholarship through the publication of original and rigorous peer-reviewed books that make significant contributions to the subject. We welcome submissions from Canadian and international scholars for book-length projects on historical and contemporary Canadian art and visual and material culture, including Native and Inuit art, architecture, photography, craft, design, and museum studies. Studies by Canadian scholars on non-Canadian themes will also be considered. The Practice of Her Profession Rethinking Professionalism Picturing Toronto Florence Carlyle, Canadian Painter in the Essays on Women and Art in Canada, Photography and the Making of a Age of Impressionism 1850–1970 Modern City Susan Butlin Edited by Kristina Huneault and Janice Sarah Bassnett Anderson Bringing Art to Life Architecture on Ice A Biography of Alan Jarvis The Official Picture A History of the Hockey Arena Andrew Horrall The National Film Board of Canada’s Still Howard Shubert Photography Division and the Image of Picturing the Land Canada, 1941–1971 For Folk’s Sake Narrating Territories in Canadian Carol Payne Art and Economy in Twentieth-Century Landscape Art, 1500 to 1950 Nova Scotia Marylin J. McKay Paul-Émile Borduas Erin Morton A Critical Biography The Cultural Work of Photography François-Marc Gagnon Spaces and Places for Art in Canada Translated by Peter Feldstein Making Art Institutions in Western Edited by Carol Payne and Canada, 1912–1990 Andrea Kunard On Architecture Anne Whitelaw Melvin Charney: A Critical Anthology Newfoundland Modern Edited by Louis Martin Narratives Unfolding Architecture in the Smallwood Years, National Art Histories in an Unfinished 1949–1972 Making Toronto Modern World Robert Mellin Architecture and Design, 1895–1975 Edited by Martha Langford Christopher Armstrong The Codex Canadensis and the Writings Canadian Painters in a Modern World, of Louis Nicolas Negotiations in a Vacant Lot 1925–1955 The Natural History of the New World, Studying the Visual in Canada Writings and Reconsiderations Histoire Naturelle des Indes Occidentales Edited by Lynda Jessup, Erin Morton, and Lora Senechal Carney Edited and with an Introduction by Kirsty Robertson François-Marc Gagnon, Translation Sketches from an Unquiet Country by Nancy Senior, Modernization by Visibly Canadian Canadian Graphic Satire, 1840–1940 Réal Ouellet Imaging Collective Identities in the Edited by Dominic Hardy, Annie Gérin, Canadas, 1820–1910 and Lora Senechal Carney Museum Pieces Karen Stanworth Toward the Indigenization of Canadian Museums Breaking and Entering Ruth B. Phillips The Contemporary House Cut, Spliced, and Haunted The Allied Arts Edited by Bridget Elliott Architecture and Craft in Postwar Canada Family Ties Sandra Alfoldy Living History in Canadian House Museums Andrea Terry sketches from an unquiet country Canadian Graphic Satire, 1840–1940 Edited by Dominic Hardy, Annie Gérin, and Lora Senechal Carney McGill-Queen’s University Press Montreal & Kingston • London • Chicago © McGill-Queen’s University Press 2018 ISBN 978-0-7735-5340-8 (cloth) I SBN 978-0-7735-5341-5 (paper) I SBN 978-0-7735-5426-9 (ePDF) Legal deposit second quarter 2018 Bibliothèque nationale du Québec Printed in Canada on acid-free paper This book has been published with the help of a grant from the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, through the Awards to Scholarly Publications Program, using funds provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. We acknowledge the support of the Canada Council for the Arts, which last year invested $153 million to bring the arts to Canadians throughout the country. Nous remercions le Conseil des arts du Canada de son soutien. L’an dernier, le Conseil a investi 153 millions de dollars pour mettre de l’art dans la vie des Canadiennes et des Canadiens de tout le pays. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Sketches from an unquiet country : Canadian graphic satire, 1840–1940 / edited by Dominic Hardy, Annie Gérin, and Lora Senechal Carney. (McGill-Queen’s/Beaverbrook Canadian Foundation studies in art history) Includes bibliographical references and index. Issued in print and electronic formats. I SBN 978-0-7735-5340-8 (cloth). – ISBN 978-0-7735-5341-5 (paper). – ISBN 978-0-7735-5426-9 (ePDF) 1. Caricatures and cartoons – Canada – History – 19th century. 2. Caricatures and cartoons – Canada – History – 20th century. I. Carney, Lora, editor II. Gérin, Annie, 1969–, editor III. Hardy, Dominic, 1960–, editor IV. Series: McGill-Queen’s/Beaverbrook Canadian Foundation studies in art history NC1445.S64 2018 741.5’6971 C2018-900315-4 C2018-900316-2 Contents vii Acknowledgments 3 Chapter One Introduction Dominic Hardy 39 Chapter Two Frankenstein’s Tory: Graphic Satire in 1840s Montreal, from Le Charivari canadien to Punch in Canada Dominic Hardy 75 Chapter Three Uncle Sam, a Not-So-Distant Cousin: Canadian Contributions to the Genesis of a US Allegorical Figure Christian Vachon 98 Chapter Four Reading Allegorical “Miss Canada” in Graphic Satire Robyn Fowler 136 Chapter Five Clubs, Axes, and Umbrellas: The Woman Suffrage Movement as Seen by Montreal Cartoonists (1910–1914) Pierre Chemartin and Louis Pelletier 170 Chapter Six Crossing the Line: Canadian Satire of the “Pretty Girl” North and South of the 49th Parallel Jaleen Grove 206 Chapter Seven Anti-Semitic Caricature in 1930s Montreal: Language and National Stereotypes in Adrien Arcand’s Le Goglu (1929–1933) Josée Desforges 232 Chapter Eight New Frontier (1936–1937) and the Antifascist Press in Canada Lora Senechal Carney 257 Chapter Nine Albéric Bourgeois … a.k.a. Baptiste Ladébauche Laurier Lacroix 285 Chapter Ten Epilogue: Humour, Wit, and Satire in Canada Annie Gérin 297 Contributors 299 Index Acknowledgments As editors, we begin by expressing our gratitude to the scholars who came for- ward to answer the call for contributions to this volume, for they have helped us establish that studies in the history of Canadian graphic satire are more than worthy of attention. This scholarship has been, and continues to be sus- tained by an impressive range of agencies, research centres, institutions, and foundations. We wish to acknowledge the doctoral Connections and Insight programs of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council; the Fonds de recherche du Québec – Société et Culture; the Programme d’aide financière à la recherche et à la creation (pafarc) and the fare bursary program (Fonds à l’accessibilité et à la réussite) of the Université de Québec à Montréal (uqam); the Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la littérature et la culture québé- coises (crilcq); and the Centre interuniversitaire d’études des arts, des lettres et des traditions (célat). The encounter with historical materials that are often difficult to access – and often rare and fragile – makes all the difference to an endeavour such as this. For their unstinting generosity and support in helping us to obtain and present high-resolution images for this book, we acknowledge with profound gratitude the help of our colleagues at the McCord Museum (Christian Vachon and Heather McNabb), at Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec (Lisa Miniaci, Martin Couture, Ariane Bélanger, and Suzanne Grégoire), at the Special Collections of Queen’s University Library (Jillian Sparks), and at the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library of the University of Toronto. We are also most grate- ful to the Cahén Archives in Toronto and to the Estate of Harry Mayerovitch for their generous support. For much of the groundbreaking scholarship that made possible the preparation of several of our chapters, we offer our lasting appre- ciation to the graduate student members of the Caricature et satire graphique à Montréal team (casgram) at uqam. Authors and editors are all particularly grateful to our editor, Jonathan Crago, and to the whole team at McGill-Queen’s University Press. We extend warm thanks to our colleague Ersy Contogouris of the Université de Montréal, who provided outstanding translations of three chapters. We are grateful to the Institut du patrimoine, Éditions MultiMonde, and Éditions Fides for permis- sion to translate the chapters by Christian Vachon and Laurier Lacroix. We also thank the anonymous readers, who provided constructive comments that were very helpful to us in the final stages of manuscript preparation. It takes many minds and shared moments to bring a project such as this one to the finishing point. We are truly obliged to our families, friends, col- leagues, and students who participated in various stages of the project, if only by allowing us to share our collective passion for the history and practices of graphic satire in Canada. You are too many to name here, but your unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout the years have made this book possible. Dominic Hardy, Annie Gérin, and Lora Senechal Carney viii Acknowledgments sketches from an unquiet country