The Sikh Bulletin mwG-P`gx 548 nwnkSwhI January-February 2017 ॥ ੴਸਤਿਨਾਮੁਕਰਿਾਪੁਰਖੁਤਨਰਭਉਤਨਰਵੈਰੁਅਕਾਲਮੂਰਤਿਅਜੂਨੀਸੈਭੰ ਗੁਰਪਰਸਾਤਿ Ik oaʼnkār saṯ nām karṯā purakẖ nirbẖa▫o nirvair a kāl mūraṯ ajūnī saibẖaʼn gur parsāḏ. THE SIKH BULLETIN GURU NANAK AN D HIS BANI January-February 2017 mwG-P`gx 548 nwnkSwhI [email protected] Volume 19 Number 1&2 Published by: Hardev Singh Shergill, President, Khalsa Tricentennial Foundation of N.A. Inc; 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA 95762, USA Fax (916) 933-5808 Khalsa Tricentennial Foundation of N.A. Inc. is a religious tax-exempt California Corporation. In This Issue/qqkrw GUEST EDITORIAL Guest Editorial: Guru Nanak’s Unique Ideology....1 [Editor’s Note: Principal Sawan Singh Gogia’s articles have There are Many Ways to Love the Creator by Harbans Lal, PhD., D.Lit. (hons)............................4 appeared in the Sikh Bulletin from its inception. This article by him Sikhism Academic Forum: Guru Nanak’s so well encapsulates my view of Guru Nanak’s philosophy so well Mind and Historical Research Part 1 of 3 by that I present this to the readers as Guest Editorial] Sulakhan S. Dhillon, Berkeley, CA.................7 Sikhism Academic Forum: Guru Nanak’s GURU NANAK’S UNIQUE IDEOLOGY Mind and Historical Research Part 2 of 3 by Sulakhan S. Dhillon, Berkeley, CA................15 Sikhism Academic Forum: Guru Nanak’s Guru Nanak’s ideology is unique in many ways. He was Mind and Historical Research Part 3 of 3 by among the first Scientist Philosophers who rejected faith Sulakhan S. Dhillon, Berkeley, CA...............20 based philosophies with reason based dialogue. He linked the personal salvation of a man with his social salvation and this linkage is of immense and revolutionary importance. Guru ....................................27 Nanak’s personal experience is unique and quite different from the other systems prevalent in India. He chose the householder’s life for personal growth, raised his voice for the uplift of women and against the cruel rulers and invades. Guru Nanak’s Concept of ‘God’ Guru Nanak’s concept of ‘God’ in other religions is summed up in the basic formula called the commencing verse of Sri Guru Granth Sahib in which Nanak has used the Panjabi word Kartar, in English Creator, to describe what Christianity calls God, Muslims Allah and multiple names by Hindus. Panjabi and English languages are members of the Indo- European language family. Kartar in Panjabi and Creator in English mean exactly the same thing. Consonants give sound Technical Associate to the words. The consonants in Kartar and Creator are Amrinder Singh exactly the same in both languages. If you remove the vowels This issue of the Sikh Bulletin is only in electronic format we are left with KRTR in Panjabi and CRTR in English. being sent to those whose email addresses we have. If you or someone you know would like to receive it please provide the email address. You may also pass it along to In all religions ‘God’ is shown as masculine but in Guru those on your email list. Nanak’s philosophy Kartar/Creator has no human The views expressed by the authors are their own. Please attributes. Hence in this article word ‘God’ would be send the feedback and inputs to: replaced by Kartar/Creator and He, Him and His with It, [email protected] O u r W e b s i t e : w w w . s i k h b u l l e tKin.. cTo. mF. of N. A. Inc. 3I52t4s Raonckdy RYidogeu W. a y, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 1 The Sikh Bulletin mwG-P`gx 548 nwnkSwhI January-February 2017 For Guru Nanak, Kartar/Creator is both Hindu and no Musalman in His eyes. He Transcendent and Immanent. Guru Nanak says advocated that we are all children of the same Kartar/Creator is both visible and invisible. It is Kartar/Creator: invisible because It is Un-manifest and Unapproachable. It is Manifest because It abides swihbu myrw eyko hY ] eyko hY BweI eyko hY ](SGGS:350) within all the beings: Sahib mera aeko Hai Bhai--- ‘My Master is One; It is the One and Only symbolized as <, O One Kartar/Creator. shs qv nYn nn nYn hih qoih kau shs mUriq nnw eyk quoih[(SGGS:13) Guru Nanak reiterated his firm belief in the equality of all human beings and their fundamental 'You have thousands of eyes, rights. Guru Nanak writes that Kartar/Creator’s and yet You have no eyes. light pervades in everyone and is radiant within You have thousands of forms, all: and yet You do not have even one.' In the eyes of Guru Nanak Kartar/Creator is siB mih joiq joiq hY soie[ Creative, Benevolent and Gracious: iqs dY cwnix sB mih cwnxu hoie[(SGGS: 13) 'Amongst all is the Light-You are that Light. By this Illumination that Light is radiant within all.' sc KMif vsY inrMkwru] kir kir vyKY ndir inhwl ] (SGGS: 8) He spoke against caste system both by percept and ‘The Formless Kartar/Creator abides in the example. He chose to dine and live with persons realm of Truth. Having created the creation, It of low caste like Bhai Lalo and ignored the watches over it. By Its grace It bestows invitation of a rich landlord, Malik Bhago. He happiness.’ believed in humanity and aimed at creating a casteless society. He established the institution of According to Guru Nanak the world is not only Langar, Sangat and Pangat so that his disciples real but it is a meaningful place where only sat and ate together. During his missionary tours, Kartar/Creator’s will works and an ideal life for his sole companion was a low caste Muslim, man is to live according to the will of the Mardana: Kartar/Creator: krmI Awpo AwpxI ky nyVY ky dUir ](SGGS:8) hukmY AMdir sBu ko bwhir hukm n koie](SGGS: 1) ‘Everyone is subject to Its Command, the Laws karamee aapo aapanee kae naerrai kae dhoor According to their own actions, some are drawn of Nature; no one is beyond Its Command.’ closer, and some are driven farther away from Kartar/Creator. Universal Love Guru Nanak led us on the path of universal love He taught us dignity of labor and advocated honest and taught us to forget the distinction of caste and earning, sharing with the needy: creed. He wanted to establish equality and fraternity among human beings. From the start of his mission he laid stress on social equality and Gwil Kwie ikCu hQhu dyie ] brotherhood. His first words after his nwnk rwhu pCwxih syie ] (SGGS:1245) enlightenment that there is neither ‘Hindu nor ‘One who works for what he eats, and gives some Muslim’ are extremely meaningful. There was no of what he has, O Nanak, knows the right way.’ K. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 2 The Sikh Bulletin mwG-P`gx 548 nwnkSwhI January-February 2017 He rejected monasticism and begging: According to Guru Nanak’s ideology, our deeds in this world will determine our nearness to the guru pIru sdwey mMgx jwie ] Kartar/Creator. qw kY mUil n lgIAY pwie ](SGGS: 1245) ‘Do not touch the feet of a person who calls Gur pir saddai mangan jaae || himself a guru or a spiritual teacher, while he goes around begging.’ Guru Nanak was humility personified: nIcw AMdir nIc jwiq nIcI hU Aiq nIcu] Status of Women in Society nwnku iqn kY sMig swiQ vifAw isau ikAw rIs] Guru Nanak was the first man who raised his (SGGS:15) voice for the uplift of women more than 500 years ‘Nanak seeks the company of the lowest of the ago when other religions were treating and are still low, the very lowest of the low. Why should he try treating women as inferior to men. In some to compete with the high?’ religions, she was considered a hurdle in the path of heaven and sin-born. In Catholic Christianity Householder’s Life and Dignity of Labor women have not been made priests even up till Guru Nanak completely rejected asceticism, today. Guru Nanak said why call woman impure renunciation and withdrawal from life. After when she gives birth to great men and without completing his missionary tours, Guru Nanak woman there would be none: settled at Kartarpur as a householder and worked as a peasant in this commune. He advised his so ikau mMdw AwKIAY ijqu jMmih rwjwn ](SGGS:473) successor, Guru Angad, to settle at Khadur Sahib ‘So why call her bad from whom great men are with his family. His mission was salvation of the born?’ whole society and not the salvation of a few. We find no ascetics among his followers; rather the BMfhu hI BMfu aUpjY BMfY bwJu n koie ] ascetics were deliberately excluded. Guru Nanak condemned Yogis for being idlers and not being nwnk BMfY bwhrw eyko scw soie ](SGGS:473) ashamed of begging from householders whose life From woman, woman is born; without woman, they criticized: there would be no one at all. Guru Nanak says that only Kartar/Creator is born without women. Gir Gir mwgq lwj n lwgY ](SGGS:903) Criticism of the Cruel Rulers and Invaders ghar ghar maagath laaj n laagai ||1|| rehaao || Guru Nanak’s ideology did not allow him to ‘You beg from door to door, and you don't feel remain silent against the unjust rulers and cruel ashamed. invaders. He openly and fearlessly raised his forceful voice against them and awakened the To Guru Nanak truthful living is higher than the oppressed people. In his eyes these cruel rulers truth itself: were like fierce tigers and their ministers behaved like mad dogs who oppress the innocent people: schu ErY sBu ko aupir scu Awcwru] (SGGS:62) Sachahu ourai sabh ko oupar sach aachaar rwjy sIh mukdm kuqy] jwie jgwiein@ bYTy suqy ](SGGS: 1288) Truth is higher than everything; but higher still “The kings are like tigers, and their underlings is truthful living. like dogs: they prey upon innocent unwary people, plundering them.” K. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 3 The Sikh Bulletin mwG-P`gx 548 nwnkSwhI January-February 2017 kil kwqI rwjy kwsweI Drmu pMK kir aufirAw ] clear instructions to organize a society as directed (SGGS:145) by him. Guru Nanak’s mission of social salvation of mankind and casteless society would have 'The Dark Age of Kali Yuga is the knife, and the remained unfulfilled if he had not established the kings are butchers; righteousness has sprouted institution of succession which ended with the wings and flown away.” creation of the Khalsa by the tenth master who followed in the footsteps of Guru Nanak and About Babar, the mighty Mughal invader, he faithfully upheld the broad principles of Guru remarked: Nanak’s philosophy. Bhatt Satta and Balvand have rightly said about pwp kI jM\ lY kwblhu DwieAw jorI mMgY dwnu vy lwlo ] Guru Nanak’s successors: ( SGGS: 722) “Bringing the ‘marriage party of sin’, Babar joiq Ehw jugiq swie sih kwieAw Pyir pltIAY invaded from Kabul, demanding our land as his ](SGGS: 966) wedding gift, O Lalo.” ‘They shared the One Light and the same Philosophy, just changed the body’. Guru Nanak’s criticism was loud and serious, and Sawan Singh Gogia not an empty rhetoric. He even criticized Kartar/Creator for allowing the oppression of the ***** weak to take place: THERE ARE MANY WAYS TO LOVE eyqI mwr peI krlwxy qYN kI drdu n AwieAw ] THE CREATOR (SGGS: 360) December 3, 2016 There was so much slaughter that the people by Harbans Lal, PhD., D.Lit. (hons) agonized, didn’t You feel compassion, O Source: seekingwisdomblog.wordpress.com Kartar/Creator?’ Combination between the personal life of a man and his empirical life was first established by Guru Nanak. According to Guru Nanak, kingdom of Kartar/Creator is not in a mythological heaven, but on this earth and we make our life hell or heaven by our own actions in this life. The guru directs us to give up our egocentric activities and rise to be a superman. His ideology is to establish link between the individual salvation and the social salvation of a man. It is for belief in both the I admire Pope Francis for undertaking a transcendence and immanence of Kartar/Creator. worldwide year of events to promote the Guru Nanak’s mission was to ferry human beings acceptance of diversity within Christianity, which across the turbulent sea of life. Guru Nanak’s has come to accept a wide range of Protestant and ideology is, ‘give up mammon and not the Catholic beliefs. The inaugural event was a recent world.’ ecumenical service led by the Pope in Sweden. It was a run up to the 500th anniversary of Martin The Institution of Succession Luther’s challenge, which resulted in the greatest An important feature of Guru Nanak’s ideology is schism in western Christianity and led to a string the appointment of a successor who was given of religious wars. K. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 4 The Sikh Bulletin mwG-P`gx 548 nwnkSwhI January-February 2017 What is now apparent from the history of the human race is that the law of diversity equally applies to the survival and progression of cultures, ideologies and faiths. The history of Christianity as briefly described above is a powerful witness. The Christian tale is similar to Islam where Sunni and Shia factions are daily witness to their own destruction in the absence of accepting diversity. The Sikhs too cannot escape the blame. There too evolved diversity such as Sehajdhari Sikhs, Khande-di-Pahuldhari Sikhs, Namdhari Sikhs, Nirankari Sikhs, Nanak Panthi Sikhs, Nirmala Sometime after the demise of the Prophet, the Sikhs, Dalit Sikhs, and so on. The secret of Catholic Church began to drift into hollow rituals advancement in religions as Buddhism, Judaism and exploitation of the innocent under the and Hinduism lies in their acceptance of diversity. guidance of self-appointed heirs. That exploitation gave birth to a courageous reformer, Martin What is pertinent to this discussion is that, in spite Luther, a Professor of Theology who later became of several daring examples, many religious a priest in order to undertake church’s reformation. fundamentalists or fanatics continue to worship On 31 October 1517, Martin Luther walked to a the zeal of uniformity and they continue to attempt church in the German town of Wittenberg and punishing diversity among their own faith nailed a document – his 95 theses – to its wooden communities. Regrettably, many Sikh sangats and doors. That lightened the fuse of the Reformation their governing institutions are no exception. In and the birth of many Christian denominations. some places there are reports their even becoming Then Luther burned the Papal Bull that militant to impose uniformity. excommunicated him. A MESSAGE OF DIVERSITY Christian leaders and congregations will spend the next 12 months promoting activities to accept the diversity that crept into their practices and recognize the centuries of division. Francis will lead prayers asking “forgiveness for divisions perpetuated by Christians from the two traditions”. UNITY IN DIVERSITY Diversity is a law of nature that is decisively essential not only for survival of the species but also for growth and propagation of creation; the greater the diversity of life, the greater the chance for survival. Adaptive responses to new challenges such as climate change, advancement of science, Guru Nanak anticipated the new historical age resistance against illness, and medical discoveries as comprising a worldwide community of ever or economic developments are essential to not increasingly close-knit global villages. Here only survival but to new growth. cultures and religions, which were once isolated K. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 5 The Sikh Bulletin mwG-P`gx 548 nwnkSwhI January-February 2017 from one another, would live as close agenda. The aim was to benefit diverse civil neighbors. At the same time, new ideas and societies. insights from science and technology will season the interaction between and among faiths, and between the faith and culture of the faith people. He, with nine successors, prepared the worlds’ communities to benefit from what was coming.all-religions-infographic Guru Nanak’s own lifestyle, his extensive travels, his famous interfaith dialogues; they all attest to the fact that Guru Nanak was a promoter of interfaith dialogue that drove appreciation of diversity. He visited major religious centers located far and wide to promote interfaith dialogues. He wore a wide variety of religious robes popular in respective faiths and cultures. He acquired over a dozen different honorific titles by faith communities. They included Baba, Lama, Pir, Guru, Faqir, etc. THE COMPILATION OF THE GURU GRANTH Guru Arjan followed Guru Nanak’s footsteps and compiled the first world scripture, the Guru The multiple co-authors of the Guru Granth Granth, where he invited multiple co-authors promote appreciation of diversity and enunciate selected from widely diverse backgrounds. He the spiritual philosophy of Ek Onkaar, the One made use of a language which allowed for Reality manifested in all Creation, where each diversity, and which enjoyed wide currency in the individual longs for divine attributes within each whole of Southeast Asia as well as in the Mid- person and within each creature with a sense of East. He employed metaphors from all cultures to gratitude. The Guru Granth gives the highest encourage continual interpretation for emerging allegiance to the power and grace of Truth and its civil societies. creative energy that operates through every one and through all ages. Nanak’s pronouncement of From the Guru Granth, we learn that each faith is the Truth as the highest religion is a powerful inspired by a unique vision of the Divine and statement. many faiths had developed into distinct ethnic identities within and without. Each perceives the Divine as the source of unity in diversity of ॥ SGGS, p. 1188 ਏਕੋ ਧਰਮੁ ਤਿਰੜੈ ਸਚੁ ਕਈੋ creation and evolving cultures. In reality there is only one faith/religion (Dharma), that is, to assertively enshrine the Guru Granth’s compilation created a philosophical Eternal Truth system based on “unity in diversity” that celebrates the unique merits of each particular Under the Sikh traditions, congregations of diverse approach to the divine reality, yet it also provides compositions are welcome. A typical Sikh a way to weld each into a cohesive common congregation exhibiting diversity is seen in K. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 6 The Sikh Bulletin mwG-P`gx 548 nwnkSwhI January-February 2017 prayers and singing conducted by variety of seeker would have been all uniformity; the diversity in (shown in the title photo) and sharing of a meal at religious circles, diverse scriptures and diverse the close of the congregational proceedings shown modes of worship would have taken wings. In below. Diversity in the attendance of Sikh favor of one religion, the others would have been Congregations is inherent and is continually destroyed and their sacred places smashed. Sin encouraged. would have replaced the virtues. RESPONSE TO THE CHALLENGE In the memory of unparalleled sacrifices of Guru The Guru Granth challenges the religious people Gobind Singh, let us strive for respecting diversity of the world to realize spirituality in their own in our faith practices by communities throughout faiths and work constructively with members of the world. The Universal Scripture of the Guru other traditions towards realization of the Truth. Granth glorified the diversity by stating that it was We learn that a vision of the healing light of the wish of our creator. spirituality overcomes the social and ideological ॥ ਮੇਰੈ ਪਰਤਭਸਾਚੈਇਕੁਖੇਲੁ ਰਚਾਇਆ issues that underlie much of the conflict between ॥ SGGS, p. 1056My religions and the exploitation by illusionary ਕੋਇਨ ਤਕਸਹੀਜੇਹਾ ਉਪਾਇਆ materialism. Divine Creator has performed a sacred spectacle that He has created no one like anyone else. Let us not be bitter, discriminatory or violent against those who differ from us in one thing or the other. They should not be perceived as adversaries or as competitors, but instead be acknowledged for what they are: brothers and sisters in faith. All wisdom seekers (Sikhs) must seek and promote unity in congregations, organizations, groups, institutions, and in our diaspora societies throughout the world. Obviously, from unity I never mean uniformity. Harbans Lal, PhD; D.Litt (hons) Emeritus Professor and Chairman, Dept of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center. Professor Emeritus, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India. President, Academy of Guru Granth Studies. Let us welcome diversity within and without our web: https://seekingwisdomblog.wordpress.com email: [email protected] society. Guru Gobind Singh sacrificed his life and his family to fight against the uniformity of the ***** religion that the Mughals wanted to bring about. Bhai Santokh Singh, the eminent historian, SIKHISM: ACADEMIC FORUM summarized Guru Gobind Singh’s Guru Nanak’s Mind & Historical Research accomplishment in preserving Diversity in Part 1of 3 opposition to uniformity in these powerful words Sulakhan S. Dhillon, Berkeley, CA (translation of the original text by the author). [From Sikh Bulletin April 2003] Were Guru Gobind Singh not there at the critical Guru Nanak (1469-1539), who has passed through juncture of Indian history (Mogul era), there history, left a theological legacy that, in the last K. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 7 The Sikh Bulletin mwG-P`gx 548 nwnkSwhI January-February 2017 five hundred years, has become the Sikh religious historical research in general and of McLeod’s tradition for over twenty million people spread out work on Guru Nanak’s historical identity in worldwide. The events of the early and late 17th particular. Since Guru Nanak is the founder of century, that introduced militarism into the Sikh religious tradition, all the eyes are upon him tradition, along with its expanding appeal among to know him as accurately as possible. Therefore, the rural masses, giving them solid theological in this respect, it is important to know his mind base, determined the basic structure of the Sikh than his historical existence. As we look critically, society. This growth gave them the cohesive we find that some of the historical images of Guru strength to withstand the political onslaughts Nanak overshadow the knowledge of his mind, so forced on them by the Mogul rulers of Northern we must critique history’s conclusions in this India. These factors in the tradition neither respect. This will incorporate, the discussion of the changed nor altered the “theological form” of extent of historical knowledge, the impact of the Guru Nanak’s vision but preserved and protected analytical thinking on the nature of knowledge, the the tradition. For the last five centuries, the Sikh role of facts, the meaning of the premises and of tradition has pushed forward and claimed its own the inferences supplying historical conclusions to rightful place, both as a world religion and as a us. Also, we will distinguish briefly, the objective distinct culture. Now, the questions, such as who and subjective methodologies of obtaining are the Sikhs and what is their belief system, are knowledge. Since Guru Nanak’s vision is not alien to the aware mind. Also, it has found subjective in nature, it is imperative that this issue legitimacy and rapid growth in the academic is clarified so that we comprehend the nature of world. his mind as accurately as possible. In recent times, the skillful historical work of Hew The major claim of Guru Nanak’s belief system, McLeod, a native of New Zealand, exploring the which we perceive evolving from his writings, the genesis 0f Sikhism through the historical identity “Bani”, is the theory of Ethical Realism. We of Guru Nanak, has brought a new era in Sikh have to go through the critique of relevant issues studies while raising serious eyebrows of the to clearly establish that. The critical treatment of interested scholars of Sikhism, while at the same some of the related segments is an attempt to clear time, it has generated a storm of reactions among the perceptual path to achieve comprehension of the believers of Sikhism that had the effect of his mind. Though we can be pulled to more waking Sikhs from their “dogmatic slumber”1. epistemological details and create more confusion, Both negative and positive reactions, have been but the restraint shall be exercised to keep the phenomenal in this case, but in this atmosphere, discussion brief and clear and to the point. unfortunately, the debate got muddled up which However, this may bring some repetitive treatment ought to have produced fruitful scholarship in Sikh of some of the terms and ideas, necessary for the studies. Nonetheless, it has brought it forward and contextual coherence, which would be kept to the established norms thereby placing the Sikh studies minimum. in par with the scholarly study of other religious thought of the world. This indeed, is a good As we look at the genesis of the Sikh tradition, development and an enormous contribution of Guru Nanak’s personal vision holds the central McLeod. position of a prime mover, both historically and theologically. Immediately, one wonders whether 1. The issues his vision is direct revelation or the result of the In the following discussion, in the philosophical historical derivation from the other religious framework, we would address and critique some tradition, which, of course, has to be argued out. of the segments of the issues involved in the We perceive that it is a direct revelation on K. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 8 The Sikh Bulletin mwG-P`gx 548 nwnkSwhI January-February 2017 which historical research imposes its nature of our modern world. Also, in the modern methodology and confuses the nature of his period, Arnold Toynbee (1889-1975) sees history direct vision. Also, many other accounts of Guru as the study of human phenomena as they move Nanak complicate the problem in presenting us through time and space. He perceives man and with various ambiguous images that are nature as the dominant agents of change. Of mythological, legendary and artistic about his time course, these are the theoretical views of the and life. They tell only the external story of Guru philosophy of history. But to discover an event or Nanak’s humane existence, but to find out the the knowledge of a person such as the theological internal reality of his mind, beyond these images, identity of Guru Nanak‘s mind, we have to take we have to look into his writings, the “Bani”, departure from these theoretical views. where we can find the systematic “theological form”. This form, we perceive to be the originality As our focus changes, we employ more controlled of his mind and shall argue philosophically, that it method of discovering specific events in specific is consistent and systematic and can easily be time and place to construct a specific story. This perceived as the theory of Ethical Realism as emphasis is more scientific in nature and in this stated before. In order to establish that inquiry we find that some facts, ideas and events successfully, we have to critique the historical are considered knowable while others may or may images that appear to be overlapping this reality. not be known. We become more precise in the Therefore, the legitimate critique of history, in this method of knowing as to how the known is regard becomes challenging and necessary. known. 2. History & historicity Historian’s memory recalls events that may give History in its wider perspective, compared to the useful knowledge but the memory and its contents specific or scientific knowledge of an event or a in themselves can be doubted for their truth or person, encompasses a vast reservoir of falsity because we are pulling the past to the information of the forces, events, ideas and present vantage point to determine its true nature. movements that can unfold their own historical Also, in this process we immediately experience a knowledge. Also, it can provide us with the useful vast gulf of time between us and the past for and formal understanding of the nature of the which we do not have any knowledge what it world past and present in which these forces are contains. We are left to the possibility of operative and create the phenomenological reality interpretation of what we find. How then, do we of their own. account for the accurate knowledge of the past events? An accurate knowledge in this respect Theoretically, the concept of world history has may turn out to be a mere hypothesis. As we been formulated by philosophers like Hegel (early critique available logical conclusions that may or 19th century) as a phenomenon that has its own may not be logical in the strict sense of the logic, inherent patterns and evolution in time determined we remain unsatisfied. Under such circumstances, by the forces of logic beyond the control of man. the discovery of Guru Nanak’s mind and his true Other thinkers such as Carl Marx (late 19th identity, established five hundred years ago, poses century) give deterministic idea of history shaped a serious epistemological problem as to how do by the economic and political forces. This idea of we accurately know him beyond historical world history is dynamic in which man works accounts? positively in shaping the nature of the global society. In the 20th century, in this process, we We are limited to some of the evidences and their also observe man, time and changes intertwined examination to construct this knowledge. This working as the powerful dynamics in shaping the means that all the events, evidences as well as K. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 9 The Sikh Bulletin mwG-P`gx 548 nwnkSwhI January-February 2017 their inferences and conclusions come under strict be legitimate in the light of the spirit of free scrutiny. Also, it implies that all possible inquiry and dialectics. The intellectuals and the interpretations of the findings are open to new academicians are fond of analyses and dialectics interpretations equally valid and sound, which where the issues are clearly defined and makes this process a continuum. Also, the understood. Wittgenstein says, “The object of methods and tools for discovering new knowledge philosophy is the logical clarification of thoughts... that in themselves, are open to fresh critique. This A philosophical work consists entirely of stirring process appears to be the nature and elucidation. The result of philosophy is not a pattern of obtaining critical knowledge. How else number of propositions, but to make our could it be? propositions clear.”3 Therefore, philosophy should not be a heavy burden on man’s mind but the 3. Guru Nanak’s identity - historical & relief of it. It is a matter of wonder why people theological. seem to disbelieve this. The true identity of Guru Nanak and his mind has to be constructed from what he said as well as Knowing the theological identity of Guru Nanak from the various accounts and interpretations or his mind, the meaning of his message in the bearing on it. In the present literature, Guru Nanak environment of the time, are the most crucial is presented to us in several identities such as problems. We need to look, analytically, beyond historical identity, theological identity, social the historical perceptions because we find that identity, philosophical identity and sant-faqir historical knowledge is only his partial identity identity as well as several artistic images. This hence is not the reality of his mind. Therefore, we throws us in utter confusion that requires the must go beyond the historical perceptions that can examination of the impact of all these areas to overlap his theological identity, his mind that we establish the accurate perception of his mind. perceive to be different from what his historical identity provides us. The analytical and philosophical tools that are available and generally applied in analytic, come In reality Guru Nanak that is believed and revered to interplay. This pushes the inquiry to the by his followers, is an undifferentiated figure, philosophical details. As Prof. P. McKeon said, historical and theological rolled in one, that makes “Any problem pushed far enough is the most important contribution to the spiritual philosophical”.2 Therefore, the role of critical heritage of mankind in general sense and lays the philosophizing, in this respect becomes necessary foundation of Sikh religious tradition in particular. and throws this discussion strictly, in the lap of Both history and theology can claim him but these analytical philosophy and possibly creates some claims have two different meanings. Both history stress for those who do not have any taste for and theology, with their well-established philosophy, let alone analytic, for which we can methodologies, make tremendous contributions to only extend our sympathies. our knowledge but their proximity to each other causes some confusion. These two notions of Guru Guru Nanak’s imagination transcends the Nanak lead us to two different directions. phenomenological reality of the world and reaches the heights of Western literary giants like Plato’s The historical story of Guru Nanak is different (late 5th century B.C.) Idea of the Good, Spinoza’s from his theological mind; hence the message is (mid-17th century) concept of the Substance as different from the messenger. Without carefully well as of Kant’s (mid-18th century) notion of distinguishing the story from his teachings it will Neumenon (things -in-themselves) and others. be difficult to perceive the nature of his mind. The Though these comparisons are unusual but seem to story is external or “about” Guru Nanak and not K. T. F. of N. A. Inc. 3524 Rocky Ridge Way, El Dorado Hills, CA. 95762 10