Shi (cid:2) i Islam and Sufi sm i Th e Institute of Ismaili Studies Shi (cid:3) i Heritage Series,  Editorial Board : Farhad Daft ary (general editor), Maria De Cillis (managing editor), Gurdofarid Miskinzoda (managing editor), Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi, Hermann Landolt, Wilferd Madelung, Orkhan Mir-Kasimov, Andrew Newman, Sabine Schmidtke, Paul E. Walker Previously published titles: . Farhad Daft ary. A History of Shi (cid:2) i Islam (). . Farhad Daft ary, and Gurdofarid Miskinzoda, ed. Th e Study of Shi(cid:2) i Islam: History, Th eology and Law (). . Orkhan Mir-Kasimov. Words of Power: (cid:4) ur ū f ī Teachings Between Shi (cid:2) ism and Sufi sm in Medieval Islam (). . Mushegh Asatryan. Controversies in Formative Shi (cid:2) i Islam: Th e Ghulat Muslims and their Beliefs (). . Maria De Cillis. Salvation and Destiny in Islam: Th e Shi (cid:2) i Ismaili Perspective of (cid:4) am ī d al-D ī n al-Kirm ā n ī (). . Orkhan Mir-Kasimov, ed. Intellectual Interactions in the Islamic World: Th e Ismaili Th read ( ). ii Shi (cid:2) i Islam and Sufi sm Classical Views and Modern Perspectives Edited by Denis Hermann and Mathieu Terrier in association with THE INSTITUTE OF ISMAILI STUDIES LONDON, 2020 iii I.B. TAURIS Bloomsbury Publishing Plc  Bedford Square, London, WCB DP, UK  Broadway, New York, NY , USA In association with Th e Institute of Ismaili Studies Aga Khan Centre,  Handyside Street, London NC DN www.iis.ac.uk BLOOMSBURY and I.B. TAURIS and the I.B. Tauris logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain  Copyright © Islamic Publications Ltd,  Th e contributors have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, , to be identifi ed as Authors of this work. Front cover image: © Istanbul University Library Back cover image: © Th e Aga Khan Museum, Toronto, AKM617. All rights reserved. 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A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress HB: ---- PB: ---- eISBN: ---- ePDF: ---- Series: Shi(cid:2)i Heritage Series Typeset by Refi neCatch Limited, Bungay, Suff olk To fi nd out more about our authors and books visit www.bloomsbury.com and sign up for our newsletters . iv The Institute of Ismaili Studies Th e Institute of Ismaili Studies was established in  with the object of promoting scholarship and learning on Islam, in the historical as well as contemporary contexts, and a better understanding of its relationship with other societies and faiths. Th e Institute’s programmes encourage a perspective which is not confi ned to the theological and religious heritage of Islam, but seeks to explore the relationship of religious ideas to broader dimensions of society and culture. Th e programmes thus encourage an interdisciplinary approach to the materials of Islamic history and thought. Particular attention is also given to issues of modernity that arise as Muslims seek to relate their heritage to the contemporary situation. Within the Islamic tradition, the Institute’s programmes promote research on those areas which have, to date, received relatively little attention from scholars. Th ese include the intellectual and literary expressions of Shi (cid:2) ism in general, and Ismailism in particular. In the context of Islamic societies, the Institute’s programmes are informed by the full range and diversity of cultures in which Islam is practised today, from the Middle East, South and Central Asia, and Africa to the industrialized societies of the West, thus taking into consideration the variety of contexts which shape the ideals, beliefs and practices of the faith. Th ese objectives are realized through concrete programmes and activities organized and implemented by various departments of the Institute. Th e Institute also collaborates periodically, on a programme- specifi c basis, with other institutions of learning in the United Kingdom and abroad. v vi Th e Institute of Ismaili Studies Th e Institute’s academic publications fall into a number of inter- related categories: . Occasional papers or essays addressing broad themes of the relationship between religion and society, with special reference to Islam. . Monographs exploring specifi c aspects of Islamic faith and culture, or the contributions of individual Muslim thinkers or writers. . Editions or translations of signifi cant primary or secondary texts. . Translations of poetic or literary texts which illustrate the rich heritage of spiritual, devotional and symbolic expressions in Muslim history. . Works on Ismaili history and thought, and the relationship of the Ismailis to other traditions, communities and schools of thought in Islam. . Proceedings of conferences and seminars sponsored by the Institute. . Bibliographical works and catalogues which document manu- scripts, printed texts and other source materials. Th is book falls into category six listed above. In facilitating these and other publications, the Institute’s sole aim is to encourage original research and analysis of relevant issues. While every eff ort is made to ensure that the publications are of a high academic standard, there is naturally bound to be a diversity of views, ideas and interpretations. As such, the opinions expressed in these publications must be understood as belonging to their authors alone. Shi (cid:2) i Heritage Series Shi (cid:2) i Muslims, with their rich intellectual and cultural heritage, have contributed signifi cantly to the fecundity and diversity of the Islamic traditions throughout the centuries, enabling Islam to evolve and fl ourish both as a major religion and also as a civilisation. In spite of this, Shi (cid:2) i Islam has received little scholarly attention in the West, in medieval as well modern times. It is only in recent decades that academic interest has focused increasingly on Shi (cid:2) i Islam within the wider study of Islam. Th e principal objective of the Shi (cid:2) i Heritage Series , launched by Th e Institute of Ismaili Studies, is to enhance general knowledge of Shi (cid:2) i Islam and promote a better understanding of its history, doctrines and practices in their historical and contemporary manifestations. Addressing all Shi (cid:2) i communities, the series also aims to engage in discussions on theoretical and methodological issues, while inspiring further research in the fi eld. Works published in this series include monographs, collective volumes, editions and translations of primary texts, and bibliographical projects, bringing together some of the most signifi cant themes in the study of Shi (cid:2) i Islam through an interdisciplinary approach, and making them accessible to a wide readership. vii viii Contents Contributors xi Acknowledgements xiii Transliteration and Dates xv Abbreviations xvii Introduction New Perspectives on Imami Shi (cid:2) i–Sufi Relations in the Modern and Pre-Modern Periods  Denis Hermann and Mathieu Terrier PART ONE: ALTERNATIVES TO ANTI-SUFI DISCOURSE IN PRE-MODERN AND MODERN SHIʿ I LITERATURE . Th e Defence of Sufi sm among Twelver Shi (cid:2) i Scholars of Early Modern and Modern Times: Topics and Arguments  Mathieu Terrier . Th e Limits of ‘Orthodoxy’? Notes on the Anti-Ab ū Muslim Polemic of Early th/th-Century Iran  Andrew Newman PART TWO: THE SOCIAL HISTORY OF A SHIʿ I SUFI BROTHERHOOD: THE NI ʿ MAT ALL Ā HIYYA . Between the Spiritual and Material: Th e Ni (cid:2) mat All ā h ī Order’s Institutionalisation and Architectural Patronage in the th/th Century  Peyvand Firouzeh . Th e m ujaddid and the majdh ū b : Sh ā h (cid:2) Al ī Ri (cid:26) ā (d. /) and the Diff erent Narratives of the Ni (cid:2) mat All ā h ī Renewal  Fabrizio Speziale ix