Springer Aerospace Technology Vereshchagin A. V. · Zatuchny D. A. · Sinitsyn V. A. · Sinitsyn E. A. · Shatrakov Y. G. Signal Processing of Airborne Radar Stations Plane Flight Control in Difficult Meteoconditions Springer Aerospace Technology The Springer Aerospace Technology series isdevoted tothe technology of aircraft and spacecraft including design, construction, control and the science. The books present the fundamentals and applications in all fields related to aerospace engineering. The topics include aircraft, missiles, space vehicles, aircraft engines, propulsion units and related subjects. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8613 Vereshchagin A. V. Zatuchny D. A. (cid:129) (cid:129) Sinitsyn V. A. Sinitsyn E. A. (cid:129) (cid:129) Shatrakov Y. G. Signal Processing of Airborne Radar Stations fi Plane Flight Control in Dif cult Meteoconditions 123 Vereshchagin A.V. Zatuchny D.A. St.Petersburg, Russia Moscow,Russia Sinitsyn V.A. Sinitsyn E.A. St.Petersburg, Russia St.Petersburg, Russia Shatrakov Y.G. St.Petersburg, Russia ISSN 1869-1730 ISSN 1869-1749 (electronic) SpringerAerospace Technology ISBN978-981-13-9987-9 ISBN978-981-13-9988-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9988-6 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Contents 1 The Detection and Assessment of Meteorological Object Parameters by Airborne RS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Flight of Air Vehicles in Wind and Atmospheric Turbulence . . . . 1 1.1.1 The Spatial Wind Field in the Earth’s Boundary Layer . . . 1 1.1.2 Wind Shear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.3 Atmospheric Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2 The Detection of Wind Shears, Dangerous for Flights and Zones of Intensive Turbulence with the Use of Airborne RS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3 The Requirements to Airborne RS at the Detection of Zones of Dangerous Wind Shears and Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.3.1 The Requirements to a Zone, Method and Period of RS Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.3.2 The Requirements to the RS Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.3.3 The Requirements to the RS Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.3.4 The Requirements to Parameters of the RS Probing Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.3.5 The Requirements to the Pattern of the RS AS . . . . . . . . . 22 1.3.6 The Requirements to the RS Energy Potential. . . . . . . . . . 23 1.3.7 The Requirements to the Dynamic Range of the RS Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.4 Condition of Developments of the Domestic and Foreign RS Providing the Assessment of Zones of Dangerous MO . . . . . . 24 1.4.1 The Analysis of the Condition of Researches on Determination of the MO Parameters by Land RS. . . . . . . 24 1.4.2 The Analysis of the Condition of Domestic and Foreign Developments of Airborne RS Regarding Detection and Danger Assessment of MO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 v vi Contents 1.5 Improvement of Methods of Processing of MO Signals in Airborne RS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2 The Mathematical Model of Detection of Meteorological Objects by Airborne RS and the Assessment of Danger for Air Vehicles Flights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.1 The Structure of the Mathematical Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.2 The Model of a Meteorological Object in the Conditions of Wind Shear and Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.2.1 The Parameters of a Meteorological Object Affecting the Efficiency of Radar Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.2.2 The Model of a Meteorological Object in the Presence of Wind Shear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.2.3 The Model of a Meteorological Object in the Conditions of Intensive Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.3 The Mathematical Model of Movement of the Carrier of Airborne RS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.4 The Mathematical Model of a MO Radio Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.4.1 The Structure of the Radio Signal Reflected by MO . . . . . 51 2.4.2 The Power Characteristics of the Radio Signal Reflected by MO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.4.3 TheSpectralCharacteristicsoftheRadioSignalReflected by MO in the Conditions of Wind Shear and Turbulence of the Atmosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 2.4.4 InfluenceoftheCarrierMovementonSpectralandPower Characteristics of the R Signals Reflected by Meteoobjects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 2.4.5 The Use of Parametric Models for the Description of the Signal Reflected by MO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 2.5 The Mathematical Model of a Path of Processing of Signals of an Airborne RS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 3 The Methods and Algorithms of Processing of Signals Improving Observability and Accuracy of the Assessment of Parameters of Meteorological Objects of Airborne Radar Stations . . . . . . . . . . . 97 3.1 The Methods and Algorithms of Processing of Signals of Airborne Meteo RS for the Assessment of Frequency and Width of a MO Doppler Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 3.1.1 NonparametricMethodsoftheAssessmentofParameters of a Doppler Spectrum of the Signal Reflected by MO . . . 98 3.1.2 Parametric Methods of the Assessment of Moments of a Doppler Spectrum of the Signal Reflected by MO. . . . . . . 105 Contents vii 3.1.3 The Comparative Analysis of the Methods of Estimation of Parameters of a Doppler Spectrum of the Signal Reflected by MO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 3.2 The Algorithm of Compensation of the Movement of the RS Carrier Increasing the Accuracy of Assessment of the Degree of Meteoobjects Danger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 3.2.1 The Algorithm of Compensation of the Movement of the RS Carrier with External Coherence . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 3.2.2 The Algorithm of Compensation of the Movement of the RS Carrier with Internal Coherence. . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 3.2.3 The Algorithm of “Quasimotionless RS”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 3.2.4 The Analysis of Efficiency of the Algorithms of Compensation of the Movement of the Carrier of Coherent RS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 3.2.5 The Analysis of Influence of Trajectory Irregularities and Elastic Mode of a Structure of the RS Carrier on Efficiency of Compensation of Its Movement . . . . . . . . 164 3.3 The Algorithms of Assessment of Spatial Win Speed Fields and the Degree of Danger of the Found MO by the Results of Measurements of Parameters of a Doppler Spectrum of the Reflected Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 3.3.1 The Algorithm of Assessment of the Danger Degree of Wind Shear Zones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 3.3.2 The Algorithm of the Assessment of the Three- Dimensional Field of Average Wind Speed. . . . . . . . . . . . 172 3.3.3 The Algorithm of the Assessment Danger of Zones of the Increased Atmospheric Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Annex 1.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 189 Annex 2.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 191 Annex 3.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 197 Annex 4.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 207 Annex 5.. .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 211 Bibliography .. .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 215 References.... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 217 Abbreviations AA Airborne avionics AC Amplitude characteristic ACF Autocorrelation function ACM Autocorrelation matrix ADC Analog to digital converter AE Antenna element AFC Automatic-frequency control AFCh Amplitude-frequency characteristic ALC Automatic level control APC Antenna system phase centre APD Amplitude-phase distribution AR Autoregression ARMA Autoregression and moving average AS Antenna system ASC Antenna system of coordinates ASp Air space ATC Air traffic control AV Air vehicle AvC Aviation complex BCS Bound coordinate system CM Centre of mass CO Coherent oscillator computer Computer DP Directional path DS-P Digital signal processing DSP Digital signal processor EER Effective echoing ratio EMS Elastic mode of a structure EMW Electro-magnetic wave FFT Fast Fourier transformation ix x Abbreviations FOS Flight operation safety FPGA Field-programmable gate array HM Hydrometeor HRF High repetition frequency ICAO International civil aviation organization (international civil aviation organization) IFA Intermediate frequency amplifier INS Inertia navigation system LRF Low repetition frequency LSL Level of side lobes LSM Least square method MA Moving average MD Memory device ML Maximum likelihood MO Meteorological object MRF Medium repetition frequency MUSIC Multiplesignalclassification(multiplesignalclassificationmethod) OBC Onboard computer PAA Phased antenna array PCCU Phase centre (position) control unit PCU Phase correction unit PFC Phase-frequency characteristic PrS Probing signal PS Phase shifter PSD Power spectral density PSP Programmable signal processor R Radar RAM Random access memory RMS Root mean square RMSE Root mean square error ROM Read-only memory RP Random process RR Radar reflectivity RS Radar station SINR Signal–interference–noise ratio SMT Selection of moving targets SNR Signal–noise ratio software Software specification Specification TI Trajectory irregularities UHF Ultra-high frequency US Underlying surface WS Wind shear WSAA Waveguide slot array antenna