Sigmund Freud Explorer of the Unconscious Owen Gingerich General Editor Sigmund Freud Explorer of the Unconscious Margaret Muckenhoupt Oxford University Press New York • Oxford To my grandmothers, Sarah Muckenhoupt and Kathryn Heath, my husband Scott, and Hajime, my one-time muse. Oxford University Press Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Bombay Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madras Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi Paris Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright © 1997 by Margaret Muckenhoupt Published by Oxford University Press, Inc., 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Design: Design Oasis Layout: Leonard Levitsky Picture research: Laura Kreiss Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sigmund Freud / by Margaret Muckenhoupt. p. cm. — (Oxford portraits in science) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-509933-8 1. Freud, Sigmund, 1856-1939—-Juvenile literature. 2. Psychoanalysis—Austria—Biography—-Juvenile literature. [1. Freud, Sigmund, 1856-1939. 2. Psychoanalysis.] I. Title. II. Series BF109.F74M83 1996 150.19'52'092—dc20 95-42340 CIP 987654321 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper On the coven Freud in 1929; Inset: Freud in 1909, the year he made his one and only visit to the United States. Frontispiece: Freud holding his customary cigar in a 1929 portrait Contents Chapter I. Origins 9 Chapter 2. Experiments 26 Sidebar: The Rise and Fall of Hypnosis 40 Chapter 3. Conversations 43 Sidebar: Strong Medicine 47 Chapter 4. Explanations 54 Sidebar: Katharina's Cure 63 Chapter 5. Departures 67 Chapter 6. Solutions 81 Chapter 7. Interactions 90 Chapter 8. Reality 105 Chapter 9. Struggles 121 Chapter 10. Exhaustion 134 Epilogue 147 Chronology 150 Further Reading 152 Index 155 Charles Babbage Alexander Graham Bell Nicolaus copernicus Francis Crick & James Watson Marie Curie Enrico Fermi Thomas Edison Albert Einstein michael Faraday Enrico Fermi Benjamin Franklin Sigmund Freud Galileo Galilei William Harvey Joseph Henry Edward Jenner Johannes Kepler Othniel Charles Marsh & Edward Drinker Cope Margaret Mead Gregor Mendel Isaac Newton Louis Pasteur Linus Pauling Ivan Pavlov Ernest Rutherford In the course of the centuries the naive self-love of men has had to submit to two major blows at the hands of science. The first was when they learned that our earth was not the center of the universe but only a tiny fragment of a cosmic system of scarcely imaginable vastness. . . . The second blow fell when biological research destroyed man's supposedly privileged place in creation and proved his descent from the animal kingdom and his ineradi- cable animal nature. . . . But human megalomania will have suf- fered its third and most wounding blow from the psychological research of the present time which seeks to prove to the ego that it is not even master of its own house, but must content itself with scanty information of what is going on unconsciously in its mind. . . . Hence arises the general revolt against our science, the disregards of all considerations of academic civility and the releasing of the opposition from every restraint of impartial logic. —Sigmund Freud, on opposition to psychoanalysis, Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis (1933) After Freud fled Vienna for the safety of London in 1938, he managed to create an exact replica of the office he had had in his home in Vienna, which was filled with ancient artifacts. CHAPTER Origins The entrance to the doctor's office is quite ordinary. He lives and works in a middle-class neighborhood in Vienna, in an apartment house on a quiet city street. You climb the stairs to the residence bearing the name "Prof. Dr. Freud," open the door, and walk into a waiting room. Promptly, the doctor appears for your appointment. He is of medium height, about five feet seven, a bit stooped over, and dressed like a very neat and proper university professor. Yet his dark brown eyes are shining and bright; they seem to pierce you. With an air of authority, he instructs you to enter his chambers. When you walk into the consulting room, you gasp; in this small, dark room, the doctor has created a miniature museum. You stride across a darkly patterned oriental rug and gaze at the treasures that surround you. To your left, you see shelves and shelves of figurines: Egyptian gods molded in pale, dry clay, a camel with two humps, Greek heads with unseeing eyes and curling hair, calm cross-legged Buddhas, coiled snakes, and chalices. You are tempted to pick one up, but somehow you sense that every object is in its exact place, and that the professor would 9