Sixteenth International Seaweed Symposium Developments in Hydrobiology 137 Series editor H. J. Dumont Sixteenth International Seaweed Symposium Proeeedings of the Sixteenth International Seaweed Symposium, held in Cebu City, Philippines, 12-17 April 1998 Edited by Joanna M. Kain (Jones), Murray T. Brown and Mare Lahaye Reprinted from Hydrobiologia, volumes 398/399 (1999) and the Joumal of Applied Phycology, volume 11, no. 1 (1999) •• Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-94-010-5909-1 ISBN 978-94-011-4449-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4449-0 Printed an acid-free paper AII Rights reserved © 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Oordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1999 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. v Dedication This volume of the Proceedings of the XVIth International Seaweed Symposium is dedicated to Maxwell S. Doty in recognition of his outstanding contributions, both to the International Seaweed Association in furthering its objectives, and to the successful establishment of seaweed farming, particularly in the Far East. Max Doty was elected to the Executive of the ISA in 1971, at the time of the ISS in Sapporo, and he was the first person from the United States to hold a position on the Executive Council. Max served as President of the ISA for two terms and upon retirement he was offered Honorary Life Membership in the ISA. Max was an outstanding scientist, a gifted and visionary seaweed farmer and a sincere friend to all those who were privileged to know him. Max is truly missed by members of the International Seaweed Association and throughout the international community. VII Appreciation Maxwell S. Doty died on April 8, 1996, just hours prior to receiving a telephone call from China which was to inform him the last photo on Chinese Porphyra cultivation had been captured for his book on commercial marine algae. It is only appropriate that the Proceedings of the International Seaweed Symposium, held in Cebu, Philippines, be dedicated to his memory, energy and passion to his craft which he maintained for nearly sixty years until the day of his passing. A review of Max Doty' s life and professional career was eloquently penned by Gerry Kraft, Phycologia (1997) 36: 82-90. The larger question remains, how will history define Max Doty's contribution to science? His phy cological legacy goes far beyond his significant research interests of algal taxonomy, productivity, distribution, intertidal stratification, phycocolloids and marine agronomy. What is the definition of a great teacher or scientist? Is it his publication record of nearly two hundred efforts? Is it the development of topic defining hypotheses, 'critical tide factors' or the development of 'clod cards'? Is it the effect the development of marine agronomy had on the general public? Just ask the farmers and fishermen of the Philippines, Indonesia and Pacific island nations. Or is it the time, energy and passion offered to the graduate students one leaves behind? Selfishly, as Max Doty's final doctoral candidate, I offer this dedication on behalf of the 20 masters and 13 doctoral students he supervised. His students, practising on nearly all the earth's continents, understand the debt we all owe to Max. The world he occupied, 'the sixth floor' of the St. John's Botany building at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, was for a critical period of our lives, the centre of our universe. 'For the splendid record in Botany 684', a simple inscription placed into a book from his personal library and offered to one student each semester representing excellence during Doty's premier graduate candidate training device - Monday afternoon seminar. Regardless of the semester's workload these two credits dominated each student's efforts. Participants emerged from this pressure grinder, humbled but self-assured, armed with the ability to develop cogent thoughts and responses before crowds of 2 to 2000 with clarity and confidence. Max Doty's office was a shrine to organized chaos. The most coveted position was the single chair in his inner office. Max Doty would spend hours with students in private discussions. He took delight in probing and challenging each student's research project and effort. His insight and enthusiasm was contagious. It was in these private sessions that students could be overwhelmed by his passion for the development of phycology and marine agronomy. As an 'old school' mentor, he forced his students to be both independent and creative in their scientific development. Doty demanded each student be the world's expert in their chosen topic prior to initiating their first experiment, often resulting in gargantuan literature reviews. Even his insistence of mastering two foreign languages, limited to those dialects in which the classic literature was published, forced his students into a greater understanding of their developing phycological heritage. A mentor can only lead by example in which his work ethic was legendary. One was always amazed by his insistence on returning to the sixth floor or the field so quickly after an illness or injury. Doty was back in the lab within three weeks of open-heart surgery, this after conducting business from the ICU. His profession was an obsession, making phycology both his carrier as well as his hobby. Many of his students maintain his obsession in one form or another. For that the record is clear. Dr William Brostoff (Doty, Ph.D. 1988) liked to record phycologicallineages. I know the students he left behind are proud of theirs and respect the debt we all owe to one man, Dr Maxwell Stanford Doty. IRA A. LEVINE PhycoGen, Inc. Portland, Maine 04101 IX Contents Dedication ...................................................................... . V Appreciation .................................................................... . VII International Seaweed Association Executive Council ............................... . XV National Organizing Committee and National Sponsors .............................. . XVI Acknowledgments ............................................................... . XVII-XVIII Reviewers ....................................................................... . XIX Marinalg International Awards .................................................... . XXI-XXII Student Paper Awards ............................................................ . XXII Opening Ceremony and Plenary Session ........................................... . XXIII The seaweed industry and R&D: a solid partnership by W.G. Padolina ........................................................... . XXV-XXVI List of Registrants ............................................................... . XXVII-L 1. Plenary Presentations Diversity of the seaweed flora of the Philippines and its utilization by G.C. Trono, Jr. . ......................................................... . 1-6 Red algal polysaccharide industry: economics and research status at the turn of the century by D.F. Kapraun ........................................................... . 7-14 A conceptual framework for marine agronomy by B. Santelices ............................................................ . 15-23 2. Systematics and Floristics Observations on the phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of the Solieriaceae (Gigar tinales, Rhodophyta) inferred from rbcL sequences and morphological evidence by S. Fredericq, D.W. Freshwater & M.H. Hommersand ........................ . 25-38 Development of the extant diversity in Halimeda is linked to vicariant events by W.H.C.F. Kooistra, M. Calderon & L.W. Hillis ............................. . 39-45 Phylogeny of Alariaceae (Phaeophyta) with special reference to Undaria based on se- quences of the RuBisCo spacer region by H.S. Yoon & S.M. Boo ................................................... . 47-55 A new agarophyte, Curdiea balthazar sp. nov. (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta), from the Three Kings Islands, northern New Zealand by W.A. Nelson, G.A. Knight & R. Falshaw ................................... . 57-63 Marine benthic algae of North East Herald Cay, Coral Sea, South Pacific by AJ.K. Millar ............................................................ . 65-74 Changes of the benthic algal flora of the Tremiti Islands (southern Adriatic) Italy by M. Cormaci & G. Furnari ................................................ . 75-79 x 3. Life History Cell-cell recognition during fertilization in the red alga, Aglaothamnion oosumiense (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta) by S.-H. Kim & G.H. Kim .................................................. . 81-89 Morphology and reproduction of the adventive Mediterranean rhodophyte Polysiphonia setacea by F. Rindi, M.D. Guiry & F. Cinelli ......................................... . 91-·100 Long-term and diurnal carpospore discharge patterns in the Ceramiaceae, Rhodome1aceae and Delesseriaceae (Rhodophyta) by 1.A. West & D.L. McBride ............................................... . 101-113 Porphyra sp. (Bangiales, Rhodophyta): reproduction and life form by A. Candia, S. Lindstrom & E. Reyes ....................................... . 115-119 Life history, in culture, of the obligate epiphyte Porphyra moriensis (Bangiales, Rhodo- phyta) by M. Notoya & A. Miyashita ............................................... . 121-125 Culture studies of Porphyra dentata and P. pseudolinearis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), two dioecious species from Korea by N.-G. Kim .............................................................. . 127-135 4. Phenology and Population Studies Biological basis for the management of Gigartina skottsbergii (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) in southern Chile by R. Westermeier, A. Aguilar, 1. Sigel, 1. Quintanilla & 1. Morales ............. . 137-147 Reproductive biology of Gigartina skottsbergii (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta) from Chile by M. Avila, A. Candia, M. Nunez & H. Romo ................................ . 149-157 Population structure and reproduction of the carrageenophyte Chondracanthus pectinatus in the Gulf of California by I. Pacheco-Rulz & J.A. Zertuche-Gonzalez ................ " ............... . 159-165 Seasonal variations of growth and agar composition of Gracilaria multipartita harvested along the Atlantic coast of Morocco by T. Givernaud, A. El Gourji, A. Mouradi-Givernaud, Y. Lemoine & N. Chiadmi . 167-172 Biomass and agar assessment of three species of Gracilaria from Negros Island, central Philippines by H.P. Calumpong, A. Maypa, M. Magbanua & P. Suarez ..................... . 173-182 The effects of a simulated harvest on Porphyra (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) in South Africa by N.J. Griffin, J.J. Bolton & R.J. Anderson ................................... . 183-189 Effects of seasonal growth rate on morphological variation of Undaria pinnatijida (Alari- aceae, Phaeophyceae) by M.D. Stuart, c.L. Hurd & M.T. Brown ..................................... . 191-199 Phenology of Sargassum spp. (Sargassaceae, Phaeophyta) from Reunion Rocks, KwaZulu- Natal, South Africa by R.D. Gillespie & A.T. Critchley ........................................... . 201-210 Population and alginate yield and quality assessment of four Sargassum species in Negros Island, central Philippines by H.P. Calumpong, A.P. Maypa, & M. Magbanua ............................. . 211-215 XI The ecological effects of mining discharges on subtidal habitats dominated by macroalgae in northern Chile: population and community level studies by J.A. Vasquez, 1M.A. Vega, B. Matsuhiro & C. Urzua ....................... . 217-229 5. Ecology Obtaining absorption spectra from individual macroalgal spores using microphotometry by M.H. Graham & B.G. Mitchell ............................................ . 231-239 Evaluating substances that facilitate algal spore adhesion by B. Santelices & D. Aedo ................................................. . 241-246 Preliminary observations on the development of kelp gametophytes endophytic in red algae by D.J. Garbary, K. Y. Kim, T. Klinger & D. Duggins ........................... . 247-252 Using in situ substratum sterilization and fluorescence microscopy in studies of micro scopic stages of marine macroalgae by M.S. Edwards ........................................................... . 253-259 The sea star Asterina pectinifera causes deep-layer sloughing in Lithophyllum yessoense (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) by D. Fujita ................................................................ . 261-266 Spatial variability in secondary metabolite production by the tropical red alga Portieria hornemannii by D.B. Matlock, D.W. Ginsburg & V.J. Paul .................................. . 267-273 Influence of Ecklonia radiata kelp canopy on structure of macro-algal assemblages in Marmion Lagoon, Western Australia by G.A. Kendrick, P.S. Lavery & J.C. Phillips ................................. . 275-283 6. Responses to Environmental Factors Factors affecting sporulation of Gracilaria cornea (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) carposporo phytes from Yucatan, Mexico by A. Guzman-Uri6stegui & D. Robledo ...................................... . 285-290 Porphyra cultivation in Alaska: conchocelis growth of three indigenous species by M.S. Stekoll, R. Lin & S.c. Lindstrom ..................................... . 291-297 Studies on the growth, in culture, of two forms of Porphyra lacerata from Japan by M. Notoya & K. Nagaura ................................................. . 299-303 Effect of tissue nitrogen and phosphorus quota on growth of Porphyra yezoensis blades in suspension cultures. by J. T. Hafting ............................................................. . 305-314 Effects of nitrogen source, N:P ratio and N-pulse concentration and frequency on the growth of Gracilaria cornea (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) in culture by L. Navarro-Angulo & D. Robledo ......................................... . 315-320 Photosynthetic and respiratory responses of the agarophyte Gelidiella acerosa collected from tidepool, intertidal and subtidal habitats by E.T. Ganzon-Fortes ...................................................... . 321-328 The effect oflight on growth and agar content of Gelidium pulchellum (Gelidiaceae, Rhodo- phyta) in culture by 1. Sousa-Pinto, E. Murano, S. Coelho, A. Felga & R. Pereira ................. . 329-338 XII Effects of environmental factors and plant growth regulators on growth of the red alga Gracilaria vermiculophylla from Shikoku Island, Japan by N.S. Yokoya, H. Kakita, H. Obika & T. Kitamura ........................... . 339-347 Carbon acquisition strategies of the red alga Eucheuma denticulatum by M. Granbom & M. Pedersen .............................................. . 349-354 Relationship of CO concentrations to photosynthesis of intertidal macroalgae during emer- 2 sion by K. Gao, Y. Ji & Y. Aruga ................................................. . 355-359 A theoretical analysis and field evaluation of a light and temperature model of production by Ecklonia cava byM. Honda ............................................................... . 361-374 Effects of copper pollution on the ultrastructure of Lessonia spp. by P.I. Leonardi & 1A. Vasquez ............................................. . 375-383 7. Chemistry Further evaluation of the structure of the polysaccharide from Plocamium costatum with the use of set theory by 1.1 Miller ............................................................... . 385--389 Biology and agar composition of Gelidium sesquipedale harvested along the Atlantic coast of Morocco by A. Mouradi-Givemaud, L.A. Hassani, T. Givemaud, Y. Lemoine & O. Benharbet 391-395 A comparative analysis of agarans from commercial species of Gracilaria (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) grown in vitro by 1 Macchiavello, R. Saito, G. Garofalo & E.C. Oliveira ...................... . 397-400 Pyruvated carrageenans from Solieria robusta and its adelphoparasite Tikvahiella candida by A. Chiovitti, A. Bacic, G.T. Kraft, DJ. Craik & M.-L. Liao .................. . 401-409 Monthly changes in the content of fucans, their constituent sugars and sulphate in cultured Laminaria japonica by M. Honya, H. Mori, M. Anzai, Y. Araki & K. Nisizawa ..................... . 411-416 8. Cultivation Open-water aquaculture of the red alga Chondrus crispus in Prince Edward Island, Canada by T. Chopin, G. Sharp, E. Belyea, R Semple & D. Jones ...................... . 417-425 Recent advances in the understanding of the biological basis for Gigartina skottsbergii (Rhodophyta) cultivation in Chile by A.H. Buschmann, 1A. Correa & R Westermeier ........................... . 427-434 Economic feasibility of Sarcothalia (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) cultivation by M. Avila, E. Ask, B. Rudolph, M. Nunez & R Norambuena ................. . 435-442 Comparison of the performance of the agarophyte, Gracilariopsis bailinae, and the milk-- fish, Chanos chanos, in mono- and biculture by L.B. Alcantara, H.P. Calumpong, M.R Martinez-Goss, E.G. Menez & A. Israel. 443-453 Upwelling and fish-factory waste as nitrogen sources for suspended cultivation of Gracil aria gracilis in Saldanha Bay, South Africa by RJ. Anderson, AJ. Smit & GJ. Levitt ..................................... . 455-462