3751 P- FM 11/13/01 12:14 PM Page iii SIMPLIFIED MECHANICS AND STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Sixth Edition JAMES AMBROSE Formerly Professor of Architecture University of Southern California Los Angeles, California based on the work of THE LATE HARRY PARKER Formerly Professor of Architectural Construction University of Pennsylvania JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. 3751 P- FM 11/13/01 12:14 PM Page xii 3751 P- FM 11/13/01 12:14 PM Page i SIMPLIFIED MECHANICS AND STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 3751 P- FM 11/13/01 12:14 PM Page ii Other titles in the PARKER-AMBROSE SERIES OF SIMPLIED DESIGN GUIDES Harry Parker, John W. MacGuire and James Ambrose Simplified Site Engineering, 2nd Edition James Ambrose Simplied Design of Building Foundations, 2nd Edition James Ambrose and Dimitry Vergun Simplified Building Design for Wind and Earthquake Forces, 3rd Edition James Ambrose Simplied Design of Masonry Structures James Ambrose and Peter D. Brandow Simplified Site Design Harry Parker and James Ambrose Simplied Mechanics and Strength of Materials, 5th Edition Marc Schiler Simplied Design of Building Lighting James Patterson Simplified Design for Buildin g Fire Safety William Bobenhausen Simplied Design of HVAC Systems James Ambrose Simplified Design of Wood Structures, 5th Edition James Ambrose and Jeffrey E. Ollswang Simplified Design for Building Sound Control James Ambrose Simplified Design of Building Structures, 3rd Edition James Ambrose and Harry Parker Simplified Design of Concrete Structures, 7th Edition James Ambrose and Harry Parker Simplified Design for Steel Structures, 7th Edition James Ambrose Simplified Engineering for Architects and Builders, 9th Edition 3751 P- FM 11/13/01 12:14 PM Page iii SIMPLIFIED MECHANICS AND STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Sixth Edition JAMES AMBROSE Formerly Professor of Architecture University of Southern California Los Angeles, California based on the work of THE LATE HARRY PARKER Formerly Professor of Architectural Construction University of Pennsylvania JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. fcopyebk.qxd 1/17/02 9:43 AM Page 1 Copyright ©2002 by John Wiley & Sons, New York. All rights reserved. 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For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.Wiley.com 3751 P- FM 11/13/01 12:14 PM Page v CONTENTS Preface to the Sixth Edition ix Preface to the First Edition xiii Introduction 1 Structural Mechanics / 2 Units of Measurement / 2 Accuracy of Computations / 3 Symbols / 7 Nomenclature / 7 1 Structures: Purpose and Function 9 1.1 Loads / 11 1.2 Special Considerations for Loads / 13 1.3 Generation of Structures / 21 1.4 Reactions / 24 1.5 Internal Forces / 28 1.6 Functional Requirements of Structures / 30 v 3751 P- FM 11/13/01 12:14 PM Page vi vi CONTENTS 1.7 Types of Internal Force / 39 1.8 Stress and Strain / 46 1.9 Dynamic Effects / 61 1.10 Design for Structural Response / 64 2 Forces and Force Actions 69 2.1 Loads and Resistance / 69 2.2 Forces and Stresses / 71 2.3Types of Forces /73 2.4 Vectors / 73 2.5 Properties of Forces / 74 2.6 Motion / 76 2.7 Force Components and Combinations / 78 2.8 Graphical Analysis of Forces / 83 2.9 Investigation of Force Actions / 87 2.10 Friction / 91 2.11 Moments / 97 2.12 Forces on a Beam / 102 3 Analysis of Trusses 111 3.1 Graphical Analysis of Trusses / 111 3.2 Algebraic Analysis of Trusses / 120 3.3 The Method of Sections / 127 4 Analysis of Beams 132 4.1 Types of Beams / 133 4.2 Loads and Reactions / 134 4.3 Shear in Beams / 135 4.4 Bending Moments in Beams / 140 4.5 Sense of Bending in Beams / 147 4.6 Cantilever Beams / 151 4.7 Tabulated Values for Beam Behavior/155 5 Continuous and Restrained Beams 160 5.1 Bending Moments for Continuous Beams / 160 5.2 Restrained Beams / 172 3751 P- FM 11/13/01 12:14 PM Page vii CONTENTS vii 5.3 Beams with Internal Pins / 176 5.4 Approximate Analysis of Continuous Beams / 181 6 Retaining Walls 183 6.1 Horizontal Earth Pressure / 184 6.2 Stability of Retaining Walls / 186 6.3 Vertical Soil Pressure / 188 7 Rigid Frames 192 7.1 Cantilever Frames / 193 7.2 Single-Span Frames / 199 8 Noncoplanar Force Systems 202 8.1 Concurrent Systems / 203 8.2 Parallel Systems / 209 8.3 General Noncoplanar Systems / 213 9 Properties of Sections 214 9.1 Centroids / 215 9.2 Moment of Inertia / 218 9.3 Transferring Moments of Inertia / 223 9.4 Miscellaneous Properties / 228 9.5 Tables of Properties of Sections / 229 10 Stress and Deformation 239 10.1 Mechanical Properties of Materials / 241 10.2 Design Use of Direct Stress / 243 10.3 Deformation and Stress: Relations and Issues / 246 10.4 Inelastic and Nonlinear Behavior / 251 11 Stress and Strain in Beams 254 11.1 Development of Bending Resistance / 255 11.2 Investigation of Beams / 259 11.3 Computation of Safe Loads / 261 11.4 Design of Beams for Flexure / 263 11.5 Shear Stress in Beams / 265 11.6 Shear in Steel Beams / 270 3751 P- FM 11/13/01 12:14 PM Page viii viii CONTENTS 11.7 Flitched Beams / 272 11.8 Deflection of Beams / 275 11.9 Deflection Computations / 279 11.10 Plastic Behavior in Steel Beams / 283 12 Compression Members 293 12.1 Slenderness Effects / 293 12.2 Wood Columns / 297 12.3 Steel Columns / 301 13 Combined Forces and Stresses 309 13.1 Combined Action: Tension Plus Bending / 309 13.2 Combined Action: Compression Plus Bending / 312 13.3 Development of Shear Stress / 318 13.4 Stress on an Oblique Section / 319 13.5 Combined Direct and Shear Stresses / 321 14 Connections for Structural Steel 324 14.1 Bolted Connections / 324 14.2 Design of a Bolted Connection / 337 14.3 Welded Connections / 343 15 Reinforced Concrete Beams 353 15.1 General Considerations / 353 15.2 Flexure: Stress Method / 363 15.3 General Application of Strength Methods / 375 15.4 Flexure: Strength Method / 376 15.5 T-Beams / 382 15.6 Shear in Concrete Beams / 387 15.7 Design for Shear in Concrete Beams / 394 References 402 Answers to Selected Exercise Problems 403 Index 409