A.B. Sawaoka (Ed.) Shock Waves in Materials Science With 169 Illustrations Springer-Verlag Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest AKIRA B. SAWAOKA, Ph. D. Centerfor Ceramics Research, Tokyo InstituteofTechnology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 227Japan ISBN-13: 978-4-431-68242-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-4-431-68240-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-4-431-68240-0 Printedonacid-freepaper ©Springer-VerlagTokyo1993 Softcoverreprintofthehardcover 1stedition 1993 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the wholeor partofthe material is concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitatiQn,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmsorinotherways,andstorageindatabanks. Theuseofregisterednames,trademarks,etc. inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofa specificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthere forefreeforgeneraluse. Preface This book is written to notice in public how attractive the shock compression technologyisasameansofstudyingmaterialsscience. Theeditorbelievesthatthisbook isentirelyusefulforscientistsandengineersinthefields ofmaterialsscience,chemistry, mechanicalengineering,andmanyotherareas,andnotonlyinthe limitedareaofshock wavephenomena. SystematicstudyofshockcompressionstartedintheUSA.andSovietUnioninthe 1940s,inconnectionwiththeelaborationofnuclearweapons. Thetechnology waskept secretfortenyears untilitwasdisclosedin 1950asameans toresearch theequationof state ofcondensed matters. Measurements were made to obtain shock compression curves ofmainly metals up to several hundred GPa, with the use ofexplosives. The majorreason why metals werechosen is thatporeless specimens areeasierto get with metals.. It was already known that if pores are present in a solid specimen, the shock temperatureatthatspotwillbecomeabnormallyhigh,andthatshockcompressionofthe solid willexhibitremarkably complicated behavior. Non-porous specimen ofa brittle solidlikeceramicswereparticularlydifficulttoobtain,andtherefore,systematicstudyof shockcompressionofinorganicmaterialswasnotperformedtillthe 1980s. In the 1970s, stUdy on new material synthesis actually started. In particular, forerunning research ofdynamic compaction ofpowdermaterials was made in Soviet Union. In the 1980s, systematic study was performed in the USA., Germany, and Japan. Through this study, inhomogeneous temperature change during shock compression of porous materials was effectively applied for materials study. Furthermore, quantitative study on the dynamic compaction ofmixtures accompanied withchemicalreactionhasalsobegun. Toinvestigatethefeasibilityofdynamiccompressionasmeansformaterialsscience research and forindustrial production, the editorheld workshops for three times. The firstworkshopwasopenedatthe YokohamaCampusofTokyoInstituteofTechnology in 1986, and the second workshop attheTokyoCampus ofthe same Institute in 1988, bothsponsoredbyTokyoInstituteofTechnology. ThethirdworkshopwasopenedintheZaoMountainin 1991,sponsoredbyGrant in Aid for scientific Research, Priority Area "Shock Waves" given by Ministry of Education,ScienceandCulture,Japan. Freepresentationanddiscussionwerethe main object of the workshops. Accordingly, no proceedings of the workshops were published. However,somanytopicsandinformationstatedtherewereconsideredtobe necessary toreportin public, and this book was plannedto publishthe latestresults of studyinadditiontoninetopicsintheworkshops. v VI The editorwould like to express his hearty gratitude to the fifteen scientists who wroteforthebook. Heisalso thankfulfortheencouragementbyProf. K. Takayamaof TohokuUniversity,whowas theorganizeroftheresearchproject, "ShockWaves". The researchprojectwas the sponsorofthe WorkshopatZaoMountain, and the Workshop motivatedtheauthortocompilethisbook. Readers of this book will possibly understand that the shock compression technologyofpowderandporousmaterialshassubstantialpossibilityas ameansofnew materialsynthesis. Shockcompressionphenomenaofpowdermaterials,however, have notyetbeensufficientlyelucidated. Research for understanding the shock compression process ofpowder or porous materials are being made by analyzing the microstructure ofsamples recovered from shockcompression. The recovered sample is strongly affected by the release process from shockcompressionstate and byresidual temperature, and thus, elucidationofthe compression process is not easy. Recently, for this purpose,-the estimation of temperature and pressure change in powder materials has started with computer simulation. But,theresultisnotveryaccurate. In-situ measurementoftemperature and pressure during shock compression, and comparisonoftheresultsfrom theobservationofrecoveredsamplesandfrom computer simulation should be performed. Then, they may successfully illustrate the shock compressionphenomenaofpowdermaterials. Thisisconsideredtobetheassignmentof ourfuture researchwork. January31, 1993 AkiraB.SAWAOKA Acknowledgments Acknowledgmentsexpressedoriginallybyeachauthorare collecfedtogetherand rearrangedhere,chapterbychapter. Chapter I: A. B. Sawaoka, the author, expresses his hearty gratitude, indicating thattheresultsofstudymentionedinthischapterhavebeenobtainedincooperationwith the scientists as follows: Kenichi Kondo, Hideki Tamura, and Koji Dan ofTokyo InstituteofTechnology,TamotsuAkashiofSumitomoCoalMiningCo.,MasatadaAraki of Nippon Oil & Fats Co., Hiroshi Kunishige of Defense Agency of Japan, and Yasuyuki Horie ofNorth Carolina State University. The work is partly supported by Grant-in-AidforScientificResearch,PriorityArea"ShockWaves",givenbyMinistryof Education,ScienceandCulture,Japan. Chapter 4: Y. Horie, the author, expresses his gratitude as below. The work described in Chapter 4 is the result of true collaboration of many people at three institutions: North CarolinaState University, SandiaNational Laboratories,andTokyo Institute ofTechnology. He owes very special thanks to I. K. Simonsen at NCSU for her selfless, ever-ready involvement, interest, and superb microscopy work, to R. A. Graham and B. Morosin at SNL for friendship, visionary enlightenment, and support they have given to sustainthe progmm atNCSU, and to A. B. SawaokaatTITechfor fellowship and generous su"pon lhat made his sabbatical leave possible at TITech to muse about the subject ofshock chemistry without interruptions. The author is also blessed with colleagues who have given generous support and valuable information. They are F. Y. Sorrell, K. Iyer, and J. K. Whitfiled at NCSU, M. Kipp, M. Bear, P. Taylor, M. Carr, and W. F. Hammetterat SNL, H. Tamuraand Y. Oyaat TITech,T. Akashi at Sumitomo Coal Mining Co, T. Taniguchi and M. Akaishi at NIRIM, N. ThadhaniatGeorgiaInstitueofTechnology,andD.P.DandekaratU.S.ArmyMaterial Technology Laboratory, and R. D. Young ofSouthwestResearch Institute. Also, He wishes to acknowledge the students (or former students) who performed much ofthe work described in this article. They are M-D Hwang, S-K You, D. E. P. Hoy, andL. BennettareatNCSU,andH. Kunishige, Y. Fukuyama, S.WatanabeatTITech. Chapter 5: Y. Syono and M. Kikuchi, the authors, express their gratitude as follows. The article is based on the work collaborated with H. Takei and H. Takeya, Institutefor Solid StatePhysics, UniversityofTokyo, S. Nakajima, CASIOComputer, M. Nagoshi, NKK Corporation, W. J. Nellis and S. T. Weir, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, N. Kobayashi, K. Kusaba, T. Atou, A. Tokiwa, Y. Sakaguchi, T. Oku, E. Aoyagi,T. Oh-ishi and K. Fukuoka, IMR,Tohoku University, towhomthe authorsaredeeplyindebted. TheworkispartlysupportedbyGrant-in-AidforScientific Research, Priority Area "Shock Waves", given by Ministry ofEducation, Science and Culture,Japan. VII VIII Chapter 6: T. Mashimo, the author, wishes to thank D. E. Grady of sandia NationalLaboratoriesandY.SyonoofTohokuUniversityfortheirencouragementsand supportsincarryingouttheshockcompressionresearchofceramics. Healsowishes to acknowledgethestudentsofhislaboratory,A. Nakamuraandothers.fortheirinvaluable contributions, and to acknowledge the Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd. for their experimental supports. The work is partly supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Priority Area "Shock Waves", given by Ministry ofEducation, Science and Culture,Japan. Chapter7: M. A. Meyers, S. S. Shanga, and K. Hokamoto, the authors, express their gratitudeas follows. The research described herein has been supported, overthe 1988-1992period, byNationalScienceFoundationGrantsDMR8713258andDMR91 5835R1. They also thank McDonnell-Douglas, General Electric, the State of New Mexico (through the Center for Explosives Technology Research, in Socorro, New Mexico), and UnitedTechnologies GovernmentProducts Division for support priorto that period. The help ofN. N. Thadhani, Georgia Institute ofTechnology, has been invaluable. The work described here has been carried outin collaboration with N. N. Thadhani, A. Szecket, L. H. Yu, A. Ferreira, S. L. Wang, and S. N. Chang. The authorsbenefitedimmenselyfrom numerousdiscussions,overthe pasteightyears, with A. B. Sawaoka, Tokyo Institute ofTechnology, and R. A. Graham, Sandia National Laboratories. Theresearchdescribedhereandinthepaperscitedinthereferenceswould nothavebeenpossiblewithoutthededicatedsupportofengineersandtechniciansofthe TERA (Terminal Effects Research and Analysis) and CETR (Center for Explosives TechnologyResearch)groupsatNewMexicoTech. Chapter 9: K. Nagayama, the author, wishes to thank T. Murakami of Kobe DesignUniversityforhisencouragementandcontinuedinterestduringthecourseofthis work. The author is deeply indebted to Mr. Y. Mori of their staff member for his collaborationfortheprojectandexperimentalworks,especiallyfor the Machreflection and conicalconvergenceobservation. He wishes to thank T. Mashimo ofKumamoto Universityforhis valuablediscussionsandcollaborationand friendship whentheauthor belongedtoKumamotoUniversity. Ultrasonicmeasurementsofpolyethylenehas been madebyaresearchassociate, H.OkabeoftheirDepartment,towhomtheauthorwishes to thank for his kind cooperation. The author also wishes to thank S. Ozaki ofTry Engineering for the construction of gas gun and camera body. The work is partly supportedbyGrant-in-AidforScientificResearch, PriorityArea"ShockWaves",given byMinistryofEducation,ScienceandCulture,Japan. Table of Contents Chapter1HeterogeneousDistributionofTemperaturesandPressuresintheShock RecoveryFixturesanditsUtilizationtoMaterialsScienceStudy 1 1Introduction 1 2Reasonablesizeofrecoveryfixture 2 3Sockwavereflectioninsolids 2 4Recoveryassemblyofaverythinspecimen,sandwiched betweenhighimpedancematerials 5 5Recoveryfixturehavingthickspecimenchamber 6 5.1 Gunrecoveryexperiment 6 5.2Explosiverecoveryexperiment 7 6Numericalsimulationofshockcompressionintherecoverycapsule 8 7Shockcompressionofasolidbymeansofconvergingshockwaves 11 7.1 Simulationofconicallyconvergingshockwaveintherod-in-cylinder structure 11 7.2Shockcompressionofironbyusingtheconicallyconverging technique 13 8Conclusions 15 Chapter2DynamicSynthesisofSuperhardMaterials 17 1Introduction 17 2Dynamicsynthesisofsuperhardmaterials 18 3Considerationsofsynthesismechanism 21 4Conclusions 30 Chapter3SolidStateReactivityofShock-ProcessedSolids 35 I Introduction 35 2Shockmodificationofshock-processedsolids 36 3Single-componentsystem 36 3.1 Solid-solidinteraction 36 3.2Solid-liquidinteractions 48 3.3Solid-gasinteractions 50 4Multiple-componentsystems 52 4.1 Conventionalreactionprocessing 53 4.2Shockcompressionprocessing 55 5Summaryandconcludingremarks 61 IX x Chapter4Shock-InducedChemicalReactionsinInorganicPowderMixtures 67 I Introduction 67 2Materialssynthesis 68 2.1 Aluminades 68 2.2Diamond 76 2.3Diamond/ceramicscomposites 77 3Computationalmodeling 79 4Conclusions 98 Chapter5ShockEffectsonStructuralandSuperconductingPropertiesof HighTcOxides 101 I Introduction 101 2Specificfeatures ofhighTcoxidesastypeIIsuperconductor 102 3MechanicalandchemicaleffectsofshockwavesonhighTcoxides 103 3.1 Shocksynthesisanddecomposition 103 3.2Shockcompaction 103 3.3Shock-inducedstrain 103 3.4Deformationtexturesandinduceddefects 105 4Shockeffectsonsuperconductingproperties 107 4.1 ShockeffectsonTc 107 4.2Effectonpinningenergy 108 5Concludingremarks 110 Chapter6Shockcompressionstudiesonceramicmaterials 113 I Introduction 113 2Experimentalfacilitiescombinedwiththekeyed-powdergun 114 2.1 Keyed-powdergun 114 2.2Inclined-mirrormethod 116 2.3Manganin-gaugemethod 117 2.4Electromagnetic-gaugemethocl 119 3ShockcompressionstudiesC.,Iselectedceramics 120 3.1 Alumina(Alz03) 120 3.2Zirconia(ZrOz) 124 3.3Siliconnitride(Si3N4) 131 4Phenomenologicaldiscussionontheshock-yieldingphenomenaofbrittle materials 132 4.1 Someproblemsinexperimentalandanalysisofshockcompressionof solids 133 4.2Classificationoftheshock-yieldingphenomenaofsolids 134 4.3Correlationwithsomecrystalstateandthermal property 138 5Concludingremarks 141 Chapter7TheroleofThermalEnergyinShockConsolidation 145 1Introduction 145 2Energydepositionduringshockprocessing 145 3Experimentaltechniques 154 3.1 Cylindricalsystem 154 3.2Sawaokasystem 157 4Consolidationexperiments:Resultsanddiscussion 158 4.1 Hotshockconsolidation 159 XI 4.2Shockconsolidationfollowedbyannealingorhotisostaticpressing 165 4.3Reaction-assistedshockconsolidation 171 5Conclusions 175 Chapter8 ANewProcessingfortheSelf-propagatingHighTemperature Synthesis(SHS)CombinedwithShockCompressionTechnique 177 I Introduction 177 2Explosivetreatmentoffinal SHSproducts 179 3 ShockwaveeffectsinstartingSHScompositions 185 4ConcomitantoccurrenceofSHSandexplosivepressing 186 5Conclusions 192 Chapter9Shockwaveinteractioninsolidmaterials 195 1Introduction 195 2Gasgunbasedmethodsofrealizingwaveinteraction 196 2.1 Shockwaveregistrationsystem 197 2.2Newprocedureofgeneratingshockconvergenceorcollision 199 3Symmetricallyconvergingcylindricalshockwavesinsolids 201 3.1 Approximatetheoryofconvergingshockwavesincondensedmedia 201 3.2Convergingshockwave:auniqueapplication 206 4CollisionofplaneshockwavesandMachstemproducedbyconical convergence 211 4.1Regularandirregularreflection 212 4.2Experimentalprocedures 216 4.3Resultsanddiscussion 219 5Concludingremarks 223