Silicon in Plants Advances and Future Prospects Silicon in Plants Advances and Future Prospects Edited by Durgesh Kumar Tripathi Center of Advance Study Department of Botany Banaras Hindu University Varanasi, India Vijay Pratap Singh Government Ramanuj Pratap Singhdev Post Graduate College Baikunthpur, Korea-497335 Chhattisgarh, India Parvaiz Ahmad University of Kashmir S.P. College, India Devendra Kumar Chauhan University of Allahabad, India Sheo Mohan Prasad Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory Department of Botany University of Allahabad, India Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper Version Date: 20160225 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-3949-8 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid- ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface..............................................................................................................................................vii About the Editors ..............................................................................................................................ix Contributors ......................................................................................................................................xi Chapter 1 Mechanisms of Silicon-Mediated Alleviation of Abiotic Stress in Plants: Recent Advances and Future Perspective ....................................................................1 Denis Líška, Milan Soukup, Zuzana Lukačová, Boris Bokor, and Marek Vaculík Chapter 2 Role of Silicon under Nutrient Deficiency: Recent Advances and Future Perspective ..................................................................................................................29 Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman, Fatima Akmal, Noorani Mir, Muhammad Rizwan, Asif Naeem, Muhammad Sabir, and Zahoor Ahmad Chapter 3 Regulatory Mechanisms by Silicon to Overcome the Salinity-Induced Imbalance of Essential Nutrient Elements .................................................................47 Prabhakaran Soundararajan, Abinaya Manivannan, and Byoung Ryong Jeong Chapter 4 Silicon: A Potential Element to Impart Resistance to Photosynthetic Machinery under Different Abiotic Stresses ..............................................................67 Gausiya Bashri, Durgesh Kumar Tripathi, Vijay Pratap Singh, Sheo Mohan Prasad, and Devendra Kumar Chauhan Chapter 5 Silicon and Heavy Metal Tolerance of Plants ............................................................83 Clístenes Williams Araújo do Nascimento and Karina Patrícia Vieira da Cunha Chapter 6 Silicon and Nanotechnology: Role in Agriculture and Future Perspectives ............101 Anita Singh, Shikha Singh, and Sheo Mohan Prasad Chapter 7 Silicon and Floricultural Crops: Evaluation of Silicon Uptake and Deposition in Floricultural Plants ...............................................................................................117 Yoo Gyeong Park, Chung Ho Ko, Sowbiya Muneer, and Byoung Ryong Jeong Chapter 8 Silicon and Alleviation of Salt Stress in Crop Genotypes Differing in Salt Tolerance ..................................................................................................................133 Muhammad Shahzad, Abdul Qadir, and Sajid Masood Chapter 9 Silicon-Mediated Modulations of Genes and Secondary Metabolites in Plants: A Comprehensive Overview ....................................................................................153 Abinaya Manivannan, Prabhakaran Soundararajan, and Byoung Ryong Jeong v vi Contents Chapter 10 Role of Silicon under Heavy Metal and Toxic Element Stress: An Emphasis on Root Biology ........................................................................................................175 Marek Vaculík and Miroslava Vaculíková Chapter 11 Silicon Uptake and Translocation in Plants: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives ..............................................................................................................195 Anuradha Patel, Jitendra Kumar, Madhulika Singh, Vijay Pratap Singh, and Sheo Mohan Prasad Chapter 12 Silicon and Chromium Toxicity in Plants: An Overview ........................................213 Rehan Ahmad, Shafaqat Ali, Muhammad Ibrahim, Muhammad Rizwan, Fakhir Hannan, Muhammad Adrees, and Muhammad Daud Khan Chapter 13 Role of Silicon in Plants: Present Scenario and Future Prospects ...........................227 Shweta, Swati Singh, Bishwajit Kumar Kushwaha, Parvaiz Ahmad, Durgesh Kumar Tripathi, Nawal Kishore Dubey, and Devendra Kumar Chauhan Chapter 14 Silicon and Cadmium Toxicity in Plants: An Overview ..........................................245 Fakhir Hannan, Shafaqat Ali, Rehan Ahmad, Muhammad Rizwan, Muhammad Iqbal, Hina Rizvi, and Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman Chapter 15 Roles of Silicon in Improving Drought Tolerance in Plants ....................................265 Hemmat Khattab Chapter 16 Silicon Nutrition and Crop Improvement: Recent Advances and Future Perspective ................................................................................................................297 Arkadiusz Artyszak and Katarzyna Kucińska Chapter 17 Silicon and Antioxidant Defense System against Abiotic Stresses in Plants: An Overview ............................................................................................................321 Muhammad Zia-ur-Rehman, Hinnan Khalid, Fatima Akmal, Maqsooda Waqar, Muhammad Rizwan, Farooq Qayyum, and Muhammad Nadeem Chapter 18 Silicon Nutrition and Rice Crop Improvement in Iran: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives ............................................................................................343 Allahyar Fallah Chapter 19 Efficacy of Silicon against Aluminum Toxicity in Plants: An Overview ................355 Durgesh Kumar Tripathi, Gausiya Bashri, Shweta, Swati Singh, Parvaiz Ahmad, Vijay Pratap Singh, Sheo Mohan Prasad, Nawal Kishore Dubey, and Devendra Kumar Chauhan Index ..............................................................................................................................................367 Preface In the present era, rapid industrialization and urbanization have resulted in unwanted physiologi- cal, chemical, and biological changes in the environment that have had harmful effects on crop quality and productivity. This situation is further worsened by the increasing demands for food by the ever-increasing population. This has forced plant scientists and agronomists to look forward for alternative strategies to enhance crop production, as well as produce safer foods from a health point of view. Biotic and abiotic stresses are major constraints to crop productivity and have become important challenges to the scientists working on the agricultural and agronomical aspects because both considerably reduce agriculture production worldwide per year. Silicon is the most available element in the earth crust (28.8%) after oxygen, and it is a sister element of carbon. It has several significant roles in agriculture, mainly in plant pathology, stress physiology, nanotechnology, biotechnology, and plant physiology. From the beginning of the nine- teenth century, scientific groups have worked on silicon applicability and its various aspects in plant biology and agriculture sciences and have shown various benefits in plant life. However, there is a lack of availability of recently compiled works on silicon and its role in regulating many physi- ological and biochemical processes under stress, as well as nonstress, conditions. Therefore, in this book we have tried to compile the recent advances made worldwide in different leading laboratories regarding the role of silicon in plant biology in order to make these outcomes easily accessible to academicians, researchers, industrialists, and students in one place. Silicon in Plants: Advances and Future Prospects summarizes the diverse beneficial role of silicon against the different stresses on crop production. This book also relates how to obtain a maximum yield through the addition of silicon to limited resources. The book is composed of 19 chapters. Chapter 1 deals with how Si mitigates the negative effects of selected abiotic stresses on plants. Chapter 2 provides full insight related to the role of Si in enhancing the availability of various nutrients, considering both the extrinsic and intrinsic factors, to mitigate their deficiencies in plants. Chapter 3 deals with the mechanism of nutrient regulation by Si in mobilization and utilization during salt stress. Particularly, deleterious effects of NaCl on the deficiency of K, Ca, and N, and either or both deficiency and toxicity on P, B, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn are covered in this chapter. Chapter 4 discusses the tolerance mechanism of plants, with special reference to the photosynthetic machinery subjected to different abiotic stresses. Chapter 5 provides a synthesis of the current knowledge regarding Si-mediated alleviation of metal stress in plants and aims to integrate the effects of Si in the soil and the physiological reactions mediated by Si in plants exposed to heavy metal stresses. Chapter 6 explains the application of nanosilicon in agricul- ture systems, which has provided new solutions to problems in plants and food science to enhance the quality of plant products. It may help plants absorb more nutrients, and it is also applied to mitigate stress conditions. The main objective of Chapter 7 is to summarize research on the effects of Si supplementation on plant growth and changes in stress resistance under abiotic and biotic stress conditions, as well as to evaluate Si uptake and deposition in floricultural crops. Chapter 8 discusses the agronomic, physiological and biochemical, and genetic and proteomic responses of different crop genotypes in the alleviation of salt stress that result by supplying Si. Further, advance- ments with a combination of molecular and genetic studies in Si transport and functions in different crop genotypes will help understand its complete role under abiotic stress conditions like salinity. Chapter 9 reveals the Si-mediated regulations of genes and secondary metabolites under abiotic and biotic stress. Chapter 10 demonstrates the role of Si in plant roots and their response to elevated concentrations of heavy metals, like Cd, Zn, Cr, and Cu, and toxic concentrations of other metals and metalloids, like Al, Mn, As, and Sb. Chapter 11 deals with silicon uptake and translocation mechanisms in plants, recent advances, and the future perspective. Chapter 12 briefly discusses the mechanisms involved in the alleviation of chromium toxicity by the application of silicon under vii viii Preface chromium toxicity. Chapter 13 describes the role of silicon in plants, as well as its present scenario and future prospects. Chapter 14 discusses the beneficial impact of silicon, which could reduce Cd stress in plants by complexation and coprecipitation and deposition of Cd with Si in different plant parts. Chapter 15 is based on the positive roles of silicon in improving drought tolerance in plants, and a variety of genes are also overexpressed by silicon in many drought-stressed plants. Chapter 16 demonstrates that because of all its beneficial effects, silicon should be included as one of the important nutrients in modern crop fertilization in the near future. Chapter 17 reveals the benefi- cial impact of silicon in the regulation of the antioxidant defense system against abiotic stresses in plants. Chapter 18 discusses silicon nutrition and rice crop improvement in Iran, including recent advances and future perspectives. Chapter 19 demonstrates the efficacy of silicon against aluminum toxicity in plants and the mechanisms involved. This volume has a wide range of information regarding the role of silicon in plants and their growth and development, physiological and molecular responses, and responses against various abiotic stresses. All the chapters in this book have been published keeping intact the authors’ jus- tifications; consequently, appropriate editorial changes were made wherever they were found com- pulsory. We tried our best to gather information on different aspects related to the silicon and plant intraction research for this volume; however, there is still a possibility of some errors creeping into the book, for which we seek readers’ indulgence and feedback. We are very thankful to the authors for their valuable contribution. We are also very thankful to CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, particularly Randy Brehm, sectional editor of biological science; Amanda Parida, editorial assis- tant of chemical and life sciences; and Jill J. Jurgensen, senior project coordinator, editorial project development, all of whom were directly or indirectly associated with us in this project, for their con- stant help, valuable suggestions, and efforts in bringing out the timely publication of this volume. Durgesh Kumar Tripathi Vijay Pratap Singh Parvaiz Ahmad Devendra Kumar Chauhan Sheo Mohan Prasad About the Editors Dr. Durgesh Kumar Tripathi works as a UGC Dr. D. S. Kothari Postdoctoral Fellow in the Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Dr. Tripathi earned his D. Phil. degree from D. D. Pant Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India. His main research area is Crop stress physiology, Plant biotechnology, Agro-nanotechnology, Plant molecular biology, Phytolith, and applications of Laser- spectroscopy for the study of several plant materials. His research interest is to obtain novel abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms to plants. He has published more than 50 national and international research papers, review articles and several book chapters in international books. He is a life mem- ber of several academic and professional societies and an editor and reviewer of several interna- tional journals of repute. Dr. Vijay Pratap Singh is an assistant professor, Department of Botany, Government Ramanuj Pratap Singhdev Post Graduate College, Baikunthpur, Koriya, an affiliated degree college of Sarguja University, Chhattisgarh, India. Dr. Singh earned his D. Phil. degree from the University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India, in the study of oxidative stress and antioxidant systems in some cyanobacteria simultaneously exposed to ultraviolet B and heavy metals. He has authored 49 pub- lications, as well as editorials, in international journals of repute. His research interest is abiotic stress tolerance in cyanobacteria and plants. Dr. Singh is also an editor and reviewer of several international journals of repute. Dr. Parvaiz Ahmad is senior assistant professor in the Department of Botany at Sri Pratap College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. He completed his postgraduation in botany in 2000 from Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India. After earning a doctorate degree from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India, he joined the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, in 2007. His main research area is stress physiology and molecular biology. He has published more than 50 research papers in peer-reviewed journals and 35 book chapters. He is also an editor of 14 volumes (1 with Studium Press Pvt. India Ltd., 9 with Springer, 3 with Elsevier, and 1 with John Wiley). He is a recipient of the Junior Research Fellowship and Senior Research Fellowship by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, India. Dr. Parvaiz has been awarded the Young Scientist Award under the fast-track scheme in 2007 by the Department of Science and Technology, India. Dr. Parvaiz is actively engaged in studying the molecular and physiobiochemical responses of different agricultural and horticultural plants under environmental stress. Prof. Devendra Kumar Chauhan is a professor in the Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India. Professor Chauhan earned his M. Sc. and D. Phil. degrees from the University of Allahabad. He has published more than 100 research papers, review articles, and book chapters in journals of national and international repute and has also pub- lished one edited book. His main research areas are agro-nanotechnology, anatomy, stress physiology, evolutionary botany, morphology, and biodiversity. Professor Chauhan is a member of the National Academy of Science, Allahabad, India, and a life member and fellow of several academic and professional societies. He is also an editor and reviewer for several international journals of repute. ix